HDFS EXAM 2

What are some of the key aspects of brain development at this stage?

"Pruning of unused dendrites"- the brain becomes tubed to the experiences of the child. Increase in white matter, or materials that transmit information. Changes correlate with experience and improved abilities (language) Increased ability to ignore distractions and concentrate on learning. There are also changes in the thickness of the cortex.

Be familiar with Erikson's stages of basic trust vs mistrust and autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

(Trust v mistrust)During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty, the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. *Autonomy: A shift from external control to self-control Emerges from trust and self-awareness Assert their independence The Terrible 2s *Shame and Doubt: Adults help toddlers recognize need for limits

What are some of the influences on intelligence?

-Brain development: Gray matter and development of the prefrontal cortex. -Schooling Children whose schooling is delayed score lower on IQ tests IQ drops during the summer vacation. -Race/ ethncity and SES Environmental inequalities (access to resources and opportunities) -Culture Differences in IQ reflect cultural bias of tests Tests should be relevant to the culture

What are some child outcomes related to the following family structures: -Divorce -One parent families -Cohabitating families -Stepfamilies -Gay or Lesbian Led families

-Divorce: *Children may not fully understand what is happening. It is stressful for children. The family's standard of living is likely to drop. Children's emotional or behavioral problems also may reflect the level of parental conflict before the divorce. Children who are younger during or before the divorce tend to suffer more from behavioral problems. Future commitment problems. -One Parent Families: *Children in single-parent families do fairly well overall but tend to lag socially and educationally behind peers in two-parents families. -Cohabitating Families: *U.S. families showed worse emotional, behavioral and academic outcomes for 6-11 year old children living with cohabiting biological parents than those living with married biological parents. -Stepfamilies: *Some studies found that boys who often have more trouble than girls in adjusting to divorce and living with a single mother benefit from a step father. A girl on the other hand, may find the new man in the house a threat to her independence and to her close relationship with her mother. -Gay or Lesbian Led Families: *Usually have more positive relationships with their children and the children are no more likely than the children raised by heterosexual parents to have emotional, social, academic or psychological problems.

What are some of the outcomes of teenage pregnancy?

-Mothers are impoverished and poorly educated. Have inadequate nutriton. -Babies may be premature or have other birth complications. At greater risk for health and academic problems and developmental disabilities.

-Sexual risk-taking -Use of contraceptives -Information about sex

-STI's and pregnancy. Most at risk are young people who start sexual activity early, have multiple partners, do not sue contraceptives regularly, and have inadequate information. Peer pressure. -Regular use of condoms which gives some protection against STI;s as well as against pregnancy. Adolescents who start using prescription contraceptives often sop using condoms, in come cases not realizing that they leave themselves unprotected against STIs. -Get information primarily from school, friends parents and media.

How do sleep needs change in middle childhood?

-Sleep needs decline from about 11 hours a day at age 5 to a little more than 10 hours at age 9 and about 9 hours at age 13. -Insomnia and daytime sleepiness occurs during these years.

How does language development progress in adolescence?

-Vocab continues to grow as reading matter becomes more adult. -Can define abstractions as love, justice and freedom. They more frequently use terms such as however, otherwise, therefore and probably. -Are more conscious of work as symbols that can have multiple meanings and they take pleasure using irony, puns and metaphors. -More skilled in social-perspective talking -'Social dialect of puberty' -Teenage slang -Vocabulary may differ in gender, ethnicity, age, geographical regions, neighborhood and type of school they attend.

What is ego development, and why is it an important factor in reaching adulthood?

A combination of ability to understand oneself and one's world, to integrate and synthesize what one perceives and knows, and to take charge of planning one's life course. Family influences are important. Young people whose ego development tended to be "stuck" at a less mature level at age 25 were more likely to have had parents who, at age 14, inhibited their autonomy, devalued them, and were more hostile in conversations (Billings, Hauser, & Allen, 2008). As a result of these and other influences, some emerging adults have more highly developed egos than others and are therefore more ready to learn to stand alone

Be familiar with the adolescent growth spurt.

