HDFS 430 Midterm 1

prostate gland

Located at the base of the bladder, the prostate gland produces and secretes fluid that aids sperm survival by neutralizing vaginal acidity. The prostate makes up the remaining portion of seminal fluid volume. For some men, stimulation of the prostate gland is sexually arousing. The intense erotic sensitivity in this area has been compared to the female G-spot.

vas deferens

Long, narrow tube carrying sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Biopsychosocial view of sexuality

Looking to the classic approach articulated by Engel (1977), a biopsychosocial recognizes that there is no one contributing factor, nor is there a unitary direction of influence on sexuality. -Human sexuality is an individual experience characterized by one's own biological drives, physiological motivations, while simultaneously being a shared experience that to some extent comes unites us along with societal and cultural understandings and experiences.

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Male (XXY) Chromosomal Anatomic male with some female features (e.g., breast enlargement). Gonadal dysgenesis causing infertility, reduced libido. Treatment: testosterone therapy

Androcentric

Male dominated focus on sexuality

XYY Syndrome (also known as supermale syndrome)

Male; the extra Y is due to an error in cell division Linked to larger stature, some reports of greater aggression and learning differences. Fertility problems

Gender differences in psychosocial traits and behavior:

Males and females are way more similar than they are different. Society as a whole goes to great lengths to draw distinctions between men and women. But the reality is that in most aspects of life, men and women are much more alike than not. -From an early age, males display more aggression than females. This difference peaks in the preschool years diminishes over time, and by adulthood the differences are small. -women's use of self-disclosure as a strategy to build intimacy. Furthermore, it was posited that men respond to this style instrumentally with instructions and prescribed strategies as to how to fix things. Because women share details and emotional information, they expect matching self-disclosures from a male partner. Men, on the other hand, have been socialized to avoid this communication style and the emotional vulnerability that it can create. In other forms of communication, women are also believed to be more sensitive to non-verbal cues and attuned to facial expressions and emotional nuances. -In general, in terms of neuroticism, women tend to experience more frequent and intense negative affect and anxiety, and they also tend to be more compliant

Masters and Johnson

Masters and Johnson began their research with a focus on the physiology of sexual response and sexual dysfunction. Over the course of a decade, using innovative instruments and direct observation a research method that entails observation of a subject and recording of what is observed methods, Masters and Johnson studied more than 10,000 orgasms in the lab

Which is the most common pattern for masturbation in marriage?

Masturbation is common for both men and women.

Vailidity

Measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure

Hymen

Membrane that fully/partially occludes the introitus; vary in appearance, some women are born without them—Several types of hymen (imperforate, cribriform, septate) where medical/surgical intervention may be needed so that individual may engage in sexual activity without pain/discomfort This membrane or tissue, if intact, has historically (and often mistakenly) indicated virginity. It is referred to in various slang terms including, "cherry" or "maidenhead"

menopause

Menopause commences with the end of women's regular menstrual cycles and is typically confirmed medically when a woman has not menstruated for a complete year. Occurring on average in the early 50s, menopause is also characterized by a permanent loss of fertility. In addition to physical symptoms, psychological concerns may also surface during this period. These concerns may include depression, anxiety, mood swings, and other changes. These may be due to other life transitions occurring during this time or may be related to hormonal fluctuations, including estrogen depletion.

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)

Monitors behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence, Sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection, Alcohol and other drug use, Tobacco use, Unhealthy dietary behaviors,Inadequate physical activity How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the first time? During your life, with how many people have you had sexual intercourse? Did you drink alcohol or use drugs before you had sexual intercourse the last time? The last time you had sexual intercourse, what one method did you or your partner use to prevent pregnancy?

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

Move the testes higher or lower from the body depending on the temperature.

Believed sex with one's husband/wife to be the "highest good."

Muslims

National health and social life survey

NHSLS findings reflected a country with a broad range of sexual diversity but, surprisingly, reflected more traditional values than previously believed. For example, in this time period the NHSLS revealed that Americans were sexually exclusive (median number of sexual partners for men was six and for women was two), and that extramarital sex was less common than previously believed; 75% of men and 85% of women reported sexual exclusivity with their spouse. 1/5 men and 1/3 women only have 1 sex partner in their life

fallopian tube (oviduct)

Narrow trumpet shaped organs extending from the sides of the uterus; pathway by which egg travels towards uterus & sperm reaches egg

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes. Where the manufacturing process begins.

Predictors of early sexual debute

Not living with both biological parents Less parental monitoring Parents with less education Poor relationships with parents More advanced physical development More involvement in dating More TV viewing More permissive attitudes about sexual intercourse in the family

Physiological methods for observing arousal

Objective measures of physiological response are typically measured by devices known as plethysmographs Male arousal may be measured via a penile strain gauge or a Rigiscan (rigidity and circumference) vaginal photo plethysmograph-a device for measuring sexual arousal via changes in vaginal blood volume as determined by a photocell that captures reflected light (vaginal blood volume) eye-tracking, heart rate, MRI/FMRI

Infancy and Childhood- Masturbation

Observational studies of infants and toddlers in childcare determined that boys and girls between 8 and 11 months discover their genitals via touch. Baby boys may experience erections regularly throughout the day and while sleeping. While not as obvious, infant girls also reportedly experience vaginal lubrication regularly as well. When motor skills become more developed, between 15 and 19 months, rhythmic stimulation of the genitals has been observed.

Marie Bonaparte

Orgasmic quest Developed a theory of "frigidity" that was based on female anatomy, specifically the distance between the clitoris and the vaginal opening. In 1924, as a result of her research, she published a paper under a pseudonym describing the issue. Collaborating with physicians, she took precise measurements of female genitalia, and along with interviews of 243 women, posited that the span between the clitoris and vagina accounted for a female's ability to orgasm. In nearly 70% of the sample this distance was less than an inch, allowing for a consistent orgasmic response. About 21% measured a distance greater than an inch, creating the inability to have an orgasm during intercourse. The remainder, approximately 10%, was on the, "threshold of frigidity." Became known as "rule of thumb" Suffered from anorgasmia

Ovaries

Ovaries are two almond-shaped organs situated on either side of the uterus. Ovaries manufacture and secrete sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and also produce eggs (ova). Women are born with approximately 1 million immature eggs, and over the course of a female's reproductive years approximately 300-500 ova will develop into mature eggs.

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov +Skinner- a basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly followed by another stimulus that elicits a response until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response, which is now considered a conditioned response. -These studies have concluded that classical and operant conditioning processes may produce both temporary and lasting changes in sexual interests and ultimately sexual behavior. One classic study demonstrated that male sexual arousal could be conditioned as well as extinguished when researchers repeatedly paired images of a ceramic piggy bank with images of nude females (Plaud & Martini, 1999).

According to ethicist Caroline Simon, our society views sexuality through six perspectives or lenses. Which lens would be described as "sexual desire is a pleasurable activity and should be based on mutual consent leading to mutual satisfaction?"

Plain Sex Lens

If a sex researcher is interested in studying the sexual behavior of all sexually active eighteen-year-old Hispanic males living in the United States and ultimately manages to study each one of these individuals, the researcher has gathered data from a

Population

The role of early/late pubertal development on psychosocial adjustment

Precocious puberty creates poor physical outcomes including short stature, but for girls the risks are compounded early developing boys self-reported more positive self-perceptions as well as better peer relationships. Socially, during adolescence, research continues to indicate that for boys early maturation is a protective element from bullying. Surprisingly, when followed up later in life, the late blooming boys reported a stronger sense of identity. Early developing girls may attract the attention of older peers leading to a brief period of popularity but, overall, early development puts them at risk for school and other social problems as well as introducing them to high-risk activities due to their association with an older cohort. These factors seem to increase vulnerabilities to substance use, depression, eating disorders, and early sexual experiences. early puberty is linked to early sexual activity Less securely attached individuals begin and complete puberty earlier than securely attached infants

Gender Schema

Predisposes us to process information based on gender

Heteronormative

Promotes heterosexuality as "normal/right"

Ideas about gender are very_____ among children aged four to six

RIGID

According to the video, several of the statistics that Kinsey reported turned out to be larger than supported by subsequent research. However, he was generally very accurate about what?

