HBSE Chapter 2- Schriver- Traditional and Alternative Paradigms
Steps in Scientific Method
1. Choosing research topics 2. Constructing hypotheses 3. Selection methods 4. Collecting data 5. Analyzing data 6. Interpreting findings and drawing conclusions
According to Lyubansky- 3 approaches to define whiteness
1. racial identity or whiteness as a group identity distinct from non-white people and groups. 2. racial bias or discrimination directed by white people toward none-white people. 3. racial privilege or the unearned and often unconscious benefits accrued simply as a result of being white.
Alternate paradigms reflect what perspectives/attributes?
Feminine and Feminist
What does alternative paradigms incorporate products and processes for creating knowledge upon which to base actions and beliefs?
Interpretive Intuitive Subjective Qualitative
Human Diversity
Persons are not evaluated according to standards of whiteness
According to the Dominant paradigm what is awarded according to the degree to which one displays and adheres to the mithods, attributes, perspectives, standard, and ways of relating to others that characterize the traditional ad dominant paradigm
Privileged status
Feminism
a conceptual framework ad mode of analysis that has analyzed the status of women ( ad other disempowered groups), cross-culturally and historically to explain dynamics and conditions undergirding disparities in sociocultural status and power between majority and minority populations
Separateness and Impersonality
a focus on separation of mind (thought) from body (physical). Scientific approach, Emphasis is placed on separating personal values from the empirical process of knowledge. Value free, objective, natural sciences. Associated with independence, autonomy and individuality.
Subjective knowledge
a perspective from which truth and knowledge are conceived of as personal, private, and subjectively known or intuited.
Diversity and Differences
a source of strength, creativity, wonder and health, processes of discovery are central, not one answer or question
Patriarchal ideal of masculinity, attributes
aggression, courage, physical strength and health, self-control and emotional reserve, perseverance and endurance, competence and rationality, independence, self-reliance, autonomy, individuality, sexual potency.
Interpretive knowledge
an alternative mode of inquiry tht draws as much from the humanities as from the natural science
Quantative approach
assumes that all materials are potentially quantifiable. Seeks to answer questions by making generalizations about people and things based on precisely measured quantities. Value, veracity, importance and power are determined by how often and much or many has been observed
Oppressions
conditions and relations that allow some persons and groups privilege at the expense of others.
Norm of rightness
defined norm, a standard of rightness and often righteousness used to judge all other persons backed up by institutional and economic power, by institutional and individual violence
Basic concepts of hermeneutic approach
empathy and beginning where the client is, understanding the meaning of human experience.
Intuitive knowledge
is based on a direct, nonintellectual experience of reality arising in an expanded state of awareness. Tends to be synthesizing, holistic and nonlinear.
Privilege
is that powerful but often unspoken and taken for granted sense that one fits, that one is an active and powerful participant and partner in defining and making decisions about ones world. Sense that ones worldview is in fact dominant. The total of the benefits one accrues as a result of that dominance. exclusive at expense of others.
The Dominant paradigm places primary value on and reflects
masculine attributes and patriarchal perspectives
Integrative and complementary
nature of differences among people and ideas
Interconnected and personal
nature of our relationships with other persons and with the elements of the worlds around us.
Within the Dominant paradigm, concepts and people tend to be placed in
oppositional or competitive positions in relation to each other
Objective approach
places a premium on being unbiased, unprejudiced, detached, impersonal.
The characteristics necessary for knowing and evaluating the world according to the traditional and dominant paradigm is
positivistic scientific objective quantitative
Traditional and Dominant paradigm gains its specific identity in the following ways for creating knowledge upon which to base actions and beliefs
positivistic, scientific, objective and quantitive methods (processes)
Scientific approach
requires systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena
Qualitative data and Research methods
requires the researcher to be engaged in the lives of the people studied, hear stories, points of view, understand meanings.
Subjective understanding/knowing
respects personal experience as an important, valuable, valued influence on what is know and how we view the world
Patriarchy
rule of the fathers, is a society in which formal power over public decision and policy making is held by adult men. Embodiment of masculine ideals and practices.
Interrelatedness and Interconnectedness
sense of the interrelatedness of humans with all elements of the environment in which we exist.
Dominant paradigm evaluates relations with others are constructed with concern for maintaining high degrees of
separateness and impersonality
Dichotomies or binary Oppositions
tendency to separate into opposite and competing forces- the opposing sides tend to be hierarchical, with one dominant or primary, the opposite subordinate and secondary. Carry strong implications of systemic inequality.
White privilege
the ability to exert power and control over others is often associated with whiteness.
Biculturality
the ability to function in two cultures simultaneously, function effectively according to the expectations of both the dominant paradigm and their own alternative worldview
Positivism/Empiricism
the belief that knowledge is gained through objective observations of the world around us. We can know the world with certainty only if we can observe it through our senses.
Objectivity
the characteristic of viewing things as they "really" are. Belief there is some ultimate link between logical thinking and empirical facts.
Hermeneutics
the science of interpretation
Interlocking systems of oppression
this alternative approach recognizes the interrelatedness of oppressions and the interconnections between oppressions and the other dimensions of both traditional/dominant and alternated paradigms.
Dominant paradigm evaluates a persons worth and importance according to standard of
whiteness