Group Counseling Final Exam

Which of the following statements illustrates an ineffective confrontation? A) "You are a phony! You are always smiling and that's not real". B) "I feel uncomfortable with you because I'm afraid of what you think of me". C) "I find it very difficult to be open with you". D) "I don't like it that I often feel inadequate when I am with you".

A) "You are a phony! You are always smiling and that's not real".

Many group members hold ___ that make it difficult for them to participate fully in a group experience. A) Attitudes and expectations. B) Teaching and learning. C) Listening and clarity. D) Change and shame.

A) Attitudes and expectations.

When attempting to organize and begin a group in an agency setting, it is important to: A) Be aware of the politics involved in the setting in which you work. B) Give up the idea if no one else on staff seems excited about it. C) Expect the support and encouragement of your coworkers. D) All of the above.

A) Be aware of the politics involved in the setting in which you work.

The therapeutic factor in groups that is demonstrated by the listening and involvement of others is: A) Caring. B) Intimacy. C) Power. D) Hope.

A) Caring.

According to research, three constructs capture the essence of the therapeutic relationship in group treatment. They include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Confrontation. B) Cohesion. C) Alliances. D) Group climate.

A) Confrontation.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the problem behavior of dependency? A) Dependent persons are helped by being given the pity they so desperately need. B) It can be manifested by "playing helpless". C) It can be manifested by the "Yes, but" style of interaction. D) Leaders sometimes foster dependency in their clients.

A) Dependent persons are helped by being given the pity they so desperately need.

An example of a norm that is UNLIKELY to be fostered in groups is that members are: A) Encouraged to confront each other in an uncaring or tactless manner. B) Encouraged to be personal and share meaningful aspects of themselves. C) Encouraged to give feedback to one another. D) Encouraged to focus on and express feelings.

A) Encouraged to confront each other in an uncaring or tactless manner.

The therapeutic factor in groups by which members let each other know how they are affected by their behavior in group is: A) Feedback. B) Empathy. C) Acceptance. D) Intimacy.

A) Feedback.

The group leadership skill of clarification does NOT involve which of the following? A) Focusing on key apparent issues. B) Sorting out confused and conflicting feelings. C) Asking open-ended questions in order to understand what a group member is saying. D) A tool that can be valuable in the initial stages of an encounter.

A) Focusing on key apparent issues.

When group leaders are opening a session, it is important for them to: A) Give each member an opportunity to state what he or she wants from the upcoming session. B) Begin the session sharing what they had experienced over the days they were gone in detail. C) Only allow a couple of members to share. D) Focus on the first person who shares important personal information.

A) Give each member an opportunity to state what he or she wants from the upcoming session.

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the place of humor in groups? A) Group work is inherently serious and intense and leaves little place for humor. B) Effective feedback at times can be given in humorous ways. C) Laughing at oneself can be extremely therapeutic. D) Humor can help members see their problems from a new perspective.

A) Group work is inherently serious and intense and leaves little place for humor.

Group leaders who use the skill of empathizing appropriately have a wide range of experiences that: A) Help them identify with others. B) Enable them to know fully what another person is experiencing. C) Enable them to completely identify with group members by temporarily abandoning their separateness from them. D) Enable them to overlook confusing nonverbal messages.

A) Help them identify with others.

Which of the following statements is NOT true as it applies to confidentiality in groups? A) In order to create a climate of trust, the leader should emphasize that confidentiality within the group must be absolute, without any limitations. B) It is a crucial issues in groups. C) The importance of confidentiality should be stressed many times during the course of a group. D) Limitations to confidentiality apply to groups composed of involuntary populations.

A) In order to create a climate of trust, the leader should emphasize that confidentiality within the group must be absolute, without any limitations.

The problem behavior of storytelling: A) Involves relating a detailed history of one's past. B) Involves talking about others' lives in very little detail. C) Should never be allowed. D) Is one kind of appropriate self-disclosure.

A) Involves relating a detailed history of one's past.