Rate of homosexually exclusive men

According to famed anthropologist Margaret Mead, which culture had an especially sexually permissive society?

Samoan

A sex researcher is interested in conducting a study on the sexual behavior of African-American individuals in polyamorous relationships and manages to contact sixty such individuals to participate in the study. In research terms, this group of participants is the researcher's

Sample

Which of the following theorists is associated with the concept of a "gender schema"?

Sandra Bem

What are the benefits and challenges of different types of research methods (self-report, observational, physiological methods, case studies)?

Self-Report- Pos.-most common, ppl more likely to participate, often anonymous Neg.- People may not tell the truth, produce socially desirable response, may not accurately remember, dif. estimating frequency/ details of events, Observational- Pos. Objective Observations, without them distorting/misremembering, Neg. Wont behave naturally (reactivity), often unethical/uncomfortable, self-selection bias Participant-Observer- Pos. Direct contact, natural behavior, unethical, remain objective Physiological Methods-Most objective Cons. uncomfortable, may be unethical, self-selection bias Case Studies- Pos. In depth analysis, long periods of time, control group, Neg. Small sample sizes, behaviors seen as deviant now seen normal, participant bias

Which of the following statements is true about the never married category of individuals?

Several adults in this category spend several years in a single relationship that eventually leads to marriage.

Vagina

Several functions (birth canal/menstrual fluids, encompasses penis/receives ejaculations during sex, aids in conception); elastic/muscular, "tenting effect" means vaginal wall expands like a balloon due to vasocongestion & small blood vessels produce lubrication in response to stimuli—Vaginal lubrication serves to reduce friction during intercourse & aids conception by balancing chemical acids of vagina to make it habitable for sperm—Walls of vagina consist of three layers (1) vaginal mucosa (2) muscle (3) covering; flexibility of walls decrease with age

Magnus Hirschfeld

Sex researcher: German founder of first sex research institute, first large-scale sex survey, 10,000 people, 130 questions, interested in homosexuality. Openly gay, a practicing obstetrician, and prolific writer, he was one of the first to argue that homosexuality is part of human nature and that people are born bisexual. As an investigator, through Hirschfeld's efforts in data collection, he reported that 2.2% of those surveyed were homosexual Open about homosexuality and transvestism

Showing genitals to peers (often through games like "show," "doctor," or "house")

Sexual behavior that results in emotional distress or physical pain

Trying to view peer/adult nude

Sexual behaviors involving coercion

Not respecting personal boundaries (standing too close, overly affectionate)

Sexual behaviors that are associated with physical aggression

Which of the following statements is true about sexual scripts?

Sexual scripts teach us the etiquette of sexual behavior.

Gynocentric

Sexuality focused on or concerned with women

National College Health Assessment

Since 2000, every fall and spring term the American College Health Association has conducted this to assess students' health behaviors and their perceptions of the prevalence of these behaviors among their peers. Areas covered are alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; sexual health, weight, nutrition, and exercise; mental health, injury prevention, personal safety, and violence. 15.2 % of sexually active college students reported using (or reported their partner used) emergency contraception ("morning after pill") within the last 12 months. 1.1% of college students who had vaginal intercourse within the last 12 months reported experiencing an unintentional pregnancy or got someone pregnant within the last 12 months (Male: 1.1 %, Female: 1.1 %).

__________ is the organ that is responsible for female ejaculation.

Skene's gland

__________ is the communication theory that states that TV and the movies provide role models whom we imitate.

Social Learning Theory

Sociological Theories

Sociologists believe that society and culture influence sexual behavior and provide context for differing sexual norms and influences. These socializing agents influence social norms and sexual expression.

Celia Mosher

Studied upper-middle-class women's sex lives First to study sex from a female perspective (1892) Mosher determined that most of the women knew little about sex before marriage but that 35 of the 44 women queried claimed sexual desire, and 34 regularly experienced orgasm during sex

In Freudian terms, a married man who does not have an extramarital affair because he believes it is immoral might be said to have a strong

Superego

Generally speaking, the Victorian Age (circa 1820-1910) is viewed as a period

Swinging right, towards sexual restriction and opression

sex double standard

The belief that women and men are held to different standards of sexual conduct is pervasive in contemporary American society. Different moral values and standards for men and women.

Correlation

The degree to which two variables are statistically associated and vary together in positive or negative ways

Population

The entire set of individuals we want to understand

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

seminal vesicles

The seminal vesicles contribute material that comprises approximately 70% of ejaculatory fluid. This fluid is rich in nutrients, enabling nutrition and survival of the sperm. When sperm meet these secretions they gain the ability to travel on their own.

Uterus

The uterus or womb is a muscular organ held in the pelvic area by flexible ligaments and muscles. The uterus consists of the fundus(dome-shaped top), the hollow body, and the circular-shaped cervix located at the tapered end. The primary purpose of the uterus is to nourish, protect, and host the developing fetus during pregnancy. It is also the source of menstruation and provides a pathway for the sperm to reach the ovum The outermost layer is called the perimetrium (tissue covering abdominal organs), while the second layer, the muscular myometrium, contracts to expel menstrual fluid and also to push the fetus out of the womb during labor. The innermost layer, the endometrium, is filled with blood vessels. During menstruation, hormonal changes occur throughout the monthly cycle and the endometrial tissue is built up, shed, and expelled through the cervix (opening).

__________ is the view that abortion is appropriate to ensure the health of the mother.

Therapeutic Pro-Choice

the many ways to define sex and gender:

There are other biological and anatomical ways to identify gender. We could go based on other internal or external organs, presence of elevated testosterone in the womb, reproductive organs.

Role of media/ social media

These mechanisms and processes are thought to occur via cultivation, agenda setting, and social learning, wherein attractive celebrities model particular behaviors with very little attention to consequences and real-life concerns. For young people, these influences are particularly salient. Studies have indicated a direct link between the amount of sexual content viewed on TV and undesired outcomes such as early or unplanned pregnancy for females and lack of responsibility for pregnancy for males Notably, teens exposed to high levels of sexual content on TV were twice as likely to experience a pregnancy in the subsequent three years as compared to those with lower levels of exposure.

Masters and Johnson's report Human Sexual Behavior differs from surveys of sexual behavior because

They directly observed sexual behavior

Kapalan's Triphasic Model

Three phases of sexual response which are sexual desire, excitement, orgasm.

Why transgender individuals are at greater risk of mental health problems than cis-gender individuals:

Transgender individuals are at greater risk for being the victims of a variety of different forms of harassment, including job discrimination and physical violence. If transgender individuals feel persecuted, they are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and substance use. But it's the social stress that causes problems, not the transgender identity.

Aspects of sexuality in earlier phases in life (childhood and adolescence) and how it relates to later sexual experiences in adulthood

Trust and Attachment- pos. has better relationship outcomes, neg. attachment more likely to engage in sexual intercourse earlier Masturbation- parental reaction to masturbation can have implications for years to come. May make a child feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, and shamed about their body for years to come Masturbation in adolescence- women who masturbate are more likely to orgasm as and adult Age at which one has their first sexual experience (sexual debut) younger than 16 years has negative social, emotional, and physical consequences ie: unplanned pregnancy

What are some ethical challenges that are specific to studying human sexuality?

Using human beings as subjects in psychological research presents a range of ethical concerns that have not always been at the forefront in such a value-laden topic as human sexuality. In the 1970s a set of ethical guidelines known as the Belmont Report were set forth to include attention to three core principles: Respect for Persons—protecting autonomy, provide informed consent, truth, and courtesy Beneficence—"do no harm"—cost-benefits analysis of the research Justice—ensure reasonable, non-exploitive procedures (who ought to receive the benefits of research and bear its burdens)

vasocongestion and myotonia

Vasocongestion= increase in blood flow, vaginal transudation Myotonia=involuntary muscular contractions

Those who refuse to participate in sexual research differ in some ways from those who participate. What is this called?