A rapid increase in height and weight. Results in common "gawkiness" Teens become more concerned about their appearance. Girls: 9.5-14.5 Boys: 10.5-16

Intellectual disability

A significantly subnormal cognitive functioning. It Is indicated by an IQ of about 70 or less, coupled with deficiency in age-appropriate adaptive behavior such as communication, social skills and self care appearing before age 18. Also referred to as cognitive disability or mental retardation.

Schaie's Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development looks at how intellect and cognition is used within a social context. Be able to explain how the goals (uses) of thinking shift across the lifespan.

Acquisitive Stage (Childhood and adolescence): or own sake or preparation for society. Achieving Stage (late teen -20s/30s): use what they know for goals. Responsible Stage (30s-60s): solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others. Executive Stage (30s/40s- middle age): responsible for societal systems or social movements. Reorganizational Stage (middle-late adulthood): reorganize lives around meaningful pursuits (retirement). Reintegrative Stage (late adulthood): more selective about tasks; focus on the purpose of things, and do what is most meaningful. Legacy-creating stage (advanced old age): instructions for end of life; provide life stories (legacy for loved ones).

Sexual behavior & attitudes in young adulthood

Almost all U.S. adults have has sexual relations before marriage. Becoming sexually active in merging adulthood is associated with fewer behaviors. Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college campuses. Sexual identity tends to be clear by merging adulthood.

Alcohol use (including risky drinking)

Although light to moder- ate alcohol consumption seems to reduce the risk of fatal heart dis- ease and stroke, and also of dementia later in life (Ruitenberg et al., 2002), heavy drinking over the years may lead to cirrhosis of the liver, other gastrointestinal disorders (including ulcers), pancreatic disease, certain cancers, heart failure, stroke, damage to the nervous system, psychoses, and other medical problems.

Why is parenthood considered a developmental experience?

Among key experiences in life is the birth of a child. Along with feeling excitement, wonder, and awe, most new parents experience some anxiety about the responsibility of caring for a child, the commitment of time and energy it entails, and the feeling of permanence that parenthood imposes on a marriage. Pregnancy and the recovery from childbirth can affect a couple's relationship, sometimes increasing intimacy and sometimes creating barriers. In addition, many couples ind their relationship becoming more "traditional" following the birth of a child, with the woman often engaging in the bulk of caregiving and housekeeping

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II) (p. 279)

An individual tests for ages 3-18, is designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs (such as autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders) and from varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Which parenting styles seem more conducive to a healthy sense of individuation in adolescence?

Authoritative

How are parenting styles and parenting authority related to the process of individuation?

Authoritative parents insist on important rules, norms, and values but are willing to listen, explain, and negotiate. They exercise appropriate control over a child's conduct (behavioral control) but not over the child's feelings, beliefs, and sense of self (psy- chological control) Problems arise when parents overstep what adolescents perceive as appropriate bounds of legitimate parental authority. The existence of a mutually agreed personal domain in which authority belongs to the adolescent has been found in various cultures and social classes from Japan to Brazil.

How do parenting styles influence school achievement in adolescence?

Authoritative parents urge adolescents to look at both side of issues, welcome their participation in family decisions, and admit that children sometimes know more than parents. Children receive praise and privileges for good grades; poor grades bring encouragement to try harder and offers help. Authoritarian parents tell adolescents not to argue with or question adults ad tell them they will know when they are grown up. Good grades bring admonitions to do even better; poor grades may be punished by reduced allowances or grounding. Permissive paints seem indifferent to grads. Neglectful or uncaring.

What are some of the gender differences in school achievement at this stage?

Beginning in adolescence, girls do better on verbal tasks that involve wiring and language usage; boys do better in activities that involve visual and spatial functions helpful in math and science. SAT results found no gender differences in math performance. Interacting and biological and environmental contributions. Girls have more gray matter and the growth of gray matter peaks earlier. Their neurons also have more. In addition, their brains are more evenly balanced across the hemispheres and they have a larger corpus callosum. Girls are better able to integrate verbal analytic tasks with spatial analytic tasks. Boys brains are more specialized and seem to show an advantage for visual and spatial performance.

What are some of the causes of obesity, and why is it a serious concern?

Causes: An inherited tendency aggravated but too little exercise and too much or the wrong kinds go good. More likely to be overweight If they have overweight parents or other relatives. Poor nutrition. Inactivity. Serious Concern?: Behavior problems, low self-esteem, falling behind in physical and social functioning. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and high insulin levels. At risk of premature death.

