Government Exam 2

National Security Council

Advisory group on domestic, foreign, and military policies

US house of Representative requirements

Age, citizenship, and residency requirements for representatives

U.S. Senate requirements

Age, citizenship, and residency requirements for senators

Redistributive agencies

Agencies involved in fiscal and welfare policy

Regulatory agencies

Agencies responsible for consumer protection and regulation

Agencies for the maintenance of the Union

Agencies responsible for national security and labor relations

Clientele agencies

Agencies serving specific interests in society

Executive Office of the President

Agencies working closely with the President

Department of the interior

Agency responsible for approving pipelines

Executive agreement

Agreement between the President and a foreign nation

Size of the bureaucracy

Approximately 3 million government employees

Gerrymandering

Unfair distribution of representatives in legislative bodies

U.S. Senate

Upper house of Congress with two senators per state

Logrolling

Vote trading between legislators

Civil rights

Activism for equal rights and treatment of African Americans

Regulation

Government action to ensure fairness in the economy

Bureaucratic drift

Government officials making policy decisions

Fiscal policy

Government policies on taxation and spending

Welfare policy

Government programs to assist those in need

Size of federal spending

$6.27 trillion

The Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln's declaration to free slaves in rebellious states

Filibuster and cloture

Blocking or ending Senate action on a bill

Four types of executive branch organizations

Cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory agencies, government corporations

Money in congressional elections

Campaign funding for congressional candidates

Implementation

Carrying out and fulfilling policies

Coalitional drift

Changing legislative views due to political coalitions

Distributive tendency

Congressional inclination towards broad benefits

Article 1, Section 8 powers of Congress

Congressional powers including taxation, regulation of commerce, and establishment of post offices

Descriptive representation

Correspondence between representative characteristics and constituency

Incumbency

Current holding of responsibilities within a specific office

Agency loss

Difference between optimal outcome and agent's actions

Expressed, delegated, and inherent powers

Different types of powers granted to the federal government

School desegregation

Ending of authorized racial segregation in schools

The legislative epoch

Era when Congress dominated national policy making

Federalist #51

Essay on separation of powers and checks and balances

Monetary policy

Federal Reserve actions on interest rates and money supply

Impeachment

Formal charges of misconduct against a public official

Administrative adjudication

Formal proceedings conducted by administrative law judges

Equal protection clause

Fourteenth Amendment clause preventing discrimination based on classifications

Congressional caucuses

Groups pursuing common legislative objectives

Rules for debate

Guidelines for factual, accurate, and focused debate

Pork-barrel legislation

Inclusion of local projects in congressional bills

Problems of legislative organization

Information, coordination, conflict resolution, collective action, transaction costs

Regulatory review

Interagency review of proposed regulations

Cabinet members

Leaders of executive departments

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting discrimination in public places, schools, and employment

Oversight

Legislative function of evaluating the effectiveness of laws

Bicameral legislature

Legislature with two houses

U.S. House of Representatives

Lower house of Congress with voting representatives from each state

Over-time development of civil rights

Movement for equal rights and treatment of African Americans from Reconstruction era to 1960s

The role of parties in Congress

Organization, lawmaking, coalitions, campaign support

Whip system

Party enforcers ensuring party discipline in voting

Iron triangles

Policy making relationships between interest groups, agencies, and congressional committees

Median voter theorem

Preference-based decision-making under majority rule

Executive privilege

President's ability to keep conversations with advisors secret

Veto power

President's power to reject a bill

Reprieves, pardons, and amnesty

Presidential actions regarding punishment and civil liberties

Going Public

Presidential leadership style of selling programs to the public

Rule making

Process of creating clear and reasonable regulations

Discrimination in employment

Prohibition of age-based employment discrimination

Voting rights

Prohibition of race-based qualifications or practices to deny voting rights

The politics of rights

Protection of procedural fairness, right to seek redress, and freedom of association

Presidential approval ratings

Public opinion on the President's performance

Principal/agent relationships

Relationships between those with authority and those acting on their behalf

Deregulation

Removal or reduction of state regulations

Agency representation

Representation of both buyer and seller in a real estate transaction

Delegate representation

Representative voting according to constituents' desires

Trustee representation

Representative voting in the best interest of constituents

Conference committees

Resolve differences between bills from both houses of Congress

Making policies

Responsibility of cabinet members

Advice and consent

Senate's power over appointments and treaties

Casework

Services provided by members of Congress to constituents

The Congressional committee system

Sub-organizations handling specific legislative duties

Staff agencies

Support agencies providing advice and assistance

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court decision that declared segregated schools unconstitutional

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruling that legalized segregated public accommodations

Electoral College

System for electing the President based on state electors

Privatization

Transfer of government-owned assets to private ownership

Devolution

Transfer of power from central government to local administration