Major minerals

Bone remodeling

Bone tissue is broken down(release of calcium from bone mineral) bone tissue rebuilt (store bone mineral) bone tissue continually remodeled as some cells break down bone and others rebuild it

Potassium toxicity

Causes low heart rate and abnormal heart rhythm. rare only seen from Potassium supplementation.

Water deficiency

Resulting from fluid losses that exceed intake. caused by excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive urination -symptoms nausea, dizziness, elevated temper-ature, and concentrated urine. To distinguish between hyponatremia and dehydration may test blood sodium levels

Reduced bone loss?

(calcium deficiency) reduced bone mass, or bone density, along with reduced mineral content, can lead to a condition called osteopenia. When osteopenia becomes severe, and bone loss worsens causes bones to be fragile and porous, a person develops osteoporosis, or "porous bones," and the risk of bone fractures is dramatically increased. bone loss accelerates in postmenopausal women because of low levels of the hormone estrogen.

Magnesium functions

- Cofactor in more than 300 chemical reactions - 50 - 60 % found in bones - role in transport of ions across cell membrane for muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and maintaining heart rhythm - involved in extracting energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - role in protein production - necessary in activating vitamin D - bone health (converts vitamin D to active form) source plant products

Water balance

- To remain in water balance, fluid input must equal its output. - Water lost through skin (sweat) feces, urine, and lungs - An increase in fluid intake, not accompanied by an increase in activity, would be lost through urination.

Antidiuretic Hormone and Water Balance

- When the concentration of solutes in the blood increases, or when blood volume drops, the brain responds by the hypothalamus stimulating the pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). - ADH tells the kidneys in response to low BP to conserve water to bring more water back into the bloodstream (increase blood volume), which will also lower the concentration of solutes. - When the brain detects that water volume has increased again, it decreases the production of ADH so that the kidneys stop conserving water. Without ADH, urine becomes very dilute.

Water functions

- helps regulate body temperature within a very narrow range - Water transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues in your body - lubricates joints mucous membranes and GI tract - helps to protect delicate tissues like the brain, eyes, and spinal cord against injury and shock. - acts as solvent - helps to remove waste from the body - Cells differ in water comp

Phosphorus

- in every cell of the body - critical role in bone health - essential component of bone and cartilage, phospholipids, DNA, and RNA. - involved in energy metabolism Regulates many enzymes. - Helps in maintenance of proper acid-base balance in the body. - deficiency is rare, is found in most protein-rich foods, such as meats and dairy, and food additives - overconsumption, associated w CVD, particularly in people with kidney disease.

Water balance in body? osmosis

- two-thirds of the water in our bodies is intracellular, or found inside cells. The rest is extracellular, found outside cells - Water may move from outside to inside cells and vice versa, in a process called osmosis. - The direction of water movement depends on the concentration of dissolved substances in intracellular and extracellular fluids called solutes. Some of the most important solutes are the electrolytes sodium, potassium, and chloride. Water moves across a membrane toward areas where there is a greater concentration of solutes, and, therefore a lower concentration of water molecules - as water moves in cell swells

How many minerals are essential?

16

How to reduce risk of osteoporosis?

A person with bone mass as a young adult will be less likely to develop osteoporosis later in life.individuals should maintain a healthy diet with adequate intake of calcium and vitamins D and K throughout life. It is also important to participate in regular weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, running, or tennis, as well as perform resistance exercises to maintain bone health and reduce risk of osteoporosis

Bone mineral

Bone mineral (composed of Mg Ca P) is found in a crystal form on a matrix of protein which is composed primarily of collagen. Three major minerals of particular importance for bone formation and maintenance are calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium; with crystals of primarily calcium and phosphorus laid down on a matrix of proteins (predominantly collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissue) during bone formation.

Bones meet minerals

Bones shield our brain and organs from injury and make it possible to move. Minerals make up approximately two-thirds of the mass of the skeletal system and are involved in growth and maintenance of cellular membranes and connective tissues.

Sulfur

Component of protein - present in 2 of the amino acids cysteine and methionine - present in vitamins thiamin and biotin - deficiency unknown - toxicity rare, excrete excess in urine (eggs cheese dried apricot)

Bioavailability affected by?

Deficiency in a mineral body's absorption and bioavailability will increase for that mineral. EXAMPLE pregnant women is body will absorb calcium more effectively During overconsumption will cause bioavailability to decrease but won't stop so excess even toxicity of mineral Is possible. (Excess minerals excreted through urine) Binders- phytates (whole grain cereal), oxalates (spinach), polyphenols (coffee x tea) can limit bioavailability by chemically binding to minerals.

What can reduce the risk of hypertension (high Blood pressure)?

Diet low in sodium and high in potassium

Minerals in Food water and plants

Hard water (USA) contains more calcium and magnesium while soft water contains more sodium. Minerals are dissolved in water and absorbed through roots of plants. Plants reflect the mineral content of the soil, thus mineral content will vary depending on region plant is grown as well and the farming practices used to grow them. Animal foods typically good source of minerals because they eat plants.

Excess calcium?

