Harvard Psych 1 Gilbert Final
3 ex. of Failures of Control:
1. The Stroop Task: asks to use free will to name colors paired with words, etc,. --> we get confused 2. Mind-wandering: 50% of our waking hours, we wander more than we realize 3. The ironic rebound effect: once you stop trying to think of x, all you think about is x
DSM
A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
behavioral therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
insomnia
Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
Iceberg Theory
Freud's theory that the conscious was only a very small part of the mind and did not account for most of the psychological factors that affect behavior
larks v owls
Larks are "morning people" Owls are "night people"
Can we control our thoughts/actions?
No
optimism bias aka unrealistic optimism
a bias whereby people believe that, compared with other people, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future
framing effects
a bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities
bipolar disorder
a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression). 12 week cycles.
alcohol myopia
a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. misattribution of feelings
schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior. usually strikes males 18-25, females 25-40. 1/3 get better with treatment, 1/3 attempt suicide, dies 15-25 years earlier on average. highly hereditary.
narcolepsy
a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
social phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
latent content
a dream's true underlying meaning (freud, false)
delusion
a false belief, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
hallucination
a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
Heuristics
a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
person/client-centered therapy
a form of psychotherapy that assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
eclectic psychotherapy
a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem
gestalt therapy
a form of psychotherapy whose goal is helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
catatonic behavior
a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
expressed emotion
a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
circadian rhythm
a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle
RDoC (Research Domain Criteria Project)
a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
mental disorder
a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
chronotype and predictors
a person's disposition to be a "morning person" or an "evening person," age, genetics, sex, time since last sleep
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
disorganized speech
a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's (the participant's) subjective experience of the world.
agoraphobia
a specific phobia involving a fear of public places
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
balanced placebo design
a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus
dichotic listening
a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
algorithm
a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem
night terrors (sleep terrors)
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
medical model
an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
exposure therapy
an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
Electrooculograph (EOG)
an instrument that measures eye movements
psychotherapy
an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
med student syndrome
as you study an illness you become convinced that you or people you know have that illness
The two factors that make up consciousness
awareness, control
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
the pons in sleep?
cause sleep paralysis and tell the thalamus not to send info to reasoning areas of the brain
psychoactive drugs
chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system
sleep debt
consequences of sleep deprivation are cumulative, get worse over days
3 reasons we sleep
conservation, restoration, consolidation
cognitive symptoms
deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory
negative symptoms
deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors that are present in those with schizophrenia
the stages of sleep
drowsy, 1, 2, 3, 4 (sleep we need to be rested), REM (starts short and gets longer, where dreams happen, will remember dream when awakened during REM) --> mostly in stages 4 and REM
hallucinogens
drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
marginal thinking
e.g. more likely to buy the tie when you're buying an expensive suit than you are to buy a tie without the suit... absolute diff v marginal diff (value v percentage of total cost)
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning
sudden insights and proof?
eureka moments that occur during results of sleep, shown by association tests and the number reduction game
bipsychosocial perspective
explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors
The human brain looks for what two things biologically and unconsciously?
faces and movement of creatures
cognitive therapy
focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
hypnogogia
groggy, floaty state between stages 1 and 2 of sleep
narcotics (opiates)
highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
availability bias/heuristic
items more readily available are judged as having occurred more frequently
Rational Choice Theory aka expected utility theory
likelihood of outcome × value
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
somnambulism
occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep (sleepwalking)
dreams
our brains' best interpretation of activity. Brain talk, not mind talk
uncertainty aversion
people hate odds!The tendency for decision makers to be averse to circumstances and decision alternatives involving uncertainty
Radish Cookie Study
people looking at radish could do puzzle longer, shows we have limited supply of control
2 ways sleep is descibed
period of physical inactivity, occurs periodically
phases of schizophrenia
premorbid (childhood, possibly motor/social disfunction), prodromal (adolescence/YA, brief positive symptoms/gradual decline), psychotic (florid positive symptoms), stable (more negative, fewer positive symptoms)
adenosine
released throughout the day so you get tired
depressents
substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress, need "2 ingredients" to get an illness
Comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move, caused by the pons. Thalamus stops relaying info in stages 1-4 but is active in REM, reason we don't act on the sensory info is because of the pons.
posthypnotic amnesia
the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
expectancy theory
the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
helplessness theory
the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global
preparedness theory
the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
mind-body problem
the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body
hypnotic analgesia
the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
persistent depressive disorder
the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
Phenomenology
the study of how things seem to the conscious person
drug tolerance
the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect
activation-synthesis model
the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
prospect theory
the theory that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
psychodynamic psychotherapies
therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems
conjunction fallacy
thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either event alone
positive symptoms
thoughts and behaviors, such as delusions and hallucinations, present in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder
change bias
we are concerned with how costs have changed rather than how they compare to alternatives; compare prices with the past over alternatives (what else we could use money for), causing us to make an error in value (e.g. $2000->$1600 is more attractive than $2000->$700->$1400)
sleep drunk
when people are sleep deprived and they don't know they are preforming worse and are delirious but they are
Theory of Neural Quiescence
when we sleep the brain goes quiet. INCORRECT
effect of sleeping directly after learning
you consolidate better so remember more
