Harvard Psych 1 Gilbert Final

3 ex. of Failures of Control:

1. The Stroop Task: asks to use free will to name colors paired with words, etc,. --> we get confused 2. Mind-wandering: 50% of our waking hours, we wander more than we realize 3. The ironic rebound effect: once you stop trying to think of x, all you think about is x

DSM

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

behavioral therapy

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

Iceberg Theory

Freud's theory that the conscious was only a very small part of the mind and did not account for most of the psychological factors that affect behavior

larks v owls

Larks are "morning people" Owls are "night people"

Can we control our thoughts/actions?

No

optimism bias aka unrealistic optimism

a bias whereby people believe that, compared with other people, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future

framing effects

a bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

bipolar disorder

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression). 12 week cycles.

alcohol myopia

a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. misattribution of feelings

schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior. usually strikes males 18-25, females 25-40. 1/3 get better with treatment, 1/3 attempt suicide, dies 15-25 years earlier on average. highly hereditary.

narcolepsy

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

social phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

latent content

a dream's true underlying meaning (freud, false)

delusion

a false belief, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

hallucination

a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

Heuristics

a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached

token economy

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

person/client-centered therapy

a form of psychotherapy that assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

eclectic psychotherapy

a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

gestalt therapy

a form of psychotherapy whose goal is helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them

catatonic behavior

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

expressed emotion

a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder

double depression

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

circadian rhythm

a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

RDoC (Research Domain Criteria Project)

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

mental disorder

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

chronotype and predictors

a person's disposition to be a "morning person" or an "evening person," age, genetics, sex, time since last sleep

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

disorganized speech

a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's (the participant's) subjective experience of the world.

agoraphobia

a specific phobia involving a fear of public places

REM sleep

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

balanced placebo design

a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

dichotic listening

a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

algorithm

a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

night terrors (sleep terrors)

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

medical model

an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

exposure therapy

an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Electrooculograph (EOG)

an instrument that measures eye movements

psychotherapy

an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

med student syndrome

as you study an illness you become convinced that you or people you know have that illness

The two factors that make up consciousness

awareness, control

grossly disorganized behavior

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

the pons in sleep?

cause sleep paralysis and tell the thalamus not to send info to reasoning areas of the brain

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system

sleep debt

consequences of sleep deprivation are cumulative, get worse over days

3 reasons we sleep

conservation, restoration, consolidation

cognitive symptoms

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory

negative symptoms

deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors that are present in those with schizophrenia

the stages of sleep

drowsy, 1, 2, 3, 4 (sleep we need to be rested), REM (starts short and gets longer, where dreams happen, will remember dream when awakened during REM) --> mostly in stages 4 and REM

hallucinogens

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

marginal thinking

e.g. more likely to buy the tie when you're buying an expensive suit than you are to buy a tie without the suit... absolute diff v marginal diff (value v percentage of total cost)

personality disorders

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

sudden insights and proof?

eureka moments that occur during results of sleep, shown by association tests and the number reduction game

bipsychosocial perspective

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

The human brain looks for what two things biologically and unconsciously?

faces and movement of creatures

cognitive therapy

focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

hypnogogia

groggy, floaty state between stages 1 and 2 of sleep

narcotics (opiates)

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

availability bias/heuristic

items more readily available are judged as having occurred more frequently

Rational Choice Theory aka expected utility theory

likelihood of outcome × value

mood disorders

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

somnambulism

occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep (sleepwalking)

dreams

our brains' best interpretation of activity. Brain talk, not mind talk

uncertainty aversion

people hate odds!The tendency for decision makers to be averse to circumstances and decision alternatives involving uncertainty

Radish Cookie Study

people looking at radish could do puzzle longer, shows we have limited supply of control

2 ways sleep is descibed

period of physical inactivity, occurs periodically

phases of schizophrenia

premorbid (childhood, possibly motor/social disfunction), prodromal (adolescence/YA, brief positive symptoms/gradual decline), psychotic (florid positive symptoms), stable (more negative, fewer positive symptoms)

adenosine

released throughout the day so you get tired

depressents

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress, need "2 ingredients" to get an illness

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

sleep paralysis

the experience of waking up unable to move, caused by the pons. Thalamus stops relaying info in stages 1-4 but is active in REM, reason we don't act on the sensory info is because of the pons.

posthypnotic amnesia

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

expectancy theory

the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

helplessness theory

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

preparedness theory

the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

mind-body problem

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

hypnotic analgesia

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

persistent depressive disorder

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

Phenomenology

the study of how things seem to the conscious person

drug tolerance

the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect

activation-synthesis model

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

prospect theory

the theory that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

psychodynamic psychotherapies

therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

conjunction fallacy

thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either event alone

positive symptoms

thoughts and behaviors, such as delusions and hallucinations, present in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder

change bias

we are concerned with how costs have changed rather than how they compare to alternatives; compare prices with the past over alternatives (what else we could use money for), causing us to make an error in value (e.g. $2000->$1600 is more attractive than $2000->$700->$1400)

sleep drunk

when people are sleep deprived and they don't know they are preforming worse and are delirious but they are

Theory of Neural Quiescence

when we sleep the brain goes quiet. INCORRECT

effect of sleeping directly after learning

you consolidate better so remember more