Which of the following statements about conflict is FALSE? A) It is to be avoided at all costs. B) It often carries a negative connotation. C) It is inevitable in all relationships and groups. D) Unexplored conflict is expressed in defensive behavior.

A) It is to be avoided at all costs.

Which of the following is NOT true about co-leader issues at the pre-group and planning stages? A) It is unnecessary to be in agreement concerning ethical aspects of group work. B) Cooperation and basic agreement are essential in getting the group off to a good start. C) Both leaders should have equal responsibility in forming the group and getting it going. D) Walking into a group cold, without getting acquainted with your co-leader, is to invite problems.

A) It is unnecessary to be in agreement concerning ethical aspects of group work.

Using a theoretical framework to guide your practice as a group leader is important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A) It tells you exactly what to do in every session. B) It helps to define both your role and the member's roles in a group. C) It provides a frame of reference for understanding and evaluating the world of the client. D) It helps you to select appropriate techniques in meeting the goals of the members.

A) It tells you exactly what to do in every session.

All of the following are characteristics of the working stage EXCEPT: A) Members are encouraged to become more like each other in order to develop group cohesion. B) Group members use each other as a resource. C) Group norms are developed cooperatively by members and leader. D) There is an emphasis on combining the feeling and thinking functions.

A) Members are encouraged to become more like each other in order to develop group cohesion.

Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological risk of participating in a therapeutic group? A) Members may grow and change in a healthy manner. B) Scapegoating may occur. C) Members may experience major disruptions in their lives. D) Members may end up feeling vulnerable and defenseless.

A) Members may grow and change in a healthy manner.

To avoid inadvertent breeches of confidentiality, group leaders should: A) Provide members with way to talk about their experiences without identifying other group members. B) Establish and strictly enforce a zero tolerance policy for those who violate confidentiality by dismissing them from the group. C) Punish violators of confidentiality with the silent treatment. D) Require members who breech confidentiality to pay a steep fine.

A) Provide members with way to talk about their experiences without identifying other group members.

The ___ approach views people as being significantly influenced by unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences. A) Psychoanalytic. B) Person-centered. C) Existential. D) Adlerian.

A) Psychoanalytic.

Using ___, the client acts out or dramatizes past, present, or anticipated life situations and roles to gain deeper understanding, to explore feelings and achieve emotional release, and to develop new ways of coping with problems. A) Psychodrama. B) Expressive arts therapy. C) Narrative therapy. D) The existential approach.

A) Psychodrama.

Which of the following behaviors blocks empathy? A) Telling other what they should feel. B) Trying to understand another person subjectively. C) Being non-defensive. D) Responding to statements in a thoughtful way rather than providing pat statements.

A) Telling other what they should feel.

The major task to be accomplished during the initial stages of a group's development is: A) The development of trust. B) The development of group cohesion. C) The development of group norms. D) The working through of transference feelings.

A) The development of trust.

Which of the following statements is NOT true as it relates to the topic of self-disclosure? A) The most useful kind of self-disclosure is that which has been carefully thought out first. B) Appropriate self-disclosure can open doors of self-knowledge. C) Appropriate self-disclosure can encourage other members to open up. D) Appropriate self-disclosure expresses present concerns.

A) The most useful kind of self-disclosure is that which has been carefully thought out first.

Which of the following statements is NOT true as it relates to the structuring of group sessions by the leader? A) Unstructured groups are best for low-functioning adult inpatient groups. B) It is particularly important during the initial stages of a group. C) It can be both useful and inhibiting in a group's development. D) Too little structure results in members' becoming unduly anxious.

A) Unstructured groups are best for low-functioning adult inpatient groups.

A group composted of elementary school children might be kept to ___ students. A) 1 to 2. B) 3 to 4. C) 6 to 8. D) 10 to 12.

B) 3 to 4.

If the goal of a group is the simulation of everyday life, then it is a good idea to have: A) A homogeneous group. B) A heterogeneous group. C) An endogenous group. D) An androgynous group.

B) A heterogeneous group.

