Grammar

Passive Infinitive , grund , base form

Infinitive : People used to be imprisoned for stealing bread. Base form : You can be fined for parking at a bus stop. Gerund : He paid a fine to avoid being sent to jail.

Without ing form

Need , love , want , like

NOT ONLY A BUT ALSO B:

Not only Tom but also Harry has got 10 on the test. I not only work hard but also play hard. She is interested in not only Math but also Science.

Used to

۱

Adjective order

۱-ترتیب صفت های قبل اسم به شکل زیر می باشد - همیشه شروع با صفات opinion می باشد. Opinion + size + age + shape + color + pattern + origin / place + material + noun expensive / beautiful + little + brand new + long + purple + striped + french / japanese + silk + scarf / car. اغلب دو یا سه صفت همراه اسم می آید. We have a charming old house near a lake . She has long brown hair. I bought a beautiful Italian leather belt.

The position of adverbs and adverbial phrases -part 1 -Adverbs of manner -Adverbs of frequency

۱-قید حالت - Adverbs of manner -چگونگی انجام چیزی بوسیله شخصی را توصیف می کند. -معمولا بعد از فعل یا عبارت فعلی می آید . - در جملات مجهول بین فعل کمکی و فعل اصلی می آید. He walks very slowly . I speak five languages fluently . The driver was seriously injured in the accident. ۲-قید تکرار - Adverbs of frequency -قبل فعل اصلی اما بعد از افعال to be می آید. -قیدهای sometimes , usually , normally می تواند برای تاکید در شروع عبارت یا جمله بیاید. -اگر دو auxiliary verb وجود داشته باشد این قیدها بین آن دو می آید. I hardly ever have time for breakfast . Liam's always late for work. I would never have thought you were 40 .

Adverbs

۱-قید می تواند یک فعل را توصیف کند He walks slowly. ۲- یا یک صفت یا قید های دیگر را تغییر دهد. it's incredibly expensive, he works very hard ۳- می تواند یک کلمه یا به صورت عبارت باشد once a week ۴- انواع قید عبارتند از -Adverbs of manner -Adverbs of frequency -Adverbs of time and place -Adverbs of degree or Adjective modifiers (intensifiers) -comment adverbs -other adverbs

Some(positive) , Any(negative) No(positive but negative meaning) , Every(single verb)

۱-کلمات some، something، someone، somewhere, somebody در جملات مثبت به کار می روند. -کلمه some قبل اسامی قابل شمارش جمع و اسامی غیرقابل شمارش می اید ۲- کلمات any، anything، anyone, anywhere ، anybody در جمله های سوالی و جملات منفی به معنای هیچ به کار میروند. ۳-کلمات nothing، no one، no where, nobody، none دارای مفهوم منفی هستند و جمله را منفی می کنند اگر چه فعل جمله در ظاهر مثبت نوشته شده باشد. ۴-کلمات everything، everyone، everybody , every به تمام افراد یا اشیاء یک مجموعه دلالت می کنند و در انگلیسی با فعل مفرد میاد. مثال : I want something which is different. She hasn't eaten anything since yesterday. It has nothing to do with you. Everything is going to be all right.

Plural and collective nouns

۱-کلمات زیر کلمات جمع هستند و مفرد ندارند Arms(=guns , etc) , belongings , clothes , manners , outskirts , scissors , pants / shorts -نیاز به فعل جمع دارند و با a , an هرگز نمی آیند. - اگر از دو قسمت تشکیل شده باشند مانند scissors , pants , shorts می توانند با pair , some بیایند One of the best museums is on the outskirts of the city. My clothes are filthy . I'll put on some clean pants. I'll put on a pair of clean pants. ۲- کلمات crew , family , staff , etc اسامی مفرد collective می باشند و اشاره به گروهی از افراد دارند. -نیاز به فعل مفرد دارند -کلمه police به فعل جمع نیاز دارد The hotel staff is very efficient. The cabin crew is coming around with the snack cart in just a few minutes.

Prepositions "On"

1- Transportation( a bike , a bus , a train , a plane , a ship (not car)) 2- A surface ( the floor , a table , a shelf , the balcony , the roof , the wall 3- dates eg : March 1st. 4- days Tuesday , New Year's Day ,Valentine's day ,the weekend

Prepositions "In"

1-Countries and cities eg : Peru , Lima 2-Rooms eg : the kitchen 3- Buildings (a store , a museum) 4- Closed spaces ( a park , a yard , a car) 5- Months (February , June ..) 6- Years eg : 2011 7-Time of Days (the morning , the afternoon , the evening (not night))

Passive future

1-Future : Subject + shall / will + be + p.p . A new computer will be bought by Jane. 2-Perfect Future : Subject + shall / will + have + been + p.p. The new drug will have been implemented within the pharmaceutical companies by this year. 3-Future Continuous : Subject + shall / will + be + being + p.p. Maria and Joseph will be being taken care of by their auntie during the Christmas holidays. 4-be going to : be going to + be + p.p A new phone is going to be bought.

Passive past

1-Simple past : Subject + was/were + p.p . My camera was stolen while I was on holiday. 2-Past continuous : Subject + was/ were + being + p.p . She was being taught. 3-Past perfect simple: Subject + had + been + p.p . The books had been dropped before. 4-Past perfect continuous Subject + had + been + being +p.p . the work has been being done by John.

Passive present

1-Simple present : Subject + am/is/are + p.p . This sweater is made in China. 2-Present continuous : Subject + am/is/are + being + p.p . The new book is being torn by the cat. 3-Present perfect simple : Subject + have/has + been + p.p . The bill has been paid by Kerrie. 4-Present perfect continuous Subject + have/has + been + being + p.p I have been being driven

Verbs of the senses (look , feel , smell , sound ,taste)

1-Use look , feel , smell , sound ,taste, etc + adjective 2-Use look , feel ,smell , sound ,taste , etc +like + noun (look like ) 3-User look , feel ,smell , sound ,taste, etc + as if +clause () می توان به جای as if از like یا as though نیز استفاده کرد. You look tired. That cake smells good ! These jeans don't feel comfortable. Time looks like his father. This is material feels like silk - is it? Are you sure this is coffee ? It tastes like tea. She looks as if she's been crying. It smells as i f something's burning. It sounds as if it 's raining. عبارت feel like به معنای want / would like می باشد که می توانند با اسم یا gerund همراه شود . I feel like pasta for lunch today (= I'd like pasta for lunch today). I don't feel like going to bed (= I don't want to go to bed).

Passive etc .

1-modals : modal + be + p.p She may be fired. 2- have to / has to : have to / has to + be + p.p. Good clothes have to be worn. 3-used to : used to + be + p.p. People used to be imprisoned.