Volunteer Bias

Infants & Childhood- Role of touch

When parents and caregivers touch and hold an infant, it conveys how they are loved and sets the stage for a trusted reciprocal relationship with others and, eventually, adult intimacy. If infants feel loved and develop a sense of trust in their caregivers, a successful outcome according to Erikson will be the development of hope. Touch facilitates weight gain in preterm infants, enhances attentiveness, alleviates depressive symptoms, reduces pain and stress hormones, and improves immune function (Field, 2010). When an infant's needs are met through nurturing touch paired with consistent attention, they learn that the world is a warm, safe, and nurturing place. These processes begin at birth and set the stage for the infants development of attachment. Shared moments of loving touch are also teachable moments. Bath time and diaper changes provide excellent opportunities to begin the process of talking about positive touch, labeling body parts, and talking in an age appropriate way about body functions.

cognitive theories

With the application of cognitive theory as a means to understand the complexities of human thought, perception, and decision making, this additional context extends learning theory to include the component of perspective-taking and vicarious reinforcement.

orgasm phase

Women- In women experiencing orgasm the uterus and orgasmic platform contract. When the pressure in this area reaches a certain point, the muscular reflexes trigger contractions via myotonia of the pelvic muscles. The rectal sphincter also contracts and other forms of myotonia include grimacing facial expressions (colloquially known as the "O" face) and curling toes and fingers Men-typically corresponds with ejaculation. When it does, ejaculation occurs in two stages: first, there are contractions in the vas deferens, seminal muscles, and prostate gland. At this point, men report the experience of "ejaculatory inevitability," the sensation that ejaculation cannot be controlled. Then, semen is forced out of the urethra by muscle contractions

Plateau Phase

Women- Women in this stage develop an orgasmic platform which involves increased swelling of the outer third of the vagina, and the clitoris withdraws into the body and under the clitoral hood. Men- men experience a complete erection and they may also secrete pre-ejaculate fluid from the Cowper's glands

excitment phase

Women-During this phase the clitoral shaft and glands swell due to vasocongestion and the glans retracts beneath the clitoral hood. Vasocongestion also contributes to the deepening of color and swelling of the labia minora. The labia majora separates from the vaginal opening and the clitoris engorges with blood. The vagina expands in length, vaginal lubrication is secreted via a process known as transudation. Internally, the uterus elevates slightly and will continue to do so until the resolution phase. The walls of the vagina expand, the cervix and the uterus pull up, and the upper third of the vagina balloons to create a larger opening in the cervix. This process has been called the "tenting effect." Men-Vasocongestion is an erection or penile tumescence, which occurs when the spongy tissue engorges with blood. In addition, men may experience the sensation of tightening in the scrotal skin as the cremaster muscle elevates the testes closer to the penis and enlarges the testes by 50%. In both men and women, other physical manifestations of arousal include increased heart rate and breathing.

Resolution Phase

Women-Resolution does not require orgasm. For women, the orgasmic platform will disappear and heart rate and breathing will return to normal. Men- Resolution does not require orgasm. he penis will lose its erection and become flaccid again. Men then enter a refractory period in which they cannot be stimulated to orgasm. The length of this period varies for men but, in general, lengthens with age.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Wrote Psychopathia Sexualis - a book with 200 case studies of variant sexual behavior The case studies described in his book, Psychopathia Sexualis, enthralled readers with shocking accounts of fetishism, sadism, and masochism, as well as sexual violence, including the story of Jack the Ripper

convenience sample

a form of nonprobability sample using respondents who are convenient or readily accessible to the researcher—for example, employees, friends, or relatives

Transgender

a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

a genetic condition in which the body is unresponsive to androgens The Wolffian ducts don't respond to testosterone so no male genitalia develop; however, because the gonads are male, no female internal organs develop either. Typically AIS individuals are raised as female. The testes remain in the abdomen, producing testosterone that the body can't use 1 in 20,000 males

Since the scientific study of sex began in the late 1800s, it has generally been

a highly interdisciplinary effort relying on many scientific disciplines

Erotic Stimulus Pathway Theory

a model of human sexual response based on the psychological and cognitive stages of seduction, sensations, surrender, and reflection

mons pubis

a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic bone in women is thought to cushion and protect internal reproductive organs. It is composed of sensitive nerve tissue that is described as sexually pleasurable when stroked or when pressure is applied. Derived from the Latin for "Mountain of Venus," this fatty tissue covers and cushions the pubic bone

hook up culture

a new norm on college campuses in which casual sexual contact in the absence of romantic intentions is held up by many as an ideal

snowball sampling

a non-probability technique where existing subjects recruit others

Role of parents in response to masturbation

a parent's punitive or forbidding reactions to early sex play can set the tone for a lifetime of discomfort with sexuality. She recommended that children be taught that there is an appropriate time and place for sexual exploration and that it should be done in private. In this way, children are able to indulge their natural curiosity about their bodies, learn its responsiveness, and hopefully grow up with a comfortable and healthy view toward its functions and sexual expression.

gender identity

a person's internal sense of maleness or femaleness

Scrotum

a pouch of skin containing the testicles. the scrotum serves to regulate testicular temperature

direct observation

a research method that entails observation of a subject and recording of what is observed

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Representative sample

a sample that reflects the total population

Gender

a social construction that includes the all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine

Non-binary gender identities

a spectrum of gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine‍ gender queer-identifying as both a man or woman or neither gender-fluid- moving between genders Others: Pangender, Bigender, Agender, Non-binary

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence we seek out or "cherry-pick" the information we choose to believe, a tendency known as confirmation bias, and we ignore or discount information that conflicts. Our desire to align our worldview in a coherent schema often overrides our ability to accept opposing and contradictory perspectives. These processes are so insidious and resistant to change because they typically operate outside of our awareness

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world has challenged stereotypes not only about gender roles but also about women's sexuality; including the idea that women are not as interested in sex as men and trying to confront and change the existing double standards

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender, i.e, hair, make-up, clothing, the outward physical expression of gender

It appears that there are almost no differences by gender in

arousal to erotic materials

The research of John money

attempted to assign a boy the gender of a girl after his penis was destroyed in infancy. The story that unfolds provides a great deal of support that there are indeed innate aspects of gender that present without any socializing. Simply telling someone they are a boy or girl is not enough to make it so. There is also a great deal of research examining the neurological underpinnings of gender that suggest that people's gender is in fact reflected in their brain structures t the age of 14, based on recommendations from a local family doctor, Brenda finally learned the truth from her parents. At that point Brenda adopted a male gender identity, re-claimed the name David, and determined that he wanted to live life as a male, thereby beginning the process to surgically alter his genitalia and create a functional penis. David eventually married a woman and helped raise her children from a previous relationship. His life was not to be a happy one, however, and in 2004, David Reimer committed suicide at the age of 38.

Robert Latou Dickinson

became one of the most prominent advocates for better sex education, arguing that contraception should be widely available. demystified the clitoris and endorsed masturbation as a, "normal sex experience" In addition to helping numerous patients with medical issues such as fertility and sexually transmitted infections, Dickinson also broadened the treatment model to consider psychological concerns such as trauma, anxiety, and fear, and their role in sexual dysfunction detailed images of the female genitalia as far as he could examine

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat Rumor has it that Watson and Rayner were also filming their sexual interactions and collecting data on physiological responses during sex.