The therapeutic factor in groups that involves affirming a person's right to have his or her feelings and values is: A) Caring. B) Acceptance. C) Empathy. D) Intimacy.

B) Acceptance.

At the initial sessions of a group, it is common to see: A) Trust. B) An increase in fear. C) Deeply personal self-disclosure. D) A great deal of intense conflict among the members.

B) An increase in fear.

Leaders and members demonstrate a lack of attention when they: A) Ask open-ended questions. B) Are thinking about what to say next. C) Listen intently. D) Strive to be present.

B) Are thinking about what to say next.

Which of the following is NOT typically a co-leadership issue at the working stage? A) Discussion of techniques. B) Bringing closure to the group's experience. C) Evaluation of the group. D) Theoretical orientations.

B) Bringing closure to the group's experience.

Which of the following would NOT be considered one of a group member's rights? A) Protection from verbal or physical assaults. B) Complete confidentiality. C) Knowing the leader's qualifications. D) Help from the group leader in developing personal goals.

B) Complete confidentiality.

Certain attitudes and action of leaders enhance the level of trust in a group. Which of the following factors is LEAST related to developing this trust? A) Attending and listening. B) Direct and relentless confrontation of defenses. C) Genuineness and self-disclosure. D) Respect.

B) Direct and relentless confrontation of defenses.

Which of the following is the best procedure to follow when informing a person that they have NOT been accepted as a member in your group? A) Have all applicants meet and then read the names of those selected. B) Discuss the reasons for this decision with the particular person, taking care to be honest and sensitive, and providing them with an appropriate referral. C) Inform them of your decision by means of a letter. D) Have your secretary call them.

B) Discuss the reasons for this decision with the particular person, taking care to be honest and sensitive, and providing them with an appropriate referral.

Which of the following is NOT appropriate for the preliminary screening session? A) Allowing the applicant to interview the group leader. B) Focusing the session only on the personal history of the applicant. C) Encouraging the applicant to form a judgment about the group and the leader. D) Determining whether the applicant is motivated to change.

B) Focusing the session only on the personal history of the applicant.

A key goal of an Adlerian group is: A) Increasing insight into one's irrational behaviors and unconscious dynamics. B) Fostering social interest, or facilitating a sense of connectedness with others. C) Changing self-defeating thinking. D) Creating new conditions for learning.

B) Fostering social interest, or facilitating a sense of connectedness with others.

Group leaders can help members face intense feelings and at the same time encourage them to translate ___ into positive action within the group setting. A) Power and control. B) Insights. C) Conformity. D) Understanding.

B) Insights.

When a member is consistently silent during group sessions, it is best to: A) Consistently call on that person. B) Invite the individual to explore what his or her silence means. C) Avoid attacking the person for his or her silence. D) Dismiss him/her from the group.

B) Invite the individual to explore what his or her silence means.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding members' socializing outside the group context? A) It can be a form of resistance. B) It should always be discouraged as counterproductive. C) It can work against group cohesion. D) It has the potential for being productive.

B) It should always be discouraged as counterproductive.

During a group's initial phase, members can best build trust by: A) Waiting until someone takes the first risk and then opening up. B) Revealing their lack of trust. C) Relying on "trust exercises" initiated by the leader (e.g., falling backward and trusting others to catch you). D) Sharing non-intimate details about themselves.

B) Revealing their lack of trust.

Which of the following statements about self-disclosure is NOT accurate? A) Expressing every fleeting feeling or reaction to others is not to be confused with self-disclosure. B) Self-disclosure always has a constructive effect on group process and outcome. C) The cultural context needs to be considered in what you might expect in terms of self-disclosure from some members. D) Self-disclosure can be considered an action-oriented behavior.

B) Self-disclosure always has a constructive effect on group process and outcome.

What can safely be said on the issues of psychological risks in groups? A) In a well-designed group, there really are no psychological risks. B) Since groups can be catalysts for change, they also involve risks. C) Members can be given guarantees that a group will not involve risks. D) There are risks only when members are not properly screened.

B) Since groups can be catalysts for change, they also involve risks.

