HBS 4.1 Study Guide

How do bones, muscles, and joints work together to enable movement and locomotion for the human body?

Muscles get shorter and pull bones with them as they do around a joint.

What terms describe the path of movement at a joint? Abduction: Adduction: Circumduction: Rotation: Extension: Flexion: Plantar Flexion: Dorsiflexion: Elevation: depression

Abduction: Movement away from the body's midline Adduction: Movement toward the body's midline Circumduction: Movement at synovial joint in which distal end moves in circle and proximal end remains in one place. Rotation: Moving bone around its own axis Extension: Unbending movement around a limb joint that increases angle between bones of a limb at joint. Flexion: Bending movement around joint in limb that decreases angle between bones of a limb at joint Plantar Flexion: Bending foot down (pointing toe) Dorsiflexion: Bending foot up Elevation: up depression: down

How are joints classified by both structure and function?

Fixed/Immovable/Fibrous: Do not move Slightly Movable: joints between vertebrate Synovial Joints: Move in many directions filled with synovial fluid that acts as lubricant.

What role do cartilage, tendons, and ligaments play at a joint?

Cartilage: Prevents bone from rubbing on bone. Tendons: Connect Muscle to bone Ligament: connect bone to bone

How do you measure the angle of motion for a particular joint?

Goniometer

What is range of motion?

Highest and lowest angles joints can move

What are the different types of synovial joints?

Hinge Joint: Elbow and Knee, allow movement in only one direction Pivot Joint: Head (neck), wrist, a rotating twisting motion. Ball and Socket Joint: hips and shoulder, allows movement in any direction, round end of bone fits into hollow of another bone. Condyloid Joint: Knuckles, side to side and back and forth motion, with not rotation around its axis Plane Joint: Tarsal and metatarsal (bones in hand/feet) Saddle Joint: Thumb, same movements as condyloid joint. The way in which the parts come together at a joint is called articulation.

What role do joints play in the human body?

Joints are the places where two bones meet and allow for movement and flexibility