Prepositions "At"

1-school , home , work , college , the airport , the train station , a bus stop , a party , the door 2- Times 6 o'clock , two thirty , 7:45 , night , midnight , lunch

Reported speech

1-برای بیان اینکه دیگران چه چیزی گفتند می باشد ۲-تبدیل زمان جمله گفته شده با جمله report شده به شکل زیر است Present -> past Will -> would Simple present / Present perfect -> Past perfect Direct statements , Reported statements "I like traveling ." She said (that) she liked traveling . "I'm leaving tomorrow." He told her (that) he was leaving the next day. "I'll always love you"He said (that) he would always love me. "I passed the exam !"She told me (that) she had passed the exam . "I've forgotten my k e y s ." He said (that) he had forgotten his keys. "I can't come ."S h e sa id (that) she couldn't come . "I may be late ."He said (that) he might be late . "I must go ." She said (that) she had to go. ۳-اگر زمان یا مکان اعلام شده در جمله در هنگام report متفاوت باشد تبدیل می شود Tomorrow -> the next day , here -> there , this -> that "I 'll meet you here tomorrow " He said he'd meet me there the next day. ۴-حالت سوالی با تغییر زمان و به صورت Indirect question می باشد.

As

1-برای توصیف عملکرد یا کار شخص یا چیزی She works as a nurse. You can use that box as a chair. ۲-برای مقایسه افراد یا اشیا She's as tall as me now. ۳-برای چگونه به نظر رسیدن ،دیده شدن ، احساس شدن و .. چیزی It looks as if it's going to snow. ۴-برای بیان اتفاقی در حالی که رخدادی دیگر در جریان As they were leaving, the mailman arrived. (as = when / at the same time)

Prefixes

Over : too much ( overcrowded) , mega : big ( megacity) , under : not enough ( underdeveloped) , multi : many ( multicultural) , sub : under (subway) , bi : two (bilingual) , mono : one ( monorail) , auto : by (it) itself (autopilot) , anti : against (antisocial) , mis : wrongly (misunderstood) , post : after(postgraduate), co :with(co-worker),dis :opposite of, not(disagree),ex :former, out of(ex-president),homo : same(homosexual),hyper:over, above(hyperactive), infra :beneath, below(infrastructure, infrared),macro: large(macroeconomics),micro:small(microscope),non:not, without(nonsense), semi:half(semicircle,semi-final) ,super:above, over(superfood, superstar) , trans:across, beyond(transport, transnational ) ,un ;not(unfinished, unfriendly), uni:one(unicycle, universal) — Suffixes ^ Less :without (homeless , hopeless ) , ful : with (careful , useful) , proof : resistance to (boolet-proof , water-proof) , able : can be done (unbreakable , drinkable), wise: in relation to(otherwise, likewise) ,ment:condition(enchantment, argument)

Infinitive Vs Gerund for some verbs Remember , try , forget , need

Remember به همراه infinitive به معنای این است که اول به یاد آوردن و سپس انجام به همراه gerund به معنای انجام ابتدای یک چیز سپس به یاد آوردن Remember to call her tonight.(don't forget to ..) Remember calling her.(I call here and now I remember) Remember to lock the door. Remember going to Lima as a child . Forget به همراه infinitive به معنای شما انجام چیزی را به یاد نمی آورید به همراه gerund شما چیزی را انجام دهید و فراموش نخواهید کرد (در حالت منفی رایج تر است) Sorry , I forgot to do it. I'll never forget seeing the Taj Mahal. Try به همراه infinitive به معنای تلاش کردن برای انجام چیزی به همراه gerund آزمایش کردن برای اینکه دیده شود درست کار می کند. I tried to open the window. Try calling Yi Yi on her cell phone . Need به همراه gerund به معنای ساختار مجهول می باشد You need to clean the car. The car needs cleaning.

Common verb for infinitive and gerund

Start , begin , continue , forget , go on , quit , regret , remember , stop , try , hate , like , love , prefer , postpone

whatever, whenever, whichever , whoever , wherever , however

We use whenever to mean a t any time or it doesn't matter when, e.g., Come and see me whenever you like. We can also use: whatever (= anything), whichever (=anything, from a limited number), whoever (= any person), however (=in any way), wherever (= any place). They also mean it doesn't matter what / which / who / how / where, etc.

Wish 1-Wish + would / wouldn't ...

Wish + person/ thing +would / wouldn't + ... صحبت در مورد چیزهایی که می خواهیم اتفاق بیفتد یا نیفتد چون آنها را اذیت می کند I wish bike rider wouldn't ride on the sidewalk. I wish you'd spend a little more time with the children. I wish the bus would come . I'm freezing. I wish you wouldn't leave your shoes there. I almost fell over them.

Future time clause as soon as , when , until , unless , before , after , in case

as soon as , when , until , unless , before , after , in case ۱-زمانی که در مورد آینده صحبت می شود بعد از این موارد زمان حال (تمامی زمانهای حال) استفاده می شود ۲-از in case زمانی که ما چیزی انجام می دهیم طوری که برای مسایل / شرایط آینده آماده باشیم I'll be ready as soon as I've had a cup of coffee . Text me when your train coming into the station. I'm not going to buy the new model until the price has gone down a little. I'm not going to work overtime this weekend unless I get paid for it. Take your umbrella in case it's raining when you leave work.

Non action verbs

افعالی هستند که حالتی یا احساسی را توصیف می کنند agree , be , believe , belong , depend , forget , hate , hear , know , like , love , matter , mean , need , prefer , realize , recognize , remember , seem , suppose

Verb + preposition in question

اگر فعل به همراه حرف اضافه بیاید ، حرف اضافه در انتهای جمله ذکر میشود نه در ابتدای جمله . یعنی به جای اینکه حرف اضافه اول جمله سوالی بیاید در انتهای جمله می آید. What are you afraid of ? What are waiting for ? What are talking about ? Who does the book belong to ? اغلب کلمات سوالی را به همراه حرف اضافه استفاده می کنیم A I'm thinking. B What about?

Indirect question

این نوع سوالات زمانی که بخواهیم مودبانه تر سوال بپرسیم استفاده می شود. و همچنین قسمت دوم جمله با ساختار معمولی (غیر سوالی) ذکر می شود. در قسمت دوم از do ,does , did استفاده می شود. ۱-سوالاتی که پاسخ آنها بلی و خیر می باشد و با if یا whether استفاده می شود Do you know if / whether Mark's coming to the meeting ? Do you have any idea if / whether james is on vacation this week ? ۲-سوالاتی که پاسخ آنها بله یا خیر نمی باشد. Could you tell me what the store next door opens ? Could you tell me where it is ? I wonder why they didn't come. I'm not sure what time is starts. I can't remember where I left my phone. I want to know what time you're coming home.