The overall goal of choice theory/reality therapy is to help people find better ways to met their needs for: A) Self-esteem and self-control. B) Survival, love an belonging, power, freedom, and fun. C) Social interest. D) Psychosocial development.

B) Survival, love an belonging, power, freedom, and fun.

Which of the following captures the essence of informed consent? A) Having members sign a contract before joining a group. B) Telling members in some detail about the nature and purpose of the group. C) Having members decide upon all the activities of the group. D) Making sure that groups will always be composed of voluntary membership.

B) Telling members in some detail about the nature and purpose of the group.

The group leadership skill of active listening includes all the following EXCEPT: A) Sensing underlying messages. B) The ability to formulate your next response while listening. C) Noting gestures and changes in expression. D) Being sensitive to discrepancies between a member's words and body language.

B) The ability to formulate your next response while listening.

In regard to open groups and closed groups, it is accurate to say that: A) Closed groups enable members to interact with a greater variety of people. B) The rapid changing of members in open groups can result in a lack of cohesion. C) In closed groups, new members are typically allowed to join every few sessions, but they are expected to remain for the duration of the group. D) Most therapists find it much easier to foster cohesion in open groups than in closed groups.

B) The rapid changing of members in open groups can result in a lack of cohesion.

Which of the terms below is often used to refer to a conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques? A) Technical integration. B) Theoretical integration. C) Conceptual synthesis. D) Technical synthesis.

B) Theoretical integration.

When using techniques in a group setting, it is important to remember that: A) Their purpose is always to stir up emotions. B) They should be grounded in some theoretical framework. C) If they are ineffective, it is because of the members' resistances. D) One should use solution-focused strategies whenever possible given their widespread appeal.

B) They should be grounded in some theoretical framework.

Which of the following factor is NOT as important to consider when deciding who is qualified to lead a particular group? A) The type of group. B) Whether or not the prospective leader has a Ph. D. degree. C) The limitations of the prospective leader. D) The prospective leader's knowledge competencies.

B) Whether or not the prospective leader has a Ph. D. degree.

Which of the following statements about confrontation in the group setting is NOT true? A) Confrontation can be an act of caring. B) Trust can be greatly inhibited if confrontations are not handled appropriately. C) A caring confrontation involves attempting to protect a person's feelings by sharing only a portion of your reaction to them. D) Confrontation involves inviting members to examine incongruities in their lives. E) Appropriate confrontations can increase the level of trust in a group.

C) A caring confrontation involves attempting to protect a person's feelings by sharing only a portion of your reaction to them.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning desirable size for a group? A) It depends on the age of the clients and the type of group. B) It depends on the leader's experience and the type of problems to be explored. C) A group for elementary school children should consist of at least eight to ten members. D) A group for adolescents should consist of six to eight members.

C) A group for elementary school children should consist of at least eight to ten members.

Which of the following leader attitudes and actions is UNLIKELY to lead to the development of trust? A) Attending and listening. B) Caring confrontation. C) Abrasive confrontation. D) Attending to nonverbal behavior.

C) Abrasive confrontation.

The therapeutic factor in groups that involves the release of pent-up feeling is: A) Intimacy. B) Empathy. C) Catharsis. D) Caring.

C) Catharsis.

In challenging members to think about the early decisions they made and in paying attention to members' self-talk, the leaders are drawing from approaches in the ___ domain. A) Affective. B) Behavioral. C) Cognitive. D) Spiritual.

C) Cognitive.

The therapeutic factor in groups that involves a willingness to specify desired modifications of one's behavior is: A) Power. B) Intimacy. C) Commitment to change. D) Hope.

C) Commitment to change.

When a leader is experiencing strong feelings about what he or she perceives to be resistance, a powerful intervention is to: A) Pay primary attention to the problem in the group. B) Pay primary attention to particular group members. C) Deal with his or her own feelings. D) Allow the feelings to dissipate on their own.

C) Deal with his or her own feelings.