The study conducted by Alexander and Fisher to evaluate whether gender differences in sexuality are true differences found that when people were in the __________ condition and gave the most honest reporting, men's and women's reports of the number of their sexual partners were nearly identical.

bogus pipeline

Most of the sensual experiences that young infants have involve

breastfeeding, sucking, and being cuddled or rocked

operational definition

clearly defined variables of the constructs in interest

prepuse (foreskin)

clitoral hood, Masters and Johnson believe that this tissue and the friction created in sexual activity may be critical in orgasmic response.

inter-rater reliability

comparing reports of two individuals on the same question

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females; and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females Some forms may disrupt metabolic issues and can be life-threatening

Disorder of Sex Development

defined as congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical

gender schema theory

emphasizes how the formation of cognitive schemas constructs both the meaning and interpretation of gender-relevant information (West, 2015). According to a theory articulated by Sandra Bem (1993), when children encounter new information about the world they filter it through a gendered lens and create dichotomous categories. Bem labeled these internal representations of gender schema. In order to make the schema congruent, children strive to match the gendered messages they are learning and developing with their own emerging sense of self. It is believed that we use our gender schemas to organize and classify objects, behaviors, and activities as either male or female, despite being presented with situations or objects that have no particular relevance.

Sperm are stored in the

epididymis

vulva

external female genitalia; includes the mons pubis, the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina, bulb of the vestibule, and the Bartholin's glands

sexual debut

first sexual experience

As men age, the

force of ejaculation lessens

Transgender is a phenomenon

found much in recorded history

two-culture theory

gender differences are created and maintained throughout childhood via segregation in play, activity preferences, communication differences, relationship priorities, and peer groups. Essentially, according to this perspective, children grow up in two different subcultures with distinct rules, expectations, and preferences their origins are temperamental and relate to biological differences in self-regulation and developmental maturity. In this way, biological predispositions are thought to interact with socialization

A __________ is a set of norms, or culturally defined expectations, that define how people of one gender ought to behave

gender roles

Skene's glands

glands located around the urethras of some women that are thought to develop from the same embryonic tissue as the man's prostate, and that may be the source of a fluid emitted by some women during orgasm (squirting)

Testicles (testes)

gonads: male sex glands located in scrotum; produce & store penis, bodies main source of testosterone

Sexuality versus Sexualization

healthy sexuality- includes mutual respect, developing intimacy, and shared pleasure sexualization-a person's value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics; a person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness (narrowly defined) with being sexy; a person is sexually objectified—that is, made into a thing for others' sexual use, rather than seen as a person with the capacity for independent action and decision-making; sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon a person

predictive validity

how accurately a measure predicts behavior

content validity

how accurately a measure reflects what it is supposed to measure

construct validity

how well a measure fits into the theoretical scheme

Much of our information about childhood sexual behavior is based on self-report or

individuals in later life recalling events concerning their childhood

volunteer bias

individuals who volunteer to participate are biased in a way that would influence findings

Physical Changes during Puberty

is defined as a biologically driven developmental period during which sexual maturation occurs. For girls, this process begins when they reach a certain weight, usually about 66 pounds. Girls' growth spurt averages about 10 inches. For males, the pubertal growth spurt begins at about 120 pounds and adds about 11 inches in height. When a critical body weight is achieved, the brain and the endocrine system interact to direct a complex genetic sequence that begins when hormones are activated via the pituitary gland Concentrations of circulating hormones increase significantly in puberty. Testosterone and estradiol are sex hormones that exist in both male and females; however, for males (if puberty is typical) testosterone will dominate, while for females estradiol will dominate. The physical changes experienced during puberty include maturation of sexual and reproductive organs and increases in height, weight, and body hair growth. In early puberty girls' growth spurts are earlier and more condensed, typically beginning about two years earlier than boys. Physically, at this point, they are usually heavier and taller than boys. By the end of puberty, however, boys will have surpassed them.

Probably the major criticism of Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response is that

it did not include cognitive and subjective aspects of sexual response

Alfred Kinsey

known for publishing "The Kinsey Reports", released 2 volumes "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female" - first-time sexual behavior was studied at such a large sample size (16,000 people) based on detailed interviews, not questionnaires - known for the Kinsey scale (a 7 point scale describing heterosexual and homosexual scales finds there is much more variability) | Exclusively heterosexual 1 | Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual 2 | Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3 | Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4 | Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5 | Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual 6 | Exclusively homosexual X No socio-sexual contacts or reactions - Kinsey and his researchers each other with their wives and each others wives -methodological issues, generalizability, convenience samples -demonstrated the extent of premarital and extramarital sex in the United States, female sexual desire and capacity, and, most notably, normalizing homosexuality, masturbation

Grafenberg spot (G-spot)

located on the front wall of the vagina, midway between the pubic bone and the cervix on the vaginal side of the urethra, the G-spot derived its name from gynecologist Ernest Grafenberg, who first described its significance. The size of the area ranges, as does women's response to its stimulation. Some describe intense orgasms with accompanying ejaculations, colloquially known as squirting. The fluid, white and milky in appearance as opposed to clear vaginal secretions, is said to be chemically similar to seminal fluid and the source of the fluid is believed to be from the Skenes glands This area is considered to be highly sensitive and erotic to some but its location and presence remain controversial. For some it may produce intense pleasure and a fluid emission similar to male ejaculate

Among adolescents today, the prevailing feeling about masturbation it is

many feel defensive or embarrassed about it

Reliability

measure that produces consistent, repeatable results

Gender Script Theory

men and women adopt particular personas and enact behaviors that are considered gender appropriate. In these ways, women are encouraged to be expressive and to emphasize physical attractiveness, passivity, and compliance. By contrast, men are encouraged to be instrumental. Both men and women endorse these roles and report that males should emphasize independence and aggression, deny their emotions, and prioritize their sexual interest and prowess (Mosher & Tompkins, 1988). Scripts are reinforced by popular culture, media, and other societal prescriptions.

The __________ is the layer of fat that is positioned on top of the pubic bone.

mons

According to the study on infidelity among married couples, high scorers on the personality variables of __________ and __________ gave a higher probability of infidelity.

narcissism; impulsiveness

neural and hormonal contributors to sexual response

neural- As the control center of both sensation and perception, these areas need to be in sync if arousal is to occur. The region of the brain most associated with sexuality is the limbic system, which is often described as the "pleasure center" of the brain and the origin of motivated behavior. Outside of the limbic system, the cerebral cortex is the region responsible for processing thought, memory, imagination, and language. Arousal is also influenced in the brain by neurotransmitters that transmit chemical signals between nerve cells. Dopamine and serotonin are perhaps the two most prominent neurotransmitters related to sexual arousal and play contrasting roles. Dopamine increases sexual behavior and enhances arousal. Serotonin, on the other hand, has been shown to reduce arousal and inhibit orgasm. hormonal- The amount of circulating levels of testosterone influences sexual behavior in adolescents and adults, and has direct implications for an individual's libido (sexual desire) and behavior. oxytocin has several important functions and is responsible for a wide range of factors in human sexual and reproductive behaviors. During lactation (breast feeding), oxytocin aids in the release of milk. It is also secreted during labor to help with contractions. In terms of sexual arousal and response, oxytocin has been described as enhancing a sense of trust and intimacy with a sexual partner via its release during orgasm.

gender stereotypes

oversimplified and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave

Which of the following does not predict earlier sexual intercourse onset, as identified by research?

participation in comprehensive sexual education programs

Walen and Roth's cognitive model

perception: perception of stimulus as sexual --> evaluation: if positive, leads to arousal, if not arousal cycle stops --> sexual behavior: results from the positive evaluation

Accrding to sociologist Ira Reiss, which of the following premarital sexual standards is considered to be the major sexual standard today for individuals before marriage?

permissiveness with affection

Relationships that are described as "friends with benefits" can be perceived as a reflection of which of the following standards for premarital coitus, as identified by sociologist Ira Reiss?

permissiveness without affection

Some children first learn about heterosexual behavior by seeing or hearing their parents engaging in sexual intercourse. This is referred to as the

primal scene experience

Sex

refers to biological characteristics that determine whether one is assigned male or female at birth based on genetics, anatomy, or both. Genetic sex- XY, XX Anatomical- physical organs

Intersex conditions

refers to the condition of an individual having sexual anatomy that was not considered standard for a male or a female

Gender differences exist in sexuality. It appears that these differences are

related to cultural factors such as the double standard and gender roles themselves

Ideas about gender are very __________ among children aged four to six.

rigid

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female Although they may differ in degree and intensity, virtually all cultures have some sort of expectations for the attitudes, behavior, rights, and responsibilities that align with the gender

According to which standard for premarital coitus is premarital intercourse acceptable for males but not for females?

sexual double standard

Masturbation

sexual self-stimulation.