Hypercalcemia which if for too long can soften tissues in body, affect muscle contraction and nerve transmutation. High dietary intakes may cause constipation and can interfere with iron absorption.

Magnesium deficiency

Kidneys will excrete less and body will absorb more rapid heart beat, risk factor for osteoporosis increase the risk of atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.

Chloride

Like sodium, it is primarily found in extracellular fluids such as blood. - half of mineral composition in table salt NaCl - Involved in fluid balance - Half of HCl -abundant in diet with sodium so excess causes increase of BP

Sodium

Major positively charged ions in extracellular fluids - helps maintains fluid balance between cells and throughout the body - crucial role in regulating blood pressure - transmitting nerve impulses - contracting muscles - role in nutrient transport ex - moves glucose and amino acids into cells

Minerals are ions? are They essential? Co..?

Minerals are ions, this allows minerals to participate in chemical reactions and bond with other molecules Minerals are essential can't be synthesized by body must be ingested through diet May act w/ coenzymes as cofactor to catalyze reaction

Calcium abundance? Functions?

Most abundant mineral in body, 99% bone and teeth, 1% body cells and fluids. Strengthening bone and teeth, blood clotting, hormone secretion, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission

Potassium

Primary electrolyte within cells - regulating fluid balance - acting as cofactor 4 certain enzymes - helping nutrient transport - may help mitigate some of the effects of excess sodium by increasing sodium excretion in the urine. - Potassium may also help relax blood vessel walls, which can also lower blood pressure. - helps to maintain the electrical activity of the heart to sustain a steady heartbeat

Processed and refined vs whole un processed for minerals

Processing and refining foods can sometimes boost, but more often reduce, mineral content. due to foods being refined and milled. Few minerals added back (enrichment). Individuals should emphasize eating whole, unprocessed foods.

The bone workers involved in maintenance of bones

Skelton is an organ that's always in state of activity, calcium and phosphorus make up Skelton. while Magnesium contributes to the strength and firmness of bones, makes teeth harder and is even essential for the metabolism and absorption of calcium.

Bioavailability

The ability of nutrients to be absorbed and utilized by the body. (Can be influenced by various factors)

Water

The body maintains fluid balance by moving electrolytes to where more water is needed. However, the level of electrolytes in your body can become too low or too high. That can happen when the amount of water in your body changes, upsetting fluid balance and causing dehydration or even overhydration.

too much water? Blood pressure, related to blood volume all related to water

The sudden flood of water into the cells of his brain (the neurons in particular) caused his brain to swell and press against the inside of his skull, which prevented blood, and thus essential oxygen, from reaching his brain.

Calcium Homeostasis

When calcium levels fall the PT gland releases PTH which then stimulates the production of active vitamin D and as a result from the increase active vitamin D there will be an increase of calcium absorption from the intestine. PTH and active vitamin d work together to stimulate the release of calcium from the bones, and decrease calcium excretion from the kidneys.

extra electrolyte balance

With the help of the kidneys, electrolytes balance the fluid outside the cells with the fluid inside the cells. Sodium and chloride are primarily found outside cells (extracellular fluid) and potassium is typically found inside cells (intracellular fluid). Water moves from one compartment to another based on concentration of the electrolytes and how they're distributed. Extracellular fluid composed of Blood fluid and interstitial fluid 13.6

DASH

also known as Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; a food plan that assists with blood pressure control by moderating (high BP) sodium intake while increasing the intake potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

What are Major Minerals? It's requirement?

daily requirement 100 mg or more. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus .

metabolism

commonly used to refer specifically to the breakdown of food consists of anabolism ( the buildup of substances) and catabolism (the breakdown of substances).

Electrolytes

electrically charged minerals (ions) dissolved in body fluids that balance the fluid outside the cells with the fluid inside the cells; electrolyte balance is necessary for the transport of nutrients, muscle contractions, and other processes.

Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride

electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride - maintain fluid balance - transmit nerve impulses - help muscles contract - transport nutrients

Ions

elements with positive and negative charges due to unequal number of electrons and protons.

Potassium deficiency

mild form only get about half the potassium they should—can increase the risk of hypertension, stroke, heart attacks Severe caused by excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, , or kidney disorders—can lead to hypokalemia, characterized by fatigue, muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, increased calcium excretion, and reduced insulin production.

Vegans mineral deficiencies?

minerals that are typically concentrated in animal foods, such as calcium, iron, and zinc

Trace minerals? Requirement?

minerals with a daily requirement of less than 100 milligrams; examples include iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium.

Excess H2O

release excess ADH when exercising vigorously for long periods, making the kidneys retain water. Hyponatremia - condition characterized by a low serum sodium concentration and clinical signs of confusion, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and swelling around brain; it may be seen in athletes who consume excess water with no sodium.

blood volume increase?

too much water plasma' increases blood volume

Calcium deficiency?

with age, the balance of calcium release and deposition in bone changes. During years of growth, such as childhood, more calcium is added to bone in relation to the amount lost, but as we get older, bone breakdown often EXCEEDS formation. Peak bone mass is established at around age 30. bone loss occurs because the body uses the calcium in bone to maintain blood levels and support calcium-dependent bodily functions.(adequate calcium and vitamin d intake needed)