The group leadership skill of interpreting involves all of the following EXCEPT: A) Offering possible explanation for certain behaviors or symptoms. B) Helping a member move beyond an impasse. C) Discouraging members from making their own interpretations. D) Presenting an interpretation in the form of a hypothesis or hunch.

C) Discouraging members from making their own interpretations.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of the leaders' values in the group? A) It is important for leaders to volunteer information on their own values concerning any issue that surfaces. B) It is important for leaders to keep their values to themselves to avoid swaying members. C) Expressed values are less likely to interfere with group process than values that are hidden. D) It is unethical for group leaders to expose their values in the group setting.

C) Expressed values are less likely to interfere with group process than values that are hidden.

___ occurs when group members or leaders share their observations and personal reactions regarding the behavior of another. A) A there-and-then focus. B) Minimum disclosure. C) Feedback. D) Avoidance of conflicts and negative feelings.

C) Feedback.

Rather than thinking about techniques, ___ therapists think more in terms of experiments. A) Narrative. B) Brief solution-focused. C) Gestalt. D) Behavior.

C) Gestalt.

___ is a process of presenting basic information about a group to potential group participants to assist them in deciding whether to enter the group and how to participate in it. A) Confidentiality. B) Advanced directive. C) Informed consent. D) Psychological risk.

C) Informed consent.

The therapeutic factor in groups that leads to an increased sense of trust and a greater willingness to risk even more is: A) Hope. B) Feedback. C) Intimacy. D) Freedom to experiment.

C) Intimacy.

All of the following statements about cohesion are true EXCEPT: A) It can be strengthened by accepting and working through conflict. B) It is related to the degree of attractiveness of the group. C) It can be increased by forcing all members to become active participants. D) It can be established and increased when the leadership role is shared by all group members.

C) It can be increased by forcing all members to become active participants.

Regarding the ethical issue of the freedom to withdraw from a group, which statement is FALSE? A) Members ultimately have the right to withdraw from a group. B) Procedures for leaving a group should be explained to all members during the initial group session. C) It is the sole responsibility of the group leader to determine whether a group experience is productive or counterproductive for each group member. D) Leaders should discuss the possible risks involved in leaving a group prematurely.

C) It is the sole responsibility of the group leader to determine whether a group experience is productive or counterproductive for each group member.

When helping group members to define their personal goals, it is important to remember that: A) This should be done only during the initial stages of a group. B) Members should not change or modify their goals during the course of their group. C) Many people state their goals in broad terms initially. D) Goal setting should be postponed until the transition stage, when members have a clearer sense of what the group can offer.

C) Many people state their goals in broad terms initially.

Which of the following statements is true as it relates to the development of trust within groups? A) Although trust is an important issue in the early stages of a group, it is not the major one. B) Once trust is established, it is taken care of for the duration of the group. C) New levels of trust must be established as the group members become more intimate. D) Trust tends not to ebb and flow in groups.

C) New levels of trust must be established as the group members become more intimate.

During the early stages of a group, the central process involves: A) Testing and confronting the leader. B) Sharing of leadership functions by the members. C) Orientation and exploration. D) A willingness to share threatening material.

C) Orientation and exploration.

Which group work specialist is most likely to teach members to cope with an immediate life crisis or developmental life event, with the goal of preventing an array of educational and psychological disturbances? A) Counseling. B) Psychotherapy. C) Psychoeducational. D) Task facilitation.

C) Psychoeducational.

Regarding the ethical use of techniques, which statement is FALSE? A) Any technique that is not working should be abandoned. B) It is important for leaders to use techniques they have some knowledge about, preferably those they have received supervision in using. C) Reluctant members should be pressured into participating in all group exercises for the sake of the cohesion of the group. D) Techniques are used with consideration for the member's background.

C) Reluctant members should be pressured into participating in all group exercises for the sake of the cohesion of the group.

In giving group members guidelines about self-disclosure, it would be inappropriate to suggest that they: A) Relate their disclosures to the goals and purposes of the group. B) Share persistent reactions to others. C) Rely solely on the leader's suggestions as to how much they should reveal. D) Expect reasonable risks to accompany self-disclosure.