Clause of contrast Although , Even though , Though , In spite of /despite

برای بیان contrast از کلمات زیر استفاده می شود ۱-توضیح کلمات Although , though , even though Although , though , even though + a clause -کلمات although و even though می توانند اول جمله یا وسط جمله استفاده شوند -کلمه even though از although قوی تر می باشد برای بیان تضاد بزرگ یا سورپرایزی استفاده می شود -کلمه thought از کلمه although غیر رسمی تر می باشد . فقط می تواند در وسط جمله ذکر شود Although the ad said it would last for years , mine broke after two month. I went to work even though I wasn't feeling very well. I like Ann , though she sometimes annoys me. ۲- بعد از کلمات in spite of , despite In spite of / despite + noun / gerund / (the fact that + subject + verb ) -هرگز بعد از کلمه despite از حرف اضافه of استفاده نشود. In spite of (despite ) her age , she is still very active . In spite of (despite) being 80 , she is still very active. In spite of (despite) the fact that she's 80 , she is still very active.

Reporting verbs

برای بیان اینکه دیگران چه چیزی گفتند از say یا افعال دیگری استفاده می شود . در حالت منفی از منفی infinitive یعنی not to do و منفی gerund یعنی not doing استفاده شود ۱- بعد از این افعال infinitive می آید Agree , offer , promise , refuse , threaten + (not ) to do something Jack offered to drive me to the airport. I promised not to tell anybody . ۲-بعد از این افعال شخص و سپس infinitive می آید Advise , ask , convince , encourage , invite , persuade , remind , tell , warn + somebody / something (not) to do The doctor advised me to rest. l persuaded my sister not to go out with Max . ۳-بعد این افعال gerund می آید Apologize (to somebody ) for , insist on , accuse somebody of , recommend , admit , regret , blame somebody for , suggest , deny + (not) doing something l apologized for being so late. The police accused Karl o f stealing the car. ۴-با برخی از افعال که با بالا هم مشترک هستند می توان با فرمول زیر بیان کرد Agree , admit , deny , promise , regret + that + clause Leo admitted stealing the watch . Leo admitted that he had stolen the watch.

So / such ... that

برای بیان نتیجه استفاده می شود Use so + adjective The flight was so bumpy (that) we all felt sick. • Use so + adverb The taxi driver drove so quickly (that) we got to the airport on time. Use so much / so many + noun There was so much traffic that we almost missed our flight. Use such a + adjective + singular countable noun It was such a great hotel (that) we want to go back there next year. • Use such + adjective + uncountable noun We had such terrible weather that we didn't really enjoy our vacation. • Use such + adjective + plural noun They were such uncomfortable seats (that) I couldn't sleep a t all.

Clause of purpose To , in order to , so as to , for , so that , so as not to

برای بیان هدف استفاده می شود. ۱- بعد از to , in order to , so as to فعل به صورت base form می آید. I went to the bank to / in order to / so as to talk to the bank manager. ۲-بعد از for اسم استفاده می شود I went to the bank for a meeting with bank manager. -بعد for می توان gerund برای توصیف دقیق هدف یک چیز ۳- بعد از so that عبارت می آید و حتما modal دارد So that + subject + modal verb ( can , could , would , etc) I went to the bank so that I could talk to the manager in prison. ۴-برای بیان هدف منفی از so as not to , in order not to I wrote down what he said so as not to forget it.

The + comparative(adj, adv) , The + comparative(adj, adv)

برای بیان وابستگی یک چیز به چیز دیگر می باشد. The earlier we start , the sooner we finished The more time we have , the more classes we can organize. The more money you have , the more respect you get. The more you eat , the fatter you get.

Comparative adverb

برای مقایسه دو اتفاق یا عمل می باشد ۱-تک بخشی er -> faster than ۲-برا بیشتر از یک بخش More and less -> more slowly , more carefully ۳-بی قاعده Well -> better , badly -> worse My father drive faster than me. You walk more quickly than I do . Atalanta played worse today than last week.

Say vs Tell

بعد از tell نیاز است مخاطب را به عنوان مفعول ذکر شود ولی بعد از say نیازی به مفعول نمی باشد Mary said she likes her new teacher. Mary told me she likes her new teacher. Can you say good morning in another language? Can you tell your mother I called?

NEITHER A NOR B

به معنی نه .. نه .. می باشد Neither Kelly nor Sarah likes swimming. His car is neither big nor small. My grandpa neither likes nor cares about the technology.

Have / Get + object + past participle have / get something done

در این نوع جملات گوینده خودش کننده کار نیست و از دیگران می خواهد کار را انجام دهد. کلمه have بر حسب زمان جمله تغییر می کند. The students get their essays checked. John will have his house painted. He got his washing machine fixed. I had my car washed. Compare: I took a photo of Rockefeller Center = I took the photo myself. I had my photo taken at Rockefeller Center = I asked someone to take my photo.

Auxiliary / Helping verbs

درفارسی به این افعال کمکی گفته می شود ۱- افعال کمکی اصلی یا معین - primary verbs -افعال to be و مشتقات آن am, is, are was, were be, been, being -افعال have have, has, had , having -افعال do do, does, did ۲- افعال کمکی وجهی یا مدال -modals may, can, must, might shall, will should, would, could ought to , used to, be able to

who / which , etc .. instead subject of question

زمانی که who / which / what و .. به جای فاعل در جمله سوالی استفاده می شوند از do /did / does و .. استفاده نمی کنیم a)James dropped the glasses. 1-who dropped the glasses ? 2-what did he drop ? b)We will read the book. 1-who will read the book ? 2-what will you read ? c)I'm buying some bread. 1-Who is buying some bread ? 2-What are you buying ? d)The students like new teacher . 1-who likes new teacher ? 2-who do they like ?

Past modals Must / might / may / can't / couldn't + have + p.p

عبارت مورد نظر برای برداشت یا حدس و گمان در مورد اتفاقات گذشته می باشد. Must have زمانی که تقریبا مطمئن هستیم چیزی اتفاق افتاده یا صحیح بوده I must have left my phone at Anna's . I definitely remember having it there . You must have seen something . You were there when the accident happened . Couldn't have مخالف must می باشد. زمانی که تقریبا مطمئن هستیم چیزی اتفاق نیفتاده است یا غیر ممکن می باشد.در این حالت می توان از can't have هم استفاده کرد. She couldn't have gone to b e d . It's only ten o'clock! You couldn't have seen their faces very dearly . It was too dark . May / might have زمانی که فکر میکنیم ممکن است اتفاقی افتاده باشد یا چیزی صحیح باشد می توان could have را با همین معنی هم استفاده کرد . Somebody might have stolen your wallet when you were getting off the train . He still hasn't arrived . I may not have given him the right directions .