The role senses play in sexual arousal

sight- role of visual stimuli in sexual arousal, men report being more turned on by visual stimuli (typically heterosexual) while physiological differences are small b/t men and women. Women are physiologically turned on across the spectrum. touch- Owing to large concentrations of nerve endings, there are specific body parts that most agree are sexually arousing when touched. These areas are known as primary erogenous zones and include the genitals, nipples, lips, and inner thigh. smell- pheromones are chemicals secreted by the body that play a role in sexual communication and attraction. taste- Taste preferences like those we have talked about previously are often unconscious and highly personal. Studies on the effects of aphrodisiacs often examine the interplay of food and sexual desire, and certainly as a society we have incorporated the two. sound- females across species are more vocal during sex than males, a persistent difference that some attribute to conditioning and others to evolutionary processes related to sperm competition, sounds increase heterosexual men's sexual desire

social learning theory

social roles are learned and reinforced through selective attention, observation, imitation, and modeling of gender normative behaviors and expression. In early childhood, identification with a same sex parent reinforces modeling and imitating as well as adoption of preferred activities, use of language, and exposure to countless gendered messages. Parents, teachers, and siblings are the most important socializing agents for young children. However, for emerging adolescents peers, media, and pop culture messages become increasingly powerful.

A __________ is a generalization about a group of people that distinguishes them from others.

stereotype

online dating

studies indicate that for some, Tinder provides hookup opportunities while for others, it may operate as a way to meet and assess potential long-term partners. Not such doom and gloom after all.

he type of research method that would give us reliable and probably valid data about childhood sexuality but has not been used is

systematic direct observation

Cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

The male __________ is analogous to the female's ovary.

testis

Among adolescents today, the prevailing feeling about masturbation is

that many still feel defensive or embarrassed about it

Generalizability

the ability to draw broad inferences from a particular observation

Penis

the conduit for semen to aid reproduction, as the focus of sexual pleasure, and as a means to eliminate urine The average erect male penis measures approximately 6 inches, and the average flaccid penis is typically between 3 and 4 inches long. Tip-glans, the ridge on tip-corona, the opening of the glans is known as the meatus, through which both semen and urine pass. When stimulated, the penis engorges with blood via the process of vasocongestion .

glans penis

the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis

labia majora and minora

the larger outer folds of the vulva. Cover the labia minora, the clitoris, urethral opening, and the vaginal entrance. The labia are full of rich nerve endings and may become engorged during stimulation, swelling and deepening in color.

self-selection

the notion that individuals who volunteer to participate in research studies differ from the general population

clitoris

the organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra, highly sensitive organ, a receptor, and transmitter of sexual stimuli consists of a glans, a shaft, corpora cavernosa (the spongy chamber that fills with blood and wells during arousal), and crura (erectile tissue attached to the pubic bone) he clitoris becomes erect during sexual stimulation, increasing in size, shape, and deepening in color due to increased blood flow, no reproductive function (most common cause of female orgasm) This organ is the center of sexual arousal in women, is populated with a great deal of sensitive nerve endings, and has no known reproductive function

Which of the following is a particular problem of direct observations when compared to other methods of data collection?

the possibility that sexual behavior in the laboratory is somewhat inhibited

participant observation

the researcher may embed themselves into a natural environment, develop a personal rapport and relationship within the community, and may also engage in the activity he or she is studying

Married men and women experience greater satisfaction in sexual intercourse compared to cohabiting couples. This greater satisfaction can be attributed to

the stronger emotional commitment and sexual exclusivity associated with marriage

Sample

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

ejaculatory duct

the vas deferens joins the prostate in the ejaculatory duct, which empties into the urethra. Here, sperm mix with secretions from the seminal vesicles, the Cowper's glands, and the prostate to create semen.

Boys most often learn about masturbation

through peers

Girls most often learn about masturbation

through self-discovery

It appears that both preadolescent males and females engage in some type of same-gender sexual behavior. This activity can be interpreted

to mean that this behavior is probably a part of normal sexual development

A __________ is a person who believes that she or he is trapped inside the body of the other gender.

transgender

Changing trends in marriage

trends in cohabitation, occupational changes and delayed marriage and childbirth have buffered this a bit, but many young women still report feeling the pull, particularly because of their "biological timeclock."

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body The ejaculatory pathway includes succession through the epididymous, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

Introitus and Meatus

vestibule encloses the labia minora and houses the introitus and the meatus. Introitus= vaginal opening Meatus= urethral opening either side of the introitus is the Bartholin's glands.

According to Dr. Zhana Vrangalova in her TEDx Talk, one of the most problematic aspects of casual sex is

when it occurs with heavy drinking

Which of the following is not one of the conditions under which sexualization occurs?

when sexuality is appropriately imposed upon a person

test-retest reliability

where the information is collected at different time points

It has been suggested that women may develop an "erotic dependency" on men because

women are more likely to have their earliest sexual experiences in heterosexual petting, and learn that sexual pleasure is produced by the male

Havelock Ellis

"Studies in the Psychology of Sex" First to describe unusual types of sexuality in a more sympathetic way Became known as the prominent sex reformer of his time. Writing for a more general audience, one of his great strengths was an avoidance of unitary theories and a desire to write with tolerance and empathy, avoiding language pathologizing sexuality. Called masturbation autoeroticism transforming negative context, the sexual desire of women equal to men

The Four Stage Model of Human Sexual Response

(1)Excitement: Vascongestion; tensed muscles, increased heart rate/blood pressure; erect penises, vaginal lubrication, thickening of labia, increased breast size/nipples (2) Plateau: Vascongestion has reached its peak; penis completely erect, glans/testes swollen; vaginas continue to expand, lower third of vagina tightens, clitoris elevates, retraction of prepuce àorgasmic floor (3) Orgasm: Peak in heart rate, breathing, muscle tension, characterized by myotonia (waves of muscle contractions in uterus/for men, its ejaculatory inevitability) aka the sensation of ejaculation, involuntary curled toes, contorted facial expression & other involuntary muscle spasms. (4) Resolution; body returns to a resting state post sexual response( normal heat rates/pressure, loss of erections) Entering of "refractory period" unable to return to excitement phase/experience orgasm women do not exhibit this

stages of menstrual cycle

(1)Follicular Stage: signals follicles in the ovaries to bring one egg to maturity meanwhile follicle secretes estrogen (2) Ovulation: follicle ruptures & releases egg (3) Luteal + LH = Corpus Luteum (glandular mass of cells) with rising levels of hormones the corpus luteum degenerates, stimulating pituitary to begin cycle. (4) Menstruation: shedding of inner lining of the uterus aka endometrium; discharge consists of cells, mucus, blood.