C) Rely solely on the leader's suggestions as to how much they should reveal.

When group members experience persistent feelings or thoughts pertaining to their here-and-now experience in the group, it is best that they: A) Keep these feelings or thoughts to themselves, as sharing them may interfere with the group's progress. B) Ignore these feelings or thoughts, realizing that they will distract them from more important issues. C) Reveal these feelings or thoughts to the others in the group. D) Reveal details of their past so that others will know them.

C) Reveal these feelings or thoughts to the others in the group.

Confidentiality in group is: A) A legal right of every member. B) Something that members can be guaranteed. C) Something that members cannot be guaranteed. D) An absolute that can never be broken for any reason.

C) Something that members cannot be guaranteed.

The problem behavior of advice giving involves: A) Offering a perception. B) Offering an opinion. C) Telling people what they should feel and do. D) Listening without responding.

C) Telling people what they should feel and do.

Which of the following is true of counseling groups? A) They are never highly structured. B) They are aimed at curing personality problems. C) They focus on interpersonal relations among the members. D) They require diagnosis for the members.

C) They focus on interpersonal relations among the members.

Which of the following statements about group process is true? A) Groups usually progress predictably through clearly defined stages. B) Once a group reaches a high level of productivity, it will remain at that level. C) Trust may need to be reestablished during the working stage. D) Once trust is established it is always there.

C) Trust may need to be reestablished during the working stage.

Which of the following statements is NOT true as it pertains to the ethical issue of confidentiality? A) At various stages in the group's development the leader should stress the importance of maintaining confidentiality. B) Group members may test the leaders in subtle ways to see if the leaders will indeed keep confidentiality. C) When confidentiality is broke it is invariably the result of malicious gossip. D) Group leaders should inform members that there are limits to confidentiality.

C) When confidentiality is broke it is invariably the result of malicious gossip.

The cognitive behavioral approaches have all of the following attributes in common EXCEPT: A) A collaborative relationship between the group member and the therapist. B) A focus on changing cognitions to produce desired changes in affect and behavior. C) A generally time-limited and educational treatment focusing on specific and structured target problems. D) A focus on the past.

D) A focus on the past.

Reluctance to speak out may function as: A) Establishment of norms which is necessary for development of group cohesion. B) Development as a result of preconceived ideas about what takes place in a group. C) An implicit norm that may develop as a result of leader modeling. D) A healthy boundary rather than being an expression of resistance.

D) A healthy boundary rather than being an expression of resistance.

___ can be fostered indirectly by helping clients feel that it is all right to say and do many of the things they have been preventing themselves from saying or doing. A) Being closed to change. B) Having specific goals. C) A willingness to explore problems in the group. D) An ability to express fears and negative feelings.

D) An ability to express fears and negative feelings.

The group leadership skill of summarizing is useful during all of the following EXCEPT: A) When the group process gets bogged down. B) In arriving at a decision on where to go next. C) At the end of a session. D) At the beginning of a session.

D) At the beginning of a session.

The use of support as a leadership skill is inappropriate: A) When a member is venturing into frightening territory. B) When a member is engaging in new behavior in a group. C) When a member is engaging in new behavior in a group. D) Before a member has had the opportunity to fully experience a conflict or painful feelings.

D) Before a member has had the opportunity to fully experience a conflict or painful feelings.

When a group is in the transition stage of its development, it is helpful for co-leaders to do all of the following EXCEPT: A) Avoid taking sides with each other in attacking members. B) Both be willing to talk about challenges from members. C) Pay attention to their personal reactions to problematic member behaviors. D) Challenge a member on another members behalf.

D) Challenge a member on another members behalf.

___ is possible, even in cases where members attend only a few times, but a high level of activity is demanded of inpatient group therapists. A) A detailed established goal. B) Social justice. C) Storytelling. D) Cohesion.

D) Cohesion.

Which of the following therapeutic factors must be present to prevent stagnation from occurring in the group? A) Caring. B) Empathy. C) Acceptance. D) Confrontation.