Main verb

فعل هایی هستند که معنای مستقلی دارند. افعال با قاعده افعالی هستند که برای تبدیل شدن به زمان گذشته ed میگیرند. مثال: woke= worked اما افعال بی قاعده شکل حروف آنها به خصوص حروف صدا دار آنها تغییر می کند. مثال: go= went

Superlative

قبل superlative ها معمولا the می آید ولی می توان از possessive ها مانند my , their استفاده کرد. ۱-صفت های تک بخشی Est -> the fastest , the oldest ۲-صفت های تک بخشی منتهی به y Busy -> the busiest ۳-صفت های بیشتر از یک بخش the most and the least -> the most dangerous , the least quickly ۴-افعال بی قاعده irregular good , bad , far -> the best , the worst , the farther , ther further ۵- ساختارهای زیر بعد از superlative می آید Superlative + in + noun Superlative + present perfect + ever

Gerund Types

ما perfect gerund را زمانی که بخواهیم gerund را در زمان گذشته به کار ببریم استفاده می کنیم Perfect Gerund - Having +p.p Active - Passive Simple gerund = writing - being written Perfect gerund = having written - having been written

EITHER A OR B:

معنای این می باشد که یکی از دو چیز یا نفر انجام داده اند (یا). Either you or Jenny has to ask my permission for going out. Either John or his parents are going to the meeting tomorrow. I don't like either badminton or tennis?

Adjectives as nouns 1-nationalities

می توان قبل برخی از ملیت ها the آورد با معنی مردم آن کشور -ملیت هایی که با ch , sh , ss و ese خاتمه پیدا می کنند مانند French , spanish , British , Japanese از این قاعده پیروی می کنند The English are famous for drinking tea. The chinese invented paper. The Dutch make wonderful cheese. -ملیت های دیگر به صورت جمع باید ذکر شوند The Brazilians, the Peruvians, the Turks, the South Koreans, the Argentinians. The Iranians are famous for hospitality.

Adjectives as nouns 2-specific groups

می توان گروه ها دارای صفات خاصی را با the قبل آن صفت ذکر کرد the young , the old or the elderly , the sick , the blind , the deaf , the homeless , the dead, .. مثال : The poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer. The government needs to create more jobs for the unemployed.

Would

گذشته will می باشد ۱-برای صحبت در مورد گذشته ۲-برای صحبت در مورد تصور و تخیل (hypotheses) If I had a lot of money I would like to own a farm one day. I would love to buy a boat one day. ۳-برای مودبانه درخواست کردن E.g. Would you like any tea? Would you like anything else?

Simple past

۱- اتفاق در زمان گذشته تمام شده است و زمان اتفاق یا ذکر شده یا می توان از جمله فهمید. ۲-افعال بی قاعده شکل دوم - افعال با قاعده به انتهای آنها ed افزوده می شود. ۳-برای اتفاقات متوالی در داستانها در مورد رخداد اصلی Positive : It rained yesterday. Angela watched TV all night. I went to school. We arrived at the airport and checked in . Negative : They didn't live in Canada. You didn't need a mechanic. She didn't have time. Question : Did they live in France? Did you need a doctor? Did you go to work yesterday? What time did you get up this morning ?

Relative clause (who , that , where)

۱- برای انسان از who /that ۲-برای اشیا و حیوانات از that /which ۳-برای مکان از where ۴-کلمه that رایج تر از کلمه which می باشد ۵- کلمات who , which , that هنگامی فاعل جمله دوم متفاوت باشد می توانند حذف شوند She's the girl I met on the plane. ۶-از whose به معنای of who , of which استفاده می شود ۷-برای بیان whom ۸-کلمات where و whose هرگز حذف نمی شوند Julian's the woman who / that works in the office. It's a book that / which teaches you how to relax. That's the house where I was born. It's a plant whose leaves change color in spring.

Future continuous Will + be + verb + ing

۱- برای توصیف زمانی که اتفاق در آن زمان در حال جریان است ۲-گاهی اوقات مانند present continuous برای مواردی که planned یا decided شدند استفاده می کنیم Compare : -We'll have dinner at 8:00(= we will start dinner at 8:00) - We'll be having dinner at 8:00 (=at 8:00 we will already have started having dinner) -Don't call between 7:00 and 8:00 because we'll be having dinner then . Good luck on your test tomorrow . I 'll be thinking of you. -This time tomorrow , I'll be sitting on the beach watching the sunset. -Come at 7:00 because we won't be starting dinner until 8:00 . -Will you be waiting for me when I get off the train ? -I'll be going to the supermarket later. Do you want anything ?

Be going to

۱- برای پیش بینی کردن ۲-برای برنامه ریزی و قصد داشتن 1-predictions : The Yankees are going to win. 2-future plans and intonation. My sister going to adopt a child. We're not going to paint our bedroom tomorrow. When are you going to go on holiday? The sky is very black. It's going to snow. It's 8.30! You're going to miss your train!

Non-defining relative clauses (giving extra non-essential information)

۱- درصورت حذف جمله معنای خود را خواهد داشت ۲-بین دو کاما می آید ۳-در این عبارات نمی توان از that به جای who / which استفاده کرد This painting , which was painted in 1860 , is worth millions of dollars. Last week I visited my aunts , Who's nearly 90 years old. Burford , where my grandfather was born , is a beautiful town. My neighbor , whose son goes to my son's school , has just remarried.

Simple present

۱- مواردی که کلا صحیح هستند یا اتفاقاتی که همیشه رخ می دهند ۲-برای این زمان معمولا قیدهای تکرار یا عبارات تکرار استفاده می شود always , usually , often, sometimes , hardly ever , never , every day , twice a week , etc Positive : I work in a bank. She studies Russian. Negative : We don't have any pets. Jack doesn't wear glasses. Question : (do /does , subject , base form) Do you Know david ?what time does the movie start?

Quantifier : all , every , most

۱- کلمات all , all (of) the با اسامی جمع یا غیرقابل شمارش آورده می شود All animals need food . All fruits contain sugar . All (of) the animals in this zoo look sad. The animals all look sad. ۲- کلمات everything , everybody به معنای all people , all things با فعل مفرد می آید Everybody is here . Everything is very expensive. ۳-کلمه most برای بیان اکثریت استفاده می شود Most = general , most of = specific Most people live in cities. Most of the people in this class are women. ۴-ما اغلب از ترکیب زیر استفاده می کنیم All / most of + an object pronoun Eg all of us , most of them , all of you , most of it. All of us work hard and most of us come to class every week. ۵-کلمه every به همراه اسم قابل شمارش مفرد به معنی همه یک گروه می باشد Every room has a bathroom . I work every Saturday. ۶-ترکیب every , all به همراه اصطلاحات زمانی Every day = monday to sunday . All day = from morning to night

Points about present perfect simple and continuous

۱-اتفاقات به پایان نرسیده را به صورت present perfect continuous برای افعال action و به صورت present perfect simple برای افعال non action ذکر می کنیم I've been learning French for the last three years . He's liked classical music since he was a teenager. ۲-برخی از افعال می توانند action و nonaction باشند که باتوجه به معنای جمله شناسایی می شوند She's been having a good time at school . They've had that car for last at least ten years. ۳-برای افعال like , work میتوان هر دو را استفاده کرد . همچنین present perfect continuous برای فعالیت های کوتاهتر ، موقت تر استفاده می شود We've lived in this town since 1980. We've been living in a rented house for the last two month. ۴-زمان present perfect simple بر خاتمه یافتن اتفاق تاکید دارد. زمان present perfect continuous بر دوره اتفاق تاکید دارد که ممکن است خاتمه یافته باشد یا نه . I've painted the kitchen. I've been painting the kitchen.