Proposed reasons for why women have less orgasms than men:

- men orgasm/ ejaculation are almost always aligned, for women this is not the case therefore it is not evolutionarily driven - distance between the clitoris and vaginal opening - vaginal penetration is often not enough to cause an orgasm -anatomy of the clitoris, unfamiliarity with how to stimulate it -inequality in the bedroom (women are less likely to voice their likes and dislikes) -Straight women are less likely to reach orgasm than lesbian women, and bisexual women experience orgasm the least frequently of all. -clitoris becomes erect during arousal. "Women need to be aroused prior to penetration otherwise, the vagina doesn't lubricate, and the cervix doesn't pull back out of the way of the penis -intercourse does not often last that long

Historical perspectives of Sexuality and the Pendulum Swing of Sexual Attitudes throughout History

-Ancient cultures of Egypt, Greece, and Rome (sexually permissive, swinging left) Middle Ages- 400-1400s, human sexuality became increasingly restrictive and prohibited by religious edict. -St. Augustine reminded followers of the notion of "original sin" told through the story of Adam and Eve. -St Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274): Most influential authority on sex. Prohibitions issued on masturbation, bestiality, homosexuality, all sexual acts that were non-procreative. -16thCentury: Protestant Reformation/Renaissance "Courtly love;" marital love, shared pleasure/desire that could be achieved with/benefitted from the practice of sexual intercourse but only within marriage -Enlightenment(1978): Growth in progressive views on human sexuality/ Individual right to pursue sexual freedom & happiness -Victorian (1820-1910): Moralistic stance on human sexuality Comstock Law (1873): Prohibiting of mailing any obscenities (b/c) which led to multiple arrest & destroying "indecent pictures"/ Deviance medicalization of sexual desires only considered of males & lower class prostitutes -Progressive Era(1910-1919): Change in social norms that were reflected in culture, fashion, literature, music, dance; "women's suffrage-> culminating the 19thamendment;" Birth control clinics, closures of brothels near naval bases to reduce STDs during WWI -Roaring 20's:New sexual revolution fueled by effective contraception ie condoms, diaphragms, spermicides that were widely illegally available; Flappers (independent, strong, adventurous, sexual American women); growth in underground subcultures ie gays/lesbians/drag underground clubs) -1930s & Great Depression: Censorship increased but growth in automobile ownership created opportunities for sexual exploration especially for teens(premarital sex on rise) -1940: Efforts to ward off STD's included issuing condoms & penicillinàUS troops became sexually involved with European women & fathered children; women took on new roles & entered work force; Cold war increased paranoia linking homosexuality to communism, FBI monitoring, discrimination against gays -1950s Era of Conformity: Cultural norms return to traditionalism; Hugh Hefner publishes first playboy magazine but Comstock laws are still enacted -1960s 2ndSexual Revolution: Widespread adoption of birth control and liberation movement of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Changing social matrix( free love art, growth in women's movement that challenged traditional sexual norms) Birth control allowed for married couples only -1970s Disco Era: Contraceptives/abortions legalized for everyone, obscenity laws challenged, pornography mainstream, gay rights movement gets support from sexologists/researchers(Homosexuality removed from DSM) -1980s Reagan Era: Return to traditionalism due to the "gay plague"(First case of AIDS in US in 1981à1985 President Reagan declares war on HIV/AIDS) -1990s New Age/Naughty 90s: uniting sex with love & other spiritual elements. Inclusion of tantric sex, polyamory, BDSM, Native American/Taoist Sexual Practices. Scandals of Michael Jackson(pedophilia) & Clinton-Lewinsky (oral sex/blue dress) -21STCentury: Still unclear on how to label our current time; defining moments include gender fluidity, girl on girl kissing, "nipple gate/wardrobe malfunctions/FC crack downs on sex on TV" -Pendulum Swing of Sexual Attitudes throughout History:Swing too far in one direction is met with a swift response toward the opposing side(shifts in sexual norms/attitudes veer dramatically between eras of progression/repression).

Evolutionary Theory

-Darwin -Instincts, drive, and biology is the -area that focuses on further development and refinement of the modern synthesis of evolution and genetics. -sexual selection (Intra/Inter), sexual signaling, sexy son vs. choosey daughters -Implications for why men have more positive feelings towards casual sex (continue family) young/attractive, why women have less positive attitudes (pair-bond, protection), status/ resoruces -All about relative costs and burdens of reproduction

The impact and effectiveness of Abstinence Only and Comprehensive Sex Ed programs

-For decades, this type of sex education has predominated in many schools, yet a majority of adolescents continue to be become involved in sexual relationships during their teenage years. Many believe that risky outcomes are exacerbated by a lack of scientifically rigorous information in mandated sex education programs and, at worse, strategic and intentional attempts to misinform. this type of programming is seen to violate adolescent rights and to stigmatize and exclude many. In addition, this approach often includes different messages for males and females and reinforces harmful gender and sexual stereotypes, including messages about female passivity and male aggressiveness Adolescents who become sexually active are painted in a negative light, with guilt and shame embedded in the curriculum framework. Don't know about birth control methods, emphasis on being "in control" but has implications for those who may have had experiences out of their control- molestation, rape -Comprehensive sex education include abstinence in the messaging but also provide information about condom efficacy and access, as well as other forms of contraception for sexually active adolescents. Comprehensive sex education also recognizes that sexuality is not a heteronormative construct. Programming that includes sexual minority youth is imperative.

sexual differentiation

-Labeled the SRY gene, it was determined that this gene (or genes) is the source of a trigger for a complex genetic cascade involved in prenatal sexual development and differentiation -Approximately six weeks post conception, these genetic signals direct gonadal development via hormonal release. Without these signals, the gonads become ovaries and begin producing estrogen. -Once the gonads are developed they begin producing and secreting sex hormones which may be primarily androgens or estrogens. Therefore, hormonal sex is yet another distinction determining whether one is labeled male or female. While both men and women produce androgens and estrogens, the amount is an important factor, and the absence or presence of the sex hormones in uterine development determines the internal and external reproductive and sexual anatomy. -Studies show how hormone exposure in the womb is linked to differences in brain structure, exposure to certain hormones may lead to different behavior (ie: male rats not exposed to testosterone in the womb display homosexual behaviors)

Masturbation in marriage is

-Many adults continue to masturbate while married -Masturbation can serve legitimate sexual needs in marriage •Provide sexual gratification while allowing the partner to remain faithful during separation or illness •Pleasant adjunct to marital sex

Maximixers and Satisfiers

-Maximizers rely heavily on external evaluations to ensure they are making the best and the right choice. They expend a great deal of time and energy researching options and seeking out opinions such as reviews to make sure they have exhausted all possibilities. Maximizers second-guess themselves. They cannot really enjoy the best even though they know that it is objectively the best. They report greater uncertainty, regret, lower self-esteem, and dissatisfaction. -Satisfier to describe a combination of "satisfy" and "suffice." In general, satisficers are happy to have something that is simply good enough. Even when presented with a better alternative choice, satisficers report less regret and more self-reported happiness.

Gender differences in sexual behavior

-Men are reportedly more open to casual sex and endorse more permissive attitudes. -the largest gender difference is the incidence of masturbation as well as its frequency and developmental onset -We also know that men experience orgasm more consistently than women and report a stronger sex drive.

Operant Conditioning

-Pavlov +Skinner- a form of associative learning in which the likelihood that an act will be performed depends on the consequences that follow it -A reinforcer is considered to be any stimulus that appears as a response to behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue or recur -According to B.F. Skinner sex is a primary reinforcer, with as much power as food and shelter to influence behavior due to its "contingencies for survival."

social learning theory

-Stated simply, individuals learn by observing, imitating, and modeling the behavior of others; specifically by paying attention to their environment and responding to stimuli based on what they have observed. -Bandura's seminal work on aggression via the BoBo doll studies demonstrated that the action of adults enacting novel behaviors provided cues for those observing to enact similar behaviors. -In a widely reviewed meta-analysis of gender differences and sexual behavior, Oliver and Hyde (1993) noted that as children develop a gender identity they are reinforced for same-sex imitation and identification and punished when they behave in gender non-conforming ways. These repeated experiences and reinforcements are thus thought to lead to cognitive schemas embedded with gender associations about appropriate behaviors and sexual scripts.

