HA&P Blood Module

Identify two functions that red blood cells are unable to perform because they lack organelles and nuclei.

1. cell division 2. protein synthesis

Red blood cells are biconcave in shape. List three advantages that this shape confers upon the RBCs.

1. cells can readily squeeze through narrow capillaries 2. increased surface area for diffusion of gases 3. cell membrane is close to hemoglobin molecules

List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.

1. erythocytes 2. red blood cells

List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells).

1. they lack mitochondria 2. they are biconcave discs 3. they are specialized for carrying oxygen

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell in the human body?

120 days

In total, hemoglobin molecules are composed of ___ polypeptide chain(s) and ___ heme group(s). (Give numbers.)

4 ; 4

Diapedesis is the movement of leukocytes out of ______.

blood vessels

Oxyhemoglobin appears _____ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _____.

bright red; darker red

Red blood cells lack a nucleus. Which cell function is most dramatically affected by this?

cell division

Describe the appearance of basophils that have been stained with Wrights stain

cell with many deep blue granules

Leukocytes develop from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow in response to hormones called ______ and ______.

colony-stimulating factors; interleukins

What determines a person's ABO blood type?

determined by the type of antigens on RBC surfaces

the term ____ describes the movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) out of a blood vessel by squeezing between the cells of the blood vessel wall.

diapedesis

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells

In which of the following situations would you expect agglutination to occur?

during a transfusion reaction

Name the process of red blood cell formation that occurs in bone marrow

erythropoiesis

In a fetus, the process of ___ occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen. After birth, this process occurs in the red bone marrow

erythropoiesis or hematopoiesis

In low oxygen conditions, the kidneys secrete the hormone ____ which functions to increase red blood cell production.

erythropoietin or EPO

True or false: Red blood cells have abundant mitochondria.

false

Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______

four globin chains and four heme groups

Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______.

four globin chains and four heme groups

Leukocytes with granular cytoplasm are called ___ while those without distinctly-staining granules are called ___

granulocytes ; agranulocytes

The term for the formation of blood cells is

hematopoiesis

Red blood cells are red because they contain an abundance of the pigment protein called

hemoglobin

The blood protein that is made up of four globin chains and four heme groups is

hemoglobin

The protein found within red blood cells that functions to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide is

hemoglobin

The number of red blood cells can increase following ______.

increase in altitude and strenuous exercise

Biochemicals released by leukocytes cause an increase in permeability of small blood vessels at sites where microorganisms have invaded human tissues. This results in swelling, an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, and is called a(n) _____ response

inflammatory

Because it is incorporated into the heme group, which nutrient is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin?

iron

In red blood cells, ATP ______.

is produced only through glycolysis

Prolonged low blood oxygen in adults causes the ______ and ______ to release erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

kidneys; liver

Describe characteristics of an eosinophil.

large bi-lobed nucleus with deep red granules

The technical term for a white blood cell is

leukocyte

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are two categories of ______.

leukocytes

The major types of ______ are T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity

lymphocytes

The smallest white blood cells are the ____ which have a large round nucleus and a cytoplasm that lacks granules.

lymphocytes

When microorganisms invade tissues, leukocytes release chemicals that ______, producing swelling that delays the spread of pathogens to other areas of the body. Multiple choice question.

make small blood vessels more permeable

Platelets are fragments of very large cells called

megakaryocytes

Which type of white blood cell leaves the bloodstream, migrates into certain tissues, and transforms into macrophages?

monocyte

White blood cells called ___ migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.

monocytes

A multilobed nucleus is typical of which leukocyte?

neutrophil

The type of leukocyte that has a lobed nucleus (two to five segments) and fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple is called a(n) ___

neutrophil

Which type of white blood cell is the first to arrive at an infection site and functions to phagocytize bacteria and other pathogens?

neutrophil

The leukocytes called ______ have nuclei that are lobed and have fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in a neutral stain .

neutrophils

An anemic person may appear pale and lack energy due to the reduced ___ -carrying capacity of the blood.

oxygen

Anemia is a class of conditions that have one thing in common: the blood can't carry enough

oxygen

The most important blood gases are

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Under what conditions does the rate of erythropoiesis increase?

oxygen levels in blood decrease

Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix, called

plasma

Name the liquid part of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended.

plasma

An excessive increase in red blood cells, called ______, may occur in emphysema when the decreased surface area of the lung results in limited gas exchange.

polycythemia

The process called ______ results in leukocytes being attracted to a site of tissue damage. They are attracted by chemicals released by damaged cells.

positive chemotaxis

The most abundant solutes in plasma are

proteins

As bacteria, leukocytes, and damaged cells accumulate in inflamed tissue, a thick fluid called ____ may form and remain while the invading microorganisms are active.

pus

Which type of cell cannot divide because it lacks a nucleus?

red blood cell

Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the ______.

red bone marrow

What is the primary location for erythropoiesis in adults?

red bone marrow

Which situation would reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen?

reduced red blood cell count

List four of the electrolytes that are found in the plasma.

sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate

What is the function of erythropoietin?

stimulate production of red blood cells

Which characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?

the biconcave shape

Which statement describes plasma proteins?

they are the most abundant solute in plasma

How does erythropoietin (EPO) regulate red blood cell production?

through negative feedback

What is the main function of red blood cells?

transport gases

When does positive chemotaxis occur?

when damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of which cell type?

white blood cells

______ protect the body against disease.

white blood cells

the ____ blood cells primarily function to protect the body against disease.

white or leukocyte

List two underlying possible causes of anemia.

1. Low blood levels of hemoglobin 2. Red blood cell deficiency

Indicate two characteristics of neutrophils

1. They phagocytize bacteria. 2. They are the most abundant leukocytes in a typical blood sample.

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies that attack foreign molecules?

B lymphocytes

The type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies is a(n) ___ cell

B or plasma

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil.

Each neutrophil has a lobed nucleus.

Cancer can be a cause of ____ an excessive increase in red blood cells.

Polycythemia

The _____ blood group includes the D antigen.

Rh

Cells called ______ are able to directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells.

T lymphocytes

Indicate two characteristics of lymphocytes.

They are agranulocytes They are the second-most common leukocytes

What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells?

Visible granules are present in the cytoplasm.

Which components would be found in the thick fluid called pus that accumulates at an area of injury?

bacteria, leukocytes, and damaged host cells

The type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies is a(n) ____ cell

B

A transfusion reaction results in the clumping of red blood cells through a process called ___. An antibody molecule binds to antigens on several RBCs, binding them together.

agglutination or hemagglutination

Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as ______.

agranulocytes

Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have which consequence on health?

altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood

Once outside the blood vessels, leukocytes move through the interstitial spaces using a form of self-propulsion called ___ motion

ameboid

List three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma.

amino acids, urea, creatine

Leukocytes move through interstitial spaces using ______, a type of self-propulsion

amoeboid motion

A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called ______.

anemia

With the condition called ______, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

anemia

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of a(n) ___ on the surface of red blood cells.

antigen

Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ____

antigen or agglutinogens