A lot of , lots of , a lot, much , many , plenty of

۱-از a lot زمانی استفاده می شود که در انتهای جمله ذکر شود و بعد آن اسمی ذکر نشود. ۲- از lots of غیر رسمی تر از a lot of می باشد ۳-هر دو a lot of و lots of برای حالت جمع و فرد یکسان هستند ۴- از a lot of و lots of در جملات مثبت استفاده می شود. My uncle and aunt have a lot of money. Nina has lots of clothes. James eat a lot ۵-کلمات much , many در جملات منفی و سوالی معمولا استفاده می شود There aren't many cafes near here. Do you have many close friends? Do you watch much TV? I don't eat much chocolate. ۶-کلمه plenty of در جملات مثبت به معنای more than enough استفاده می شود Don't run. We have plenty of time. — Small quantities: a little , a few , very little , very few^ ۱-کلمه little به همراه uncountable nouns می آید ۲-کلمه few به همراه plural countable nouns می آید ۳-کلمات a little , a few به معنای som , but not a lot می باشد Do you want some more ice cream ? Just a little. The town only has a few movie theaters. ۴-کلمات very little , very few به معنای not much / many می باشد I'm so busy that I have very little time for myself. Sarah isn't popular and she has very few friends.

Wish 2-Wish + simple past or past perfect

۱-از simple past برای صحبت در مورد چیزهایی که ما دوست داریم در حال یا آینده متفاوت باشد اما غیر ممکن است. -بعد از I , he , she , it می توان به جای was از were استفاده کرد. I wish my hair was black. I wish you were here. I wish I could understand what they're saying. ۲- از past perfect برای صحبت در مورد چیزهایی که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است یا اتفاق نیفتاده اند و شما افسوس به آن میخورید I wish I hadn't wasted all that money. I wish I'd traveled more when I had time. I wish I'd stayed in college.

Talking about feeling

۱-از طریق فعل That noise is starting to annoy me. ۲-از طریق صفت -منشا احساس خود شخص باشد ed -منشا احساس از شی یا از شخص دیگری باشد ing (از غیر از خود شخص) Bored boring , interested interesting ,confused confusing ,amused amusing, Annoyed annoying , confused confusing , disappointed disappointing ,excited exciting , exhausted exhausting, frightened frightening ,satisfied Satisfying , shocked shocking. -بعضی از صفت ها می باشند که حالت ing ندارند مانند Stressed stressful , scared scary , dlighted delightful , offended offensive. -می تواند ed برای انسان یا حیوان باشد -فرم ing بیشتر برای اشیا به کار می رود -اگر ing برای خود شخص باشد I am confused. - (من متوجه نمیشم) I am confusing. - (من باعث می شم که بقیه متوجه نشن )

Uncountable nouns

۱-اسامی زیر همیشه غیرقابل شمارش می باشند. Behavior , traffic , weather , health , progress , scenery , trash , work , politics ( other words ending with -ics like gymnastics , economics) -بعد این اسامی فعل به صورت مفرد می آید - با a , an هرگز استفاده نمی شوند The weather is fantastic there , and there's very little traffic so you can walk everywhere. The scenery is beautiful here , but it's spoiled by all the trash people leave. ۲- این اسامی تقریبا غیر قابل شمارش می باشند Furniture , information , advice , homework , research , news , luck , bread , toast , luggage , equipment -از piece of برای صحبت در مورد یک آیتم مجزا استفاده می شود Could you give me some advice about where to say ? One useful piece of advice is to get a metrocard. ۳- برخی از اسامی می توانند قابل شمارش یا غیرقابل شمارش باشند اما معنی متفاوت می باشد Glass , iron , business , paper , light , time , space The new opera house is mainly of glass . Can I have a glass of water please? مانند glass به معنای استفاده شده برای ساخت شیشه یا به معنای لیوان

Infinitive Vs Gerund in same position

۱-افعال like , love , hate , prefer معمولا بعدشان gerund می آید اما می توانند با infinitive هم بیایند. ۲-زمانی که gerund استفاده می کنیم می خواهیم کلی (generally) بگوییم و زمانی که infinitive ذکر می شود خاص تر (specifically) صحبت می شود. I like swimming, (general) like to swim first thing in the morning when there aren't many people there, (specific) I prefer riding a bike to driving, (general) You don't need to give me a ride to the train station. I prefer to walk(specific) ۳-زمانی که like , love , hate , prefer با would بیاید اغلب از infinitive می آید. I'd prefer to stay a t home tonight, I'd love to come with you. ۴-برخی از افعال مانند start , begin , continue می توانند به همراه infinitive یا gerund با معنای یکسان بیاید. it started to rain. It started raining.

It is said that ..., he is thought to ...

۱-این فرمت برای اخبار مخصوصا استفاده می شود با افعال know , tell , understand, report , expect , say , think It's said (believed,... ) + that + clause He (The man , ..)+ is said (believed, ...)+ infinitive or perfect infinitive ۲-برای شروع کردن جملات مجهول استفاده می شود. Active : They say that the fire was started deliberately. Passive : It's said that fire was started deliberately . The fire is said to be started deliberately. Active : People think that the mayor will resign. Passive : It's thought that the mayor will resign. The mayor thought to be resigned. Active : people say the man is in his 40s. Passive : the man is said to be in his 40s. It is said that the man is in his 40s. Active : The police believe he has left country . Passive : He is believed to have left the country.It's believed that he has left the country.

Present continuous with future arrangement meaning

۱-با present continuous در مورد آینده صحبت می شود ، تاکید روی arrangement می باشد و معمولا با قیود زیر به کار می رود tonight , tomorrow ,the weekend ۲-از افعالی که برای برنامه ریزی سفر مانند go , come , arrive , leave استفاده می شود Lona and James are getting married in October. We are meeting at 10:00 tomorrow in office. Jane's leaving on Friday and coming back next Tuesday.