National Survey of Family Growth

-gathers information on family life, marriage/divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men's and women's health -survey results are used by DHHS and others to plan health services and health education programs

Sexual behavior during preadolescence

-growing interest in the opposite sex -begin intermingling of boy and girl groups -8-10 years report their first sexual attraction -when males report to masturbate (usually before puberty)

Sexual scripts theory

-human sexual behaviors follow a social script (women are hesitant & men are aggressive). -posits that sexuality is learned, socially constructed, adapted, and internalized as scripts related to the sequencing and context of appropriate sexual behavior. -Outline and sequence and character sexual encounters -These scripts are believed to be influenced by media and are enacted as part of an internalized pressure to meet social norms.

exchange theory

-that relationships are formed, maintained, and terminated based on cognitive evaluations of cost and accrued value. -Borrowing from economic theory, exchange theory posits that relationships are formed, maintained, and terminated based on cognitive evaluations of personal costs and perceived accrued value. When exchanges yield high reward and low cost, relationship maintenance is paramount, but when costs are perceived to exceed the benefits individuals may choose to end the relationship and seek other beneficial romantic or sexual opportunities

Different ways of defining normal

1. Statistically Normal: "too little sex" or "too much sex", would be out of range of "normal." Uses numbers to look at frequency, prevalence, and incidence. More frequent= normal, less frequent= abnormal 2. Subjectively normal: ethnocentricity and heteronormativity. How we deem our own personal sexual ethics to be the right and "normal" ones. 3. Culturally Normal: limited by our ethnocentricity. The standard value we use. 4. Idealistically normal: people might try to pursue a challenging ideal, perhaps of chastity or abstinence which may lead to feelings of shame, regret or guilt. 5. Clinically normal: linked to a medical approach of normalcy. The presence or absence of a clinical marker. (I.e. a bacteria or virus leading to sexually transmitted infections). More objective than the other 4 criteria.

Recent studies have found that the average age at which a person experiences sexual attraction to another person is at age

10

The average American married couple has sexual intercourse about __________ times per week when they are in their 20s.

2 to 3

The average size of an erect penis is about __________ inches in length.

5-6

__________ percent of Americans will ultimately marry during their life.

75

culture-bound syndromes (sexually repressive cultures)

A broad rubric that encompasses certain behavioral, affective, and cognitive manifestations seen in specific cultures. The primacy of culture in psychological determinations of sexual attitudes and behaviors are notably demonstrated in unique cultural practices and concerns. Koro-described as an ethnomedical syndrome characterized by intense anxiety in which affected males (and sometimes females) believe that their penis is shrinking or perhaps disappearing. Koro is known to have originated in China but has been seen among diverse groups in Asia and Africa. In most cases, these cultures share the evaluation that reproductive ability is a major determinant of a person's worth. Shenkui- Chinese-culture bound syndrome believed by the sufferer to result from "semen loss" or a reduction in "yang" (positive/male energy). Symptoms include complaints of sexual dysfunction (premature ejaculation, impotence) or other physical complaints of unknown origin including fatigue, dizziness, or insomnia, as well as accompanying anxiety. Fear and panic often occur in response to self or other attributions of sexual excess from frequent intercourse, masturbation, nocturnal emission, or passing of "white turbid urine" believed to contain semen. In India, a semen-loss anxiety syndrome is known as "dhat," having similar features to shenkui including hypochondriacal symptoms, depression, and anxiety relating to the pathology of a male's perception of their masculinity.

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment Factors that change along with the behavior of interest

Triple X Syndrome

A genetic abnormality in which a female has an extra X sex chromosome; characterized by decreased fertility, some genital abnormality, and slight mental retardation.

According to sociobiology, which of the following would be a good indicator of a person's reproductive potential?

A healthy physique

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature. (located on the top and back of each testicle) takes over responsibility for storage and maturation of sperm (a process that takes about 10-14 days)

Cognitive Theory

A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. gender constancy; This construct is the final step in the formation of a self-view that includes the notion that gender is fixed and permanent. In this formulation, children first develop a gender identity (I am a boy or I am a girl), followed by the notion of gender stability (this identity will not change over time), then comes gender consistency (despite changes in appearances and activity, a boy is still a boy and a girl is still a girl) (Martin, et al., 2002). According to this theory, once gender constancy is internalized, gender and an adherence to established gender roles becomes extremely important. They are relevant to a child's sense of self and are highly resistant to change

Viewing/touching/curiosity about others' genitals

A variety of age-inappropriate sexual behaviors displayed frequently

Development of sexual identity

According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, adolescence is a crisis between identity and role confusion. Although it is a developing process, making decisions about sexual orientation and identity are some of the complex tasks of establishing a sexual identity. As we have noted earlier, in recent decades there have been wholesale changes in attitudes, beliefs, and norms about sexuality. These vary significantly, however, due to group values, family and religious views, and even the region where adolescents are growing up

Psychoanalytic

According to Freud, as a child progressed through the psychosexual stages (outlined in Chapter Two), there are three distinct stages a child must move through in order to develop healthy adult psychological development. During the oral stage, children are unaware of gender differences. Around the age of two (anal stage), children become increasingly aware of gender and are focused on the differences between boys and girls. Next, during the phallic stage, the focus of pleasure is on their genitals and masturbation is a source of this pleasure. Freud believed that during this period, both boys and girls attribute superior value to male genitalia, leading girls to experience penis envy (the Electra complex) and boys to develop castration anxiety (Oedipus complex). These psychic conflicts and their associated anxieties are seen to be universal and must be resolved if the individual is to develop the capacity for adult sexual relationships. Conflicts are resolved through the process of identification with the same sex parent, which involves the child adopting traditionally masculine or feminine characteristics. With the support and encouragement of parents, this differentiation process helps the child internalize and embrace appropriate gender roles

Which historical society openly acknowledged both homosexuality and heterosexuality?

Ancient Greek

Religious Perspectives on Sexuality

Ancient Greek, Egyptians, romans shared polytheological belief system of worshiping many gods/goddesses, celebrated sexual exploits through vivid stories that replete proactive pornographic imagery. 6thcentury BCE emphasis on deity, growth in missionary activity, turning away from permissive societies & add sanctions associated with non-procreative sexual violations that are considered an offense before god & punishment extends to the afterlife. Christianity- Sex Negative Orientation, Influenced the notion of the original sin. Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, and Taoism- Generally Positive Sex Orientation Buddhism- Sex Neutral View, Has yoga practice that teaches delaying orgasm Hindusim- Introduced the Kama Sutra Taoism- Sexual intercourse balances the yin and the yang

Touching/masturbating genitals (in public/private)

Any sexual behavior involving children who are more than four years apart in age

socializing agents hat can define our gender identity, expression, and gender roles

Based on gender roles and gender stereotypes appropriate to larger societal expectations parents, media, education, and peers

Behaviors are transient, few, distractible

Behaviors are persistent and met with anger and aggression if distracted

What are some aspects of human sexuality that make it particularly difficult to study?

Beyond physiological responses, ideas such as romance and love are difficult to conceptualize. Therefore, these feelings have to be self-reported to measure. Also, human sexuality is a topic that some individuals still find "taboo" to discuss. Other reasons are that participants may not be accurate samples of the entire population, getting participants may be difficulty, and studying sex and sexual behavior often walks an ethical line. Other difficulties include difficulty recalled specific details/frequency of behaviors, wanting to produce socially correct responses, or fear of the truth coming out.

5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency (5aRD)

Biological male fetus is unable to convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) due to insufficient levels of the 5-alpha reductase enzyme Male is born with a feminized genital appearance. The external appearance may be completely female, a mix of male and female structures, or incompletely male. Male gonads are typically present internally. Babies are generally raised as girls and adopt a female gender identity. At puberty, male secondary characteristics develop and some individuals switch gender identity

corona

Circumference of the base of the glans penis behind of the neck penis

Imagine that you have learned to become aroused by your partner's cologne or perfume. In classical conditioning terms, the cologne or perfume would be referred to as a(n)

Conditioned Stimulus

__________ is the spongy body running the length of the underside of the penis in men.

Corpus spongiosum

Caroline Simon's Six Lenses of Sexuality

Covenantal Lens- intercourse is a permanent bond meant for marriage, used to represent God's covenantal relationship. Procreative Lens-reproduction is the goal, non-reproductive uses of sexuality are misuses. Romantic Lens- intercourse is appropriate in deep emotional attachment / loveless sex is wrong. Plain Sex Lens- sexual desire is a good activity and should be based on mutual consent leading to mutual satisfaction Power Lens-sexuality is an instrument for controlling others Expressive lens-sex is a source of personal empowerment that is central to human flourishing. One must be cautious about the potential for exploitation, manipulation, or violence.

