HBS Unit 3 FULL Review

Spirometer

An instrument for measuring the air entering and leaving the lungs.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

Adrenal Glands

Hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of a medulla and a cortex.

Digestion

The process of making food absorbable by mechanically and enzymatically breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds in the alimentary canal.

Residual Volume

The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.

Tidal Volume

The volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

what is the function of the soft palate?

it closes off the nasal passageway when swallowing food so the food does not move into it. It also closes off the airway.

what does the duodenum do?

it is the smallest section and is responsible for chemical digestion. it absorbes vitamins and imerals

What is the peristaltic movement and how does it function in the esophagus

its where longitudinal and circular muscles move in a progressive wavelike contraction. It helps food move down into the stomach.

What is a bolus

A bolus is a soft mass of chewed food

Pancreas

A gland with dual functions: the nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline soulution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters.

Gallbladder

A membranous muscular sac in which bile from the liver is stored.

Aldosterone

A mineral cortocoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine.

Monomer

A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer.

Esophagus

A muscular tube that in adult humans is about nine inches (23 centimeters) long and passes from the pharynx down the neck between the trachea and the spinal column and behind the left bronchus where it pierces the diaphragm slightly to the left of the middle line and joins the cardiac end of the stomach.

Resource

A natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of human life.

Enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Stomach

A saclike expansion of the alimentary canal of a vertebrate communicating anteriorly with the esophagus and posteriorly with the duodenum and being typically a simple often curved sac with an outer serous coat, a strong complex muscular wall that contracts rhythmically and a mucuous lining membrane that contains gastric glands.

Salivary Amylase

A salivary gland enzyme that hydrolyzes starch.

Diaphragm

A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs.

Bolus

A soft mass of chewed food.

Macromolecule

A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures.

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates reabsorption of water from the kidney into the blood? a) Aldosterone b) ADH c) ADPH d) Progestrone

ADH

Structure located superior to the kidney

Adrenal Glands

Part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs is called the: a) alveoli b) bronchioles c) blood vessels

Alveoli

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in the cell.

Pharynx

An area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross.

The part of the respiratory system that branches off of the trachea carrying oxygen farther into the lungs: a) bronchi b) bronchioles c) alveoli d) lobes

Bronchi

Catabolism

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic coumpounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy.

When you inhale the diaphragm: a) relaxes and moves inferiorly b) relaxes and moves superiorly c) contracts and moves superiorly d) contracts and moves inferiorly

Contracts and moves inferiorly

Salivary Glands

Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of salivary glands contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into a bolus, and begin te process of chemical digestion.

Kidneys form urine by which three processes?: a) Filtration, reabsorption, secretion b) Filtration, excretion, reabsorption c) reabsorption, excretion, secretion d) Excretion, filtration, secretion

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Name the first step in urine formation where substances in the blood pass through the filtration membrane: a) Excretion b) Filtration c) Glomerular Filtration d) Urinalysis

Glomerular Filtration

Ball of capillaries; site of filtration in kidney

Glomerulus

Filtration

In the vertebrate kidney, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the blood by the nephrons.

What does the oral cavity do?

It allows us to taste chew and swallow food

why doesn't gastric juice digest the inside of the stomach

It's thick and has a layer of protective mucus

Structure in which urine is secreted, collected and discharged

Kidney

Where is the hard palate locate?

Located at the front roof of your mouth

Which of the following is NOT a respiratory condition: a) asthma b) bronchitis c) sleep apnea d) multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis

Intercostal Muscle

Muscle located between the ribs.

Excretory unit of the kidney

Nephron

What is the oral cavity?

Oral cavity is where our mouth is

Bronchi

Pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

Which of the following statements is correct: a) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled b) Normal filtrate contains large amounts of protein c) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine d) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanism that maintains pH balance in the blood

Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled

Aldosterone regulates which ion concentration a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Magnesium d) Calcium

Sodium

Peristalsis

Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.

Anabolism

Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones.

Alveoli

Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.

Minute Volume

The Volume of air breathed in one minute without concious effort. Minute volume = Tidal Volume x (breaths/minute)

Calorie

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

Digestive System

The bodily system concerned with the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food.

Thoracic Cavity

The body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.

Abdominal Cavity

The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Exrection

The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism.

Liver

The largest organ in the vertebrate body; performs diverse funcitons such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemcials in the blood.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.