Past perfect continuous had + been + verb + ing

۱-با افعال action برای صحبت در مورد اتفاقات مستمر طولانی تر یا شرایطی که از اتفاق اصلی شروع شده است و تا آن زمان در جریان می باشد ۲-افعال معمولا در non action در این زمان استفاده نمی شوند. We'd been flying for about two hours when suddenly the captain told us to fasten our seat belts. ۳-تاکید این زمان بر ادامه دار بودن اتفاق می باشد.

Present continuous

۱-برای اتفاقاتی که الان در جریان می باشند یا این هفته یا... و به صورت عادات نمی باشند ۲-برای توصیف عکس ۳-برای future arrangement Positive : I'm waiting for a friend. He is studying his book. I am leaving tomorrow(future arrangement). Negative : She's not going out with anyone. Question : Is your sister still going out with adam ? who are waiting for ?

Past continuous

۱-برای اتفاقی که در یک دوره زمانی در گذشته در جریان بوده ۲-برای توصیف شروع داستان ۳-برای دو اتفاق همزمان در گذشته Positive : I was sleeping when you called me. We were cleaning the house all morning. Negative : You were not studying when she called. Question : What were you doing when you broke your leg?

Past perfect simple had + p.p

۱-برای اتفاقی که قبل از رخداد اصلی اتفاق افتاده است. ۲-برای صحبت در مورد گذشته جدیدتر - earlier past When we arrived at the airport , we suddenly realized that we had left one of the suitcases in the taxi. When John arrived , they had gone out. (=they went out before John arrived) When John arrived , they went out (=first John arrived and then they went out) ۳-تاکید این زمان بر کامل شدن اتفاق می باشد.

Present Perfect Continuous have / has + been + verb + ing

۱-برای افعال action که در گذشته شروع شده و در زمان حال هم ادامه دارند. معمولا با عباراتی for , since , all day و .. یا how long ...? می آید. How long have been feeling sick? He's been chatting online all evening . ۲-برای اتفاقات تکرار شده ، مخصوصا با بیان های زمانی (all day , recently ,..) I haven't been sleeping well . It's been raining all day. ۳-برای اتفاقات ادامه دار که تمام شده اند (نتایجشان در حال می باشد) I've been shopping all morning . I'm exhausted. A- Take your shoes off .They are filthy. B- Yes I know . I've been working in the yard.

As .. as

۱-برای بیان تشابه یا برابری صفت / قید بین دو شخص یا چیز از عبارت as ... as بصورت زیر استفاده می شود ۲-برای کمیت از as much as برای کلمات غیر قابل شمارش (uncountable) و از as many as برای کلمات قابل شمارش (countable) استفاده می کنیم. This LCD is as good as that one. My new phone works as well as my old one. The new LCD doesn't run as slowly as the old one. Greg makes as much money as Mick but not as much as Neil. Max doesn't speak English as well as his wife does. ۳-برای بیان تشابه دو شخص ، چیز یا .. از the same as استفاده می شود. Her dress is the same as mine.

Good at , bad at , ok at

۱-برای بیان توانایی و استعداد داشتن در ... I was really bad at math. I'm really good at cooking.

Connectors : because , so , but , although

۱-برای بیان دلیل از Because 2-برای بیان نتیجه از SO ۳- برای نمایش تضاد از But , although

Should + have + p.p

۱-برای بیان شخصی کاری را به درستی انجام نداده است یا برای بیان افسوس خوردن یا انتقاد کردن استفاده می شود. ۲-می توان از ought to به جای آن استفاده کرد در حالی should رایج تر است مخصوصا در صحبت کردن . We're going the wrong way. We turned left at the traffic light. It's my fault. I should have told you earlier that my mother was coming.

Future perfect Will + have + p.p

۱-برای توصیف زمانی در آینده که اتفاق به پایان رسیده است ۲-معمولا با عبارات زمانی زیر می آید by Saturday , march , 2030, etc . or in two weeks , months , etc . ۳-عبارت by + a time expression به معنی at the latest . با in می توان گفت in six months The decorators will have finished painting by Tuesday, so we can move back into the apartment then . The soccer team says that they 'll have built the new stadium in six months . Laura won't have arrived before dinner , so I'll leave some food on the stove for her. When will they have learned enough English to be able to communicate fluently ?

Zero condition If / When / Unless + any present form -> any present form

۱-برای حقایق یا اتفاقاتی که همیشه صحیح هستند یا همیشه رخ می دهند. ۲- کلمه unless به معنی if not می باشد If you want to be in shape , you need to exercise every day. If people are wearing headphones while walking , they often don't notice other people. If you heat ice, it melts. If you haven't been to New York , you haven't lived.

Present perfect simple have / has + p.p

۱-برای صحبت از تجربه یا سابقه در گذشته در حالی که زمان دقیق ذکر نمی شود have you ever written a blog ? I've been to paris. ۲-با استفاده از yet در جملات منفی و سوالی و در انتهای جمله می آید Already در جملات مثبت قبل از فعل اصلی می آید we've landed , but we haven't gotten off the pizza yet. I've already told you three times. ۳-با superlative ها و first , second , last time It's the best book I've ever read. ۴-با کلمات ever و never برای صحبت در مورد تجارب و برای تاکید استفاده می شود . قبل از فعل اصلی می آیند. ۵-با افعال non action مانند (be , have , know , like) برای گفتن چیزهایی که در گذشته شروع شده و تا به حال ادامه دارد. معمولا با عباراتی for , since , all day و .. یا how long ...? می آید. I've know keiko since I was a child. ۵-زمانی که چقدر یا چند بار انجام شده (how much / many) یا how often تا به امروز انجام شده است How many Patricia Cornwell novels have you read ? They've seen each other twice this week . Your mother has called three times this morning. ۶-برای اعلام اخبار Two countries have agreed to sign a new contract.

Might

۱-برای صحبت در مورد آینده زمانی که مطمئن نیستید I might go to Japan for a month to study Japanese. The dog might bark when we pass by the gate.