How cross-cultural studies inform us about sexuality

Culture as a socializing agent, influencing sexual attitudes and behavior. There are a great many share behaviors, but no one culture can be deemed, representative. Studied isolated cultures to see how isolated cultures have more unique sexual norms and practices.

Criticisms of Master and Johnson's Four Stage Model of arousal, and their methods when developing this model:

Did not include cognitive/psychological aspects of arousal. Emotional/psychological aspects of sexuality precede physiological excitement & have important effect on excitement stage. Methodological issues; intentionally excluded women who reported not having regular orgasms so that they could demonstrate the physiological processes they were interested in studying (ignored the fact many women don't have orgasms during every sexual response/some women rarely have orgasms)

The Cowper's gland:

Directly below the prostate, the Cowper's glands (or bulbourethral glands) flank the urethra. The glands have ducts that empty fluid into the urethra that is believed to clean and lubricate the passage of sperm and to neutralize the uric acid that may remain. When sexually aroused, these glands release a few mere drops of pre-ejaculatory fluid. Although not technically semen, this fluid may contain live sperm;

cognitive dissonance

Discrepant information challenges the beliefs we hold dear, creating inconsistencies and discomfort. This in turn creates psychic turmoil: the uncomfortable sensation when our attitudes and other cognitive processes don't align with our behavior.

In examining the effects of social institutions on differences in sexual behavior by various subgroups of the population, we find that lower-class black men have few opportunities for jobs and, thus, a high unemployment rate. This results in a low rate of family formation, because they cannot support a family in the "traditional" sense. More children are being born out of wedlock as a result. The institution that many sociologists believe causes this particular sexual behavior is the __________ institution.

Economic

Sexual frequency in adulthood

Eighty-five percent of adults between the ages of 20 to 24 years old report having engaged in sexual intercourse. During this period of time, we also see an increased participation in a variety of different sexual relationship types.

Because most of us have had sexual experiences in only one society, we tend to view our sexual behavior as the only pattern in existence, and certainly the only "natural" pattern. What is this narrow view called?

Ethnocentrism

psychodynamic theory

Explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality. Psychoanalytic: Freud's theories on the interconnected nature of human consciousness, sexuality, and the importance of early experiences and relationships were developed - 3 levels of consciousness (conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious) -Personality consists of the ID, the super-ego, and the ego. They operate at the level of the unconscious as the psychic gatekeepers of primitive impulse Psychosexual Stages: Series of five basic stages, each with a different focus: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipus complex and Electra complex), latency, and genital. Inability to overcome stage causes difficulty later in life.

According to research, which of the following data collection methods is more likely to facilitate rapport and trust?

Face to Face (Rapport)

Turner's Syndrome

Female (X) or (XO) Chromosomal No functioning internal reproductive structures. Puberty is induced medically

Feminist Theory

Feminist and queer theories emerged from political movements challenging the status quo. Feminist theory examines the patriarchal underpinnings of sexual norms and focuses on the differential power structure between men and women, particularly regarding issues such as reproductive freedom and sexual exploitation, and economic disparities such as the gender pay gap. In the feminist perspective, scholars feel that human sexuality is primarily a social construction and have elaborated the following basic principles: Gender is significant in all aspects of life. The female experience of sex has been devalued. Power is a critical element in relationships (male-female).

Sexual Maturation

For females, breast enlargement and pubic hair growth will precede menarche. Girls will also grow rapidly taller and hips will widen. Even though the initial menstrual cycle triggers many changes, for several years menstruation may be somewhat irregular and ovulation may not occur every cycle. Individual trajectories vary considerably, and for some females fertility may be delayed several years even if menstruation is proceeding normally. For males, penile and testicle growth occurs, there are pubic hair and vocal changes, and first ejaculation occurs, typically nocturnally (via wet dreams) or via masturbation. The average age for this initial ejaculation is about 13. At this point, the ejaculatory fluid does not contain mature sperm and it will be several years before full fertility. Some boys will also experience growth of breast tissue during late puberty. This is known as gynecomastia and is exacerbated by obesity.

Menstruation

For females, the primary indication that puberty has commenced is the first menarche. Several factors are involved in the timing and trajectory of menarche including age, nutrition, health, and body mass. Evolutionary theorists believe that menarche is triggered at a particular weight, as reproductive capacity would require the appropriate amount of energy and resources to sustain a pregnancy. The first menstrual cycle (menarche) marks a significant event in the life of young women. While ranging and skewing earlier than past decades, the average age of US females to experience menarche is 12.4 years.

The primal scene

Freud believed that witnessing sexual contact between parents would be traumatic, leading to fears of castration anxiety, while paired with sexual fascination. potential consequences for children's internalized view of sexuality Retrospective reports of witnessing the primal scene was associated with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation (willing to engage in casual sex)

Distinct types of relationships during early adulthood:

Friends with Benefits; these relationships are friends in an established platonic relationship who occasionally have sex with each other. **** Buddy or a Booty Call refers to an individual who someone has semi-regular sex with, but there is no other aspects to this relationship. They are two people who aren't friends, they just have sex periodically.

__________ refers to the state of being male or female.

Gender (focus on word 'state')

__________ is a general form of social grouping in which males play and associate with other males and females play and associate with other females.

Gender-segregated social organization

____________ is a general form of social grouping in which males play and associate with other males and females play and associate with other females.

Gender-segregated social organization

Body dissatisfaction

Girls report being less satisfied with their bodies and report negative body image more frequently than boys. These concerns are exacerbated by comparisons with peers and appearance-based feedback from others and through the media. Body composition changes significantly as a result of puberty. At the end of the pubertal process, women will have developed twice the body fat of men and men will develop more bone and muscle mass. Facial and underarm hair follows the growth of pubic hair by about two years. With increased oil and hair, puberty also brings body odor and, for many, issues with acne. Psychologically, these changes can be distressing for those experiencing them.

Hedonism versus Asceticism

Hedonism (motivational desire to pursue pleasure and avoid pain). Asceticism (Lifestyle that focuses on the pursuit of spiritual goals practiced by abstaining from material pleasures ie: fasting, celibacy, austerity).

Steve regularly surprises his wife, Marla, with flowers and gifts and always tries to make her feel special by taking her out to fancy restaurants and on holidays. However, he feels that his wife takes him for granted and does not truly appreciate what he does for her. According to the social exchange theory,

His costs are greater than his rewards.

Vasocongestion

In the sexual response cycle, engorgement of the blood vessels, particularly in the genital area, due to increased blood flow

When sexual behavior is examined across cultures, which type of sexual activity is the most strictly forbidden?

Incest

Laud Humphrey's Tearoom Trade study raised ethical concerns primarily surrounding issues of

Informed Conset

Agents of Socialization discussed in class and the book

Institutions, people, groups that affect our thoughts, behavior, feelings; dynamically influence our attitudes, values, behavior, self-concept. Science and Biology, Psychology, Culture, Religion, Media. First socializing agents= Parents, Adolesence= peers typically become more important Own personal experiences- ie: a young girl who masturbates is more likely to experience orgasms when engaging in sexual encounters later in life.

Rational Choice Theory

It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.

Masturbation during adolescence

Jocelyn Elders' (surgeon general under Bill Clinton) believed adolescence should know that masturbation is healthy and natural For women, masturbation during adolescence is linked to more orgasm as an adult