Large Intestine

The more terminal division of the vertebrate intestine that is wider and shorter than the small intestine, typically divided into cecum, colon, and rectum, and concerned especially with the reabsorption of water and the formation of feces.

Small Intestine

The part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients.

Oral Cavity

The part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bound above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous memberane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which heat is fiven off by an organism at complete rest.

Gastrointestinal Tract

The stomach and intestines as a functional unit.

Metabolism

The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways.

The cavity in mammals that holds the lungs and heart: a) abdominal cavity b) oral cavity c) thoracic cavity d) intercostal cavity

Thoracic cavity

Urinary bladder is composed of: a) transitional epithelium b) simple squamous epithelium c) stratified squamous ephithelium d) pseudostratified columnar ephithelium

Transitional epithelium

Duct leading from kidney to bladder

Ureter

Tube that releases urine from the body

Urethra

Structure in which urine is stored

Urinary Bladder

Resume

a brief written account of personal, educational, and professional qualifications and experience, as that prepared by an applicant for a job.

what does the colon do

absorbs water and also absorbs salt when needed

what does the illeum do

absorption f food takes place here and B12 is absorbed through capillaries

what are the three sections of the large intestine

cectum colon rectum

What is chyme and how does the stomach mix its material

chyme is an acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine that partly digests food. Contractions in the stomach mixes it up.

what does the rectum do

collects leftover waste

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, and illeum

where do bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the small intestine?

enter in the duodenum

What is the function of the hard palate?

for dividing the nasal passageways

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it: a) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells b) increases the rate of glomerular filtrate c) increases secretion of ADH d) inhibits the release of ADH

inhibits the release of ADH

Urine passes through the: a) kidney to the bladder to the ureter b) kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra c) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule d) glomerulus to urethra to bladder

kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

what enzymes act inside the small intestines and what are the functions

lipase-breakdown lipids sucrase- breaks down sugar maltase-breaks down maltose peptidases- breaks down proteins

Where is the soft palate located?

located in the back of the roof of your mouth

What mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity

mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity is swallowing

What does the oral cavity contain?

nasopharynx, gums, teeth, hard palate, uvula, oropharynx, palatopharyngeal arch and muscle, palatine tonsils, palatoglossal arch and muscle, tongue, apex, salivary glands, lips, cheeks, and epiglottis.

Does any digestion of the food occur in the esophagus

no it only pushes the food down into the stomach

what cells in the stomach function to form enzymes and acids

parietal cell

how does food move through the small intestine?

peristalsis

What is the function of the salivary glands?

produce saliva which helps us start to digest the food so it's easier for the food to travel down the esophagus

what are sphincters and how do they work?

sphincters are opening into and out of the stomach they open and close to let food in and out smoothly.

what does the cectum do?

takes in degested liquid from the illeum and takes it to the colon

what role does the stomach play in decontaminating the incoming food matter?

the acids in the stomach break down food and kill bacteria

what mechanisms are in place to make sure food does not "go down the wrong tube" and into the windpipe

the epiglottis is a flexible flap that acts as the switch between the larynx and esophagus. It allows air to flow into the larynx and food to pass into the esophagus, which prevents that.

what is the function of the large intestine and relation to digestion

the large intestine extracts water and salt from waste before it is eliminated from the body

what is the PH within the small intestine and how is it maintained

the ph is about a 6 and increases to a 7. its maintained because the stomach is very acidic but the gall bladder and pancreas is basic keeps the small intestine neutral.

What are the primary functions of the stomach?

the primary function of the stomach is to secrete acid and enzymes that help break down food an digest it.

Lung capacity is calculated by adding: a) vital capacity and residual volume b) vital capacity and tidal volume c) tidal volume and residual volume d) tidal volume and minute volume

tidal volume and residual volume

what does the jejunum do

villi increases surface are and allows the absorption of nutrients

Tidal volume is the air breathed in and out without conscious effort. Therefore residual volume is the: a) volume of air after maximum inhalation b) volume of air after maximum exhalation c) volume of air after maximum inhalation and exhalation d) volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort.

volume of air after maximum exhalation

Chemical digestion that occurs in the oral cavity

when food mixes with our saliva, saliva carries the enzyme amylase which starts the breakdown of carbohydrates in the food.