Hallucinogens
Gangrenous ergotism:
"Saint Anthony's Fire": feverish hallucinations and rotting away of gangrenous extremities of the body
how long do effects take
- about 15-60 minutes effects appear - peak 2-4 hours -last: 6-8 hours overall
how do hallucinogens affect the brain
- stimulates the brainstem (esp. the reticular formation) -overloads sensory pathways -makes user aware of all sensations -disrupts visual and auditory centers w/h can confuse perception -synthesia
Crystalline LSD
-Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and dropped onto blotter paper -Contains 50-80mcg of liquid LSD
overdose
-LSD-like drugs-psychological problems -PCP-like compounds -belladonna and atropine and scopalamine can be lethal (stimulate heart rate and increase temperature)
LSD
-a semisynthetic form of ergot fungus toxin that infects rye and other cereal grasses -Claviceps purpurea was responsible for many outbreaks of ergot poisoning (ergotism) and thousands of death
mushrooms compared to LSD
-cause less dissociation's and panic then lsd -prolonged psychotic reactions are rare
buzz
-experience greatly varies -usually has previous drug experience -expectations,mood, environment all affect how you feel your trip -out of body or mystical experience
physical effects
-increase heart rate and blood pressure, -increase body temperature -dizziness -dilated pupils -reduced appetite and sweating (like amphetamines)
illusion
-mistaken perception of external stimulus ex: a tree becoming an animal, a couch a moving truck
other effects include
-nausea -high blood sugar -jaw clenching - tremors
marijuana and LSD
-produces effects that are uniques to individual -can cause bizarre anxiety provoking states -also causes PHPD (flasbacks)
Magic Mushrooms
-shrooms -active ingredients ( psilocybin and psilocin ) -found in Mexico, us, southeast asia, south america
hallucinogens can lead to
1. HPPD -hallucinogen persistant disorder 2. hallucinations 3. pseudo hallucinations 4. sense of separation from ones body 5. time distortion
What are the five main chemical classes
1. Indoles (LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca) 2. Phenylalklyamines (peyote, MDMA (ecstasy)) 3. Anticholinergics (belladonna, datura) 4. Ketamine, PCP, Salvia divonorum, dextromethorphan (DXM) 5. Cannabinoids found in marijuana
psychedelics interfere with which 7 neurotransmitters?
1. dopamine 2. norepinephrine 3. acetylcholine 4. anandamide 5. glutamate 6. alpha psychosin 7. serotonin
Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) - prozac- and LSD
Can trigger flashbacks can also cause them to not experience the effects of LSD while taking anti depressant medication
Class
Hallucinogens
Drug types: serotonin like:
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, ayahuasca and salvia, to name a few
What drugs are included in the class of Indoles
LSD, psilocybin mushrooms ayahuasca
before psychedelic effects take over, most mushrooms induce
NAUSEA and other physical symptoms
how you feel physically
Other effects include nausea, jitteriness, quickened or slow heart rate, numbness of the face and/or lips, changes in coordination
LSD flasbakcs are similar to
PTSD
Schedule?
Schedule 1
delusion
a mistaken idea or belief that has nothing to do with reason or contradictory evidence ex: someone who thinks they can fly
What drugs are included in the class of anticholinergics
belladonna, datura
doses as low as 25mcg
can cause stimulatory effects as well as mental changes, spaced out, alter of time perception, mild sense of euphoria
intersting fact
common grocery store mushrooms are sometimes laced with LSD or PCP and sold to people seeking a psychedelic experience on magic mushrooms
The psychedelic effects in magic mushrooms are caused by
disrupting the NTs serotonin and dopamine and by generating the sudden release of norepinephrine (NE)
magic mushrooms were originally called...
divine flesh by the aztecs
Lsd dependence/ addictive?
doesn't produce compulsive drug seeking behavior, thus its not considered addictive -usually a psychological dependence rather then a physical
example of LSD psychological dependence
frequent and repeated use of lower doses of LSD to produce its mild stimulating effects rather then its psychedelic effects
what determines the strength of indole psychadelics
how it interacts with these receptors
greatest dangers of LSD
impaired reasoning and loss of judgement - slow reaction time -visual distortion
PCP and Marijuana
induces a terrifying and dangerous state in unsuspecting users
locus coreolus
is activated to release extra NOREPINEPHRINE, which enhances alertness
What drugs are included in the class of ....
ketamine, pcp , salvia, divonorum, dextromethorphan
exceptions to schedule 1?
ketamine,scopolamine,atropine, and dextromethorphan-proof of age
What drugs are included in the class of cannabinoids
marijuana
ingestion of magic mushrooms
once a cap or stem is ingested the psilocybin is converted to psilocin -psilocybin crosses the blood brain barrier more easily -10-60 mg of active ingredients (usually several mushrooms) lasts 3-6 hours
mental effects of lsd
overloads the brainstem causing sensory distortions - synesthesia - seeing smells, hearing colors -depersonalization -dreaminess -impaired concentration and motivation -verbal expression is difficult
serotonin influences...
parts of the brain that are most likely to generate hallucinations -the medial prefrontal cortex -anterior cingulate cortex -also influences mood sleep anxiety
bad or bum trips
people have acute anxiety reactions people who take it out of the right place are subject to extremes of paranoia and euphoria
What drugs are included in the class of phenylalklyamines
peyote, MDMA, ectasy
hallucination
sensory experience that doesn't come from external stimuli ex: seeing a creature or hearing a sound that just straight up does not exist
serotonin affects....
sensory perception and limbic system - affect mood and cause permanent changes in one's personality
ayahuasca and LSD
the ayahuasca can cause serotonin syndrome
synthesisia?
the crossing over or mixing of the senses e.g people can see sounds
poisonous mushrooms
the poisonous mushrooms out number the psilocybin mushrooms greatly and thats the danger - some poisonous mushrooms ( amanita phallodies) can cause liver damage, or death within hours of digestion.
indole psychedelics interact with which receptors specifically?
the serotonin 5HT2A
most hallucinogens stimulate...
the sympathetic nervous system
tolerance
tolerance develops very rapidly but also disappears after cessation of use, usually within a few days
withdrawal
usually more mental and emotional than physical - more so trying to integrate into normal life
psychedelic effects include
visceral sensations, changes in sight, hearing, taste and touch, and also altered states of conciousness
Convulsive ergotism:
visual and auditory hallucinations, painful muscular contractions, vomiting, diarrhea, delirium, convulsions
LSD increases glutamate which
which can cause synesthesia because it activates certain cognitive and sensory abnormalties