How does conflict in the home influence childhood behaviors?

Children exposed to parental discord have high levels of: Internalizing behaviors: anxiety, fearfulness and depression. Externalizing behaviors: aggressiveness, fighting, disobedience and hostility.

What are some of the ethnic factors in identity formation?

Connectedness to ones racial/ethnic group. Awareness of racism. Embedded achievement- belief that academic achievement is part of group identity.

In what ways is the Five Factor Model associated with health and well-being?

Conscientiousness has been linked with health-related behaviors that contribute to long life. Big Five traits also have been associated with marital satisfaction, parent-infant relationships, work-family conlict, and personality disorders. People high in neuroticism tend to be subject to anxiety and depression; people low in extraversion are prone to agoraphobia (fear of open spaces) and social phobias.

Why is it important for parents to shift their sense of control over their child's behaviors at this stage?

Coregulation: Parent and child share power, Parent- General supervision, Child- self-regulation. Discipline -Inductive techniques- point out actions to child.

What is the IQ controversy?

Critics claim that the tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health or, for one reason or another, do not do well on tests. They equate intelligence with speed and penalize a wild who works slowly and deliberately. They do not measure native ability instead they infer intelligence from what children already know. Also a controversy over whether intelligence is a single, general ability or whether there are types of intelligence not captured by IQ tests.

How does culture affect moral reasoning?

Cultures like the United States tend to focus on individual autonomy, whereas cultures like China are more concerned with group dynamics and harmony. This may help explain some of the cultural differences in moral reasoning. Whereas Kohlberg's system is based on justice, the Chinese ethos leans toward conciliation and harmony. In Kohlberg's format, respondents make an either-or decision based on their own value system. In Chinese society, people faced with moral dilemmas are expected to discuss them openly, be guided by community standards, and try to find a way of resolving the problem to please as many parties as possible. In the West, even good people may be harshly punished if, under the force of circumstances, they break a law. The Chinese are unaccustomed to universally applied laws; they are taught to abide by the decisions of a wise judge.

Which of the statuses seem less than ideal? Why?

Diffusion and foreclosure

Learning disabilities

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement. Dyslexia is most common Listening, speaking, reading, writing or mathematics resulting in lower performance. These children often have near-average or higher-than-average intelligence and normal vision and hearing, but they seem to have trouble processing sensory information.

Describe the types of groupings related to adolescents and their peers:

Dyadic: One-to-one Cliques: structured groups of friends who things together. Crowds: Does not normally exist before adolescent, it is based not on personal interactions but on reputation, image or identity. A social construction.

What kinds of things can happen when ego-resiliency interacts with ego-control? In other words, what are some potential adaptive, and maladaptive outcomes related to personality types?

Ego resiliency interacts with ego control to determine whether or not behavior is adaptive or maladaptive. For example, underrcontrol can lead to creativity and resourcefulness or, if it is excessive, to externalizing and antisocial behaviors.

The Typological Model discussed in the book describes 3 personality types: ego-resilient, overcontrolled, and Undercontrolled personalities. Be able to describe each type

Egoresillient: Dynamic capacity to modify one's level of ego-control in response to environmental and contextual influences. Adaptability under stress. Overcontrolled people are shy, quiet, anxious and dependable; they tend to keep their tights to themselves and to withdraw from conflict. Most subject to depression. Undercontrolled people are active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn, and easily distracted.

What are some factors of marital success?

Expectations, economic resources, equal decision making and nontraditional gender attitudes. Partners' happiness with the relationship, sensitivity to each other, validation of each other's feelings, communication, conflict management skills, age at marriage and college graduates.

What are the two dimensions by which personality types can be identified?

First dimension: degree to which people have control over their feelings; emotionally stable=easy going, relaxed, well-adjusted. neurotic=moody, anxious, restless Second dimension: extrovert vs. introvert. extrovert=sociable outgoing, active, lively. introvert=thoughtful, reserved, passive, unsociable, quiet.

What are some differences between gay and lesbian couples, and heterosexual couples that have emerged from research?

First, gay and lesbian couples are more likely than heterosexual couples to negotiate household chores to achieve a balance that works for them and accommodates the interests, skills, and schedules of both partners. Second, they tend to resolve conflicts