D) Confrontation.

The major task of the final stage in a group's development is: A) Development of trust. B) Development of group cohesion. C) Achieving intimacy. D) Consolidation of learning.

D) Consolidation of learning.

___ is not the same thing as sympathy, which entails providing comfort to others: A) Understanding. B) Self-disclosure. C) Conflict. D) Empathy.

D) Empathy.

Which of the following fears are NOT common in the transition stage? A) Fear of rejection. B) Fear of self-disclosure. C) Fear of being misunderstood. D) Fear of being supported.

D) Fear of being supported.

Prospective group members need to be given all of the following information about the group that they are thinking of joining EXCEPT: A) Goals. B) Procedures. C) Expected outcomes. D) Guaranteed outcomes.

D) Guaranteed outcomes.

Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of the co-leadership model? A) Leader burnout can be reduced. B) If one leader must be absent, the group can proceed with the other leader. C) Countertransference can be more easily recognized and dealt with. D) It decreases the need for leaders to be fully present and listen actively if they are working with another leader.

D) It decreases the need for leaders to be fully present and listen actively if they are working with another leader.

Research summaries have identified which of the following guidelines for group leadership practice? A) Leaders should strive for an impersonal and detached leadership style. B) Leaders should disclose the details of their personal lives to build trust with members regardless of the type of group. C) Leaders should adopt a more controlling leadership style, especially in the beginning stages. D) Leaders should set and reinforce clear supportive norms as one way to establish cohesion within the group.

D) Leaders should set and reinforce clear supportive norms as one way to establish cohesion within the group.

During the transition stage, anxiety is all of the following EXCEPT: A) High. B) The result of external factors. C) The result of internal factors. D) Low.

D) Low.

In order to practice in a multiculturally competent manner, leaders who have adopted any of the major theoretical orientations should do all of the following EXCEPT: A) Consider all dimensions of a member's identity including age, gender, sexual orientation, ability, and religious affiliation. B) Introduce exercises in an invitational and optional manner. C) Validate and understand members experiences with racism, discrimination, and oppression before challenging them to respond differently. D) Only consider a member's age and gender.

D) Only consider a member's age and gender.

Which of the following techniques is NOT associated with the psychoanalytic approach? A) Maintaining the analytic framework. B) Free association. C) Dream analysis. D) Paradoxical interventions.

D) Paradoxical interventions.

Psychoeducational groups are designed to: A) Foster accomplishment of identified work goals. B) Help members go through difficult life transitions. C) Remediate in-depth psychological problems. D) Provide members with targeted education on a variety of psychological issues or informational deficits.

D) Provide members with targeted education on a variety of psychological issues or informational deficits.

In general, the more experience we gain with facilitating groups, the better we are at determining the moments when ___ may be beneficial for members. A) Hostility. B) Argumentation. C) Formation of cliques. D) Self-disclosure.

D) Self-disclosure.

To address countertransference in their work, leaders should do all of the following EXCEPT: A) Avoid acting out and learn how to use countertransference reactions to benefit the therapeutic work. B) Establish appropriate boundaries with clients so countertransference reactions can be effectively managed. C) Participate in personal therapy and clinical supervision to better understand how your internal reactions may influence the therapy process. D) Share all of the personal details of one's life with group members who trigger countertransference.

D) Share all of the personal details of one's life with group members who trigger countertransference.

A member who monopolizes group time is all of the following EXCEPT: A) Exhibiting a high degree of self-centeredness. B) Continually identifying with others. C) Sometimes welcomed in the early stages of a group's progress. D) Silent.

D) Silent.

When looking at the logistics or practical considerations of forming a group, which of the following is LEAST important to consider? A) Group size. B) Frequency and duration of meetings. C) The duration of the group. D) The analysis of transference among group members.

D) The analysis of transference among group members.

Meaningful work and learning occur at every stage of a group; however, deeper exploration and an increased level of group cohesion are typical of the ___ of a group. A) Pre-group. B) Initial stage. C) Transitional stage. D) Working stage.

D) Working stage.