Be used to / get used to + gerund

۱-برای صحبت در مورد شرایطی که اکنون آشناتر هستیم با آن یا کمتر عجیب می باشد(be used to) در مورد شرایطی که الان دیگر با آن اوکی هستیم I'm used to living in london. ۲-برای صحبت در مورد شرایطی که داریم با آن آشنا می شویم یا کمتر عجیب است (get used to ) در مورد شرایطی که قبلا با آن اوکی نبودیم اما الان نظرمان بهتر شده است (اما هنوز کامل اوکی نشدیم) I'm getting used to talking to you. ۳-تفاوت بین be used to و get used to دقیقا مشابه بین be , get قبل صفت می باشد. I'm not used to sleeping with a comforter . I've always slept with blanket. I can't get used to working at night . I feel tired all the time. I'm tired. (I'm really tired). I'm getting tired.(In process of getting tired)

Second Conditional (Imaginary or hypothetical situations) if + simple past -> would / wouldn't + base form

۱-برای صحبت در مورد موقعیت فرضی(گمانی) یا خیالی (فانتزی) در حال یا آینده و تاثیرات آن استفاده می شود. ۲-در عبارت شرطی می توان past continuous هم استفاده کرد. ۳-به جای would می توان از could , should , might نیز استفاده کرد. If I had enough money , I wouldn't work. If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening. ۴-می توان در عبارت شرط در گذشته ساده برای I , he , she , it به جای was از were استفاده کرد. If he was(were) here , he might know what to do. ۵-اگر در عبارت شرطی I were you برای گفتن توصیه و نصیحت باشد were حتما باید استفاده شود If I were you , I could be a millionaire.

Group and one person

۱-برای صحبت در مورد گروه افراد خاص می توان از صفت آن گروه بعلاوه people استفاده کرد Poor people , homeless people , old people , thai people ۲-برای صحبت از یک نفر با یک صفت خاص از a به همراه صفت مورد نظر استفاده کرد. Correct : a Japanese woman , a rich man Not correct : a Japanese , a rich

Agreement ( So , Neither , Too , Either)

۱-برای نشان دادن شرایط مشابه استفاده می شود (به معنی همچنین) ۲-برای جمله مثبت so , too و برای جملات منفی neither , either استفاده می شود So / neither + Auxiliary + subject Subject + Auxiliary + too / either -John: I hate mushrooms. Me: So do I (=I also hate mushrooms). -John: I hate mushrooms. Me: I do too (=I also hate mushrooms). -Lucy: I don't live in London. Me: I don't either (=I also don't live in London). -Lucy: I don't live in London. Me: Neither do I (=I also don't live in London. For example, maybe Lucy and I both live in Paris).

Future Will - won't

۱-برای پیشنهاد دادن -offer .I'll carry that bag for you. ۲-برای پیش بینی -prediction . You'll love New York city! ۳-قول دادن -promise . I won't tell anybody where you are. ۴-تصمیم سریع -instant decision : I'll have the steak. ۵-برای نظر دادن - we often use I think / I don't think + will (not won't) ۶-حقیقت یا واقعیتی در آینده -future fact . I'll be home all afternoon.

Enough

۱-برخی موارد بعد فعل بدون مفعول می آید ۲-گاهی بعد از قید یا صفت به کار می رود I think you've said enough. I have got enough money. She is old enough(صفت) He studies hard enough.(قید) There aren't enough parks and there aren't enough trees. The buses aren't frequent enough. The buses don't run frequently enough.

Base form

۱-بعد از افعال modal و چند expression Might , would rather ۲-بعد از افعالی مانند let , make فعل make در گذشته بعدش infinitive می آید. My boss makes us work hard. At school we were made to wear a uniform. ۳-مواردی که بعد آنها base form می آید Can , may , might , must , should , had better , would rather , make , let , help

Gerund

۱-بعد از برخی افعال Admit ,avoid ,be worth , can't help , can't stand , deny , enjoy ,feel like , finish , give up ,keep (on) , look forward to , imagine , involve , mind , miss , postpone , practice , prefer , recommend , regret , risk , spend , stop , suggest I enjoy playing with children. -بعد از عبارات فعلی Keep on , give up , look forward to ۲-به عنوان شروع کننده جمله (As the subject) Cooking is my passion. ۳-بعد از حرف اضافه I'm afraid of flying. He's interested in gossiping.

Infinitive (to + verb)

۱-بعد از برخی افعال Afford , agree ,appear , arrange ,be able , can't wait ,choose , decide , deserve , expect , happen , help , hesitate , hope , learn, make , manage , offer , plan , pretend , promise ,refuse , seem , teach , tend , threaten , want , would like I want to buy an ice cream ۲-بعد از صفت (adjective) It's easy to make a new friend. ۳-بعد از کلمات سوالی مانند (what , when , where,how, .. ) I know how to drive a car. We don't have any where to stay. ۴-برای بیان دلیل یا هدف انجام چیزی Why do you want to learn english ? To speak fluently Why did you come to the party ? to meet new girls.

would rather

۱-به جای would prefer از would rather استفاده می شود I'd rather go on vacation in July than August. Would you rather stay in or go out tonight? I'd rather not go out tonight. I'm really tired. NOT I'd not rather. ۲-زمانی که میخواهیم بگوییم ترجیح میدهیم شخص دیگری چه کاری انجام می داد. Would rather + person + past tense I'd rather you didn't smoke here, if you don't mind.

Third Conditional if past perfect -> would + have + p.p

۱-به موقعیتی غیرممکن و فرضی در گذشته و نتایج احتمالی اش در گذشته اشاره دارد ۲-همیشه مفهوم پشیمانی دارند. ۳-به جای would می توان could , might استفاده کرد. ۴- می توان در قسمت شرط past perfect simple or continuous استفاده کرد. If I had accepted that promotion , I would have been working in Milan. If you had studied more , you would have passed it . If they had fastened their seat belt, they might have been alive. If you had locked the door properly , they couldn't have broken into our house.

Quantifier :no , one , any

۱-ترکیب no + a noun بعد از یک فعل مثبت یا any + noun بعد از یک فعل منفی به صفر بودن چیزی ( موجود نبودن ) اشاره دارد. Is there any milk ? Sorry , there is no milk . There isn't any (milk). ۲- کلمه none در پاسخ های کوتاه یا در جمله مثبت به صفر بودن چیزی اشاره دارد. -همچنین می توان none + of + pronoun / noun استفاده کرد. Is there any food ? No , none. There 's none . But none of us are hungry. ۳- ترکیب any (and any thing , anyone , etc) + positive verb به معنی it doesn't matter what , who , etc می باشد. Come any weekend ! Anyone can come.

Auxiliary

۱-جلوگیری از تکرار فعل اصلی یا عبارت فعلی -Ovoid repeating main verb / verb phrase I love pizza , but my brother doesn't . I like cats , but my husband doesn't . Sally's coming tonight , but angela isn't . ۲-برای بیان که شخص یا چیز متفاوتی است -to say that someone or something is different a-I don't like shopping online. b-I do , I buy a lot of my clothes online ۳-برای بیان سوال پاسخی که علاقه یا سورپرایز شدن را میرساند -to make reply question to show interest or surprise I went to psychic yesterday.You did ? I'll make the dinner.You will ? That's great. I have finished my project , you have ? ۴-برای تاکید کردن در جمله مثبت ، اغلب برای نفی کردن حرف دیگری... در زمانهای حال و گذشته ساده از do , did قبل فعل اصلی استفاده می شود برای دیگر زمانها فعل کمکی با تاکید بیشتری گفته می شود. You didn't lock the door . I did lock it , I know I did. Silvia isn't coming. She is coming.

