Hallucinogens

Gangrenous ergotism:

"Saint Anthony's Fire": feverish hallucinations and rotting away of gangrenous extremities of the body

how long do effects take

- about 15-60 minutes effects appear - peak 2-4 hours -last: 6-8 hours overall

how do hallucinogens affect the brain

- stimulates the brainstem (esp. the reticular formation) -overloads sensory pathways -makes user aware of all sensations -disrupts visual and auditory centers w/h can confuse perception -synthesia

Crystalline LSD

-Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and dropped onto blotter paper -Contains 50-80mcg of liquid LSD

overdose

-LSD-like drugs-psychological problems -PCP-like compounds -belladonna and atropine and scopalamine can be lethal (stimulate heart rate and increase temperature)

LSD

-a semisynthetic form of ergot fungus toxin that infects rye and other cereal grasses -Claviceps purpurea was responsible for many outbreaks of ergot poisoning (ergotism) and thousands of death

mushrooms compared to LSD

-cause less dissociation's and panic then lsd -prolonged psychotic reactions are rare

buzz

-experience greatly varies -usually has previous drug experience -expectations,mood, environment all affect how you feel your trip -out of body or mystical experience

physical effects

-increase heart rate and blood pressure, -increase body temperature -dizziness -dilated pupils -reduced appetite and sweating (like amphetamines)

illusion

-mistaken perception of external stimulus ex: a tree becoming an animal, a couch a moving truck

other effects include

-nausea -high blood sugar -jaw clenching - tremors

marijuana and LSD

-produces effects that are uniques to individual -can cause bizarre anxiety provoking states -also causes PHPD (flasbacks)

Magic Mushrooms

-shrooms -active ingredients ( psilocybin and psilocin ) -found in Mexico, us, southeast asia, south america

hallucinogens can lead to

1. HPPD -hallucinogen persistant disorder 2. hallucinations 3. pseudo hallucinations 4. sense of separation from ones body 5. time distortion

What are the five main chemical classes

1. Indoles (LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca) 2. Phenylalklyamines (peyote, MDMA (ecstasy)) 3. Anticholinergics (belladonna, datura) 4. Ketamine, PCP, Salvia divonorum, dextromethorphan (DXM) 5. Cannabinoids found in marijuana

psychedelics interfere with which 7 neurotransmitters?

1. dopamine 2. norepinephrine 3. acetylcholine 4. anandamide 5. glutamate 6. alpha psychosin 7. serotonin

Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) - prozac- and LSD

Can trigger flashbacks can also cause them to not experience the effects of LSD while taking anti depressant medication

Class

Hallucinogens

Drug types: serotonin like:

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, ayahuasca and salvia, to name a few

What drugs are included in the class of Indoles

LSD, psilocybin mushrooms ayahuasca

before psychedelic effects take over, most mushrooms induce

NAUSEA and other physical symptoms

how you feel physically

Other effects include nausea, jitteriness, quickened or slow heart rate, numbness of the face and/or lips, changes in coordination

LSD flasbakcs are similar to

PTSD

Schedule?

Schedule 1

delusion

a mistaken idea or belief that has nothing to do with reason or contradictory evidence ex: someone who thinks they can fly

What drugs are included in the class of anticholinergics

belladonna, datura

doses as low as 25mcg

can cause stimulatory effects as well as mental changes, spaced out, alter of time perception, mild sense of euphoria

intersting fact

common grocery store mushrooms are sometimes laced with LSD or PCP and sold to people seeking a psychedelic experience on magic mushrooms

The psychedelic effects in magic mushrooms are caused by

disrupting the NTs serotonin and dopamine and by generating the sudden release of norepinephrine (NE)

magic mushrooms were originally called...

divine flesh by the aztecs

Lsd dependence/ addictive?

doesn't produce compulsive drug seeking behavior, thus its not considered addictive -usually a psychological dependence rather then a physical

example of LSD psychological dependence

frequent and repeated use of lower doses of LSD to produce its mild stimulating effects rather then its psychedelic effects

what determines the strength of indole psychadelics

how it interacts with these receptors

greatest dangers of LSD

impaired reasoning and loss of judgement - slow reaction time -visual distortion

PCP and Marijuana

induces a terrifying and dangerous state in unsuspecting users

locus coreolus

is activated to release extra NOREPINEPHRINE, which enhances alertness

What drugs are included in the class of ....

ketamine, pcp , salvia, divonorum, dextromethorphan

exceptions to schedule 1?

ketamine,scopolamine,atropine, and dextromethorphan-proof of age

What drugs are included in the class of cannabinoids

marijuana

ingestion of magic mushrooms

once a cap or stem is ingested the psilocybin is converted to psilocin -psilocybin crosses the blood brain barrier more easily -10-60 mg of active ingredients (usually several mushrooms) lasts 3-6 hours

mental effects of lsd

overloads the brainstem causing sensory distortions - synesthesia - seeing smells, hearing colors -depersonalization -dreaminess -impaired concentration and motivation -verbal expression is difficult

serotonin influences...

parts of the brain that are most likely to generate hallucinations -the medial prefrontal cortex -anterior cingulate cortex -also influences mood sleep anxiety

bad or bum trips

people have acute anxiety reactions people who take it out of the right place are subject to extremes of paranoia and euphoria

What drugs are included in the class of phenylalklyamines

peyote, MDMA, ectasy

hallucination

sensory experience that doesn't come from external stimuli ex: seeing a creature or hearing a sound that just straight up does not exist

serotonin affects....

sensory perception and limbic system - affect mood and cause permanent changes in one's personality

ayahuasca and LSD

the ayahuasca can cause serotonin syndrome

synthesisia?

the crossing over or mixing of the senses e.g people can see sounds

poisonous mushrooms

the poisonous mushrooms out number the psilocybin mushrooms greatly and thats the danger - some poisonous mushrooms ( amanita phallodies) can cause liver damage, or death within hours of digestion.

indole psychedelics interact with which receptors specifically?

the serotonin 5HT2A

most hallucinogens stimulate...

the sympathetic nervous system

tolerance

tolerance develops very rapidly but also disappears after cessation of use, usually within a few days

withdrawal

usually more mental and emotional than physical - more so trying to integrate into normal life

psychedelic effects include

visceral sensations, changes in sight, hearing, taste and touch, and also altered states of conciousness

Convulsive ergotism:

visual and auditory hallucinations, painful muscular contractions, vomiting, diarrhea, delirium, convulsions

LSD increases glutamate which

which can cause synesthesia because it activates certain cognitive and sensory abnormalties