First Conditional (possible future) if + any present form -> any future form

۱-درمورد اتفاقی است که دوست داریم در آینده بیفتد یا رخداد آن خیلی محتمل می باشد. ۲-به جای will میتواند can یا must هم بیاید. ۳- می توان در عبارت نتیجه will , going to , future perfect , future continuous استفاده کرد. If the photos are good , I'll send them to you. If you're not going to Json's party , I'm not going to go either. If I haven't come back by 9:00 , start dinner without me. I'll have finished in an hour , if you don't disturb me. If he comes, you can get a lift home with him. If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's.

Useful language: saying what you think

۱-زمانی ما در مورد تنبیه دیگران نظر می دهیم should + passive infinitive. -I think (I don't think) it should be illegal / against the law. -I think people who do this should be fined. /sent to prison, / banned from using the Internet, made to... -In my opinion / view.. / If you ask me... / Personally, I think..-> celebrities should... ۲-موافقت یا مخالفت -I completely agree. / I don't agree at all. -I think / don't think you're right. I agree with this one. It really annoys me when.../ It's so annoying when.../It drives me crazy when... people shout on cell phones

Passive

۱-زمانی که گفته نشده / مشخص نیست / مهم نیست که چه کسی یا چه چیزی فعالیت را انجام داده است ۲- بوسیله by در انتهای جمله می توان انجام دهنده فعالیت را ذکر نمود ۳-حالت منفی یا سوالی در مجهول مانند معلوم می باشد Some movies aren't shot on location. Is your car being repaired today? ۴-برای بیان فرایندها مانند فرایندهای علمی از مجهول استفاده می شود Then the water is heated to 100 degrees... Many buildings in the city have been damaged by the earthquake.

Negative question

۱-سوالات منفی را زمانی استفاده می کنیم که سورپرایز شده ایم یا میخواهیم تایید مخاطب را بگیریم. Why didn't you like the movie ? Isn't this beautiful place ?

Comparative adjective

۱-صفت های تک بخشی er -> faster than , older than , harder than , bigger than ۲-صفت های تک بخشی منتهی به y ier -> busier than ۳-صفت های بیشتر از یک بخش more and less -> more dangerous than , less quickly than , more stressful ۴-صفت های تک بخشی که به ed ختم می شوند more tired , more bored ۵- بی قاعده irregular good , bad , far -> better than , worse than ,farther or further than

Type mix conditional

۱-عبارت شرطی مانند عبارت شرطی نوع دوم و عبارت نتیجه مانند شرطی عبارت نتیجه نوع سوم باشد Present condition , past result If he loved you , he would've asked you to marry him. اگر شرایط فرضی در گذشته نتیجه برای حال یا آینده داشته باشد. ۲-عبارت شرطی مانند عبارت شرطی نوع سوم و عبارت نتیجه مانند شرطی عبارت نتیجه نوع دوم باشد. Past condition , present result If you had worked hard , we would be rich.

Be able to , Can , Could

۱-فعل کمکی can برای حال و could برای گذشته استفاده می شود ۲-می توان از be able to هم در بقیه زمان ها استفاده کرد. ۳-می توان در گذشته و حال هم از be able to استفاده کردکه رسمی تر باشد. ۴- بعد از be able to فعل به صورت base form می آید. I can speak three languages. My cousin could play the violin when she was three. She has been able to swim since she was four. I'd like to be able to ski.you'll be able practice .

The position of adverbs and adverbial phrases -part 2 -Adverbs of time and place -Adverbs of degree or Adjective modifiers (intensifiers)

۱-قید زمان و مکان - Adverbs of time and place -معمولا در انتهای جمله می آیند. -قید مکان معمولا قبل قید زمان می آید. My parents will be here in half an hour . It rained all day yesterday. ۲-قید مقدار Adverbs of degree or Adjective modifiers (intensifiers) توصیف چه مقدار از چیزی انجام شده است یا یک صفت را تغییر می دهد. Too , completely , remarkably , unusually , incredibly , Extremely , Really , Very , fairly , a little (bit) , not very قیدهای extremely , incredibly , every , etc قبل صفت یا قید می آیند قیدهای a lot and much اغلب با فعل استفاده می شوند و بعد از فعل یا عبارت فعلی به کار می روند قیدهای a little , a little bit با صفت و قید می توانند به کار روند I'm a little tired. We rested a little bit after the flight. I'm nearly finished . We're incredibly tired . My husband works a lot , but he doesn't earn much.

The position of adverbs and adverbial phrases -part 3 -comment adverbs -other adverbs

۱-قیدهای بیان دیدگاه و نظر - comment adverbs -نظر یا دیدگاه گوینده می باشد. -معمولا در شروع جملات یا عبارات به کار می روند . luckily , basically , clearly , obviously , apparently , eventually , etc . Unfortunately ,the package never arrived . Ideally , we should leave here at 10:00 . ۲-قیود دیگر قیدهای دیگر معمولا در in mid-position به کار می روند I just need ten more minutes. She didn't even say goodbye . she'll probably come in the end.

Too much , too many , too

۱-كلمه ی too به معنای « زیاد » یا « بیش از حد » می باشد و قبل از یك صفت یا قید به كار می رود و نشان می دهد که شدت آن صفت یا قید بیش از اندازه ی مورد نیاز ماست . ۲-هنگامي كه در جمله too قبل از صفت مي آيد معمولاً به دنبال آن فعل مصدري با to قرار مي گيرد. ۳-گاهی اوقات بعد از Too می توان از much و many استفاده کرد. ۴-کلمه too much به همراه اسامی غیرقابل شمارش و too many به همراه اسامی جمع قابل شمارش می اید I don't like this city. It's too big and it's too noisy. There is too much traffic and too much noise. There are too many tourists and too many cars.

Quantifier :both , either , neither

۱-کلمات both , neither به همراه فعل مثبت می آیند -فعل با both به صورت جمع و به صورت مفرد و جمع برای neither می آید. Both Pierre and Marie Curie were scientists . هم پیر هم ماری کوری Neither Pierre nor Marie was (were) aware of the dangers of radiation . نه پیر نه ماری کوری Marie Curie wanted to study either physics or mathematics . فیزیک یا ریاضی (یکی از این دو) In the end she studied both at the Sorbonne in Paris. ۲- زمانی که both به فاعل عبارت اشاره می کند می تواند قبل فعل اصلی ولی بعد از be ذکر شود She and her husband both won nobel prizes. Pierre and Marie were both interested in radium. ۳-ترکیب زیر استفاده می شود Both / either , neither + of + object pronoun Both / either , neither + of the + noun Neither of them realized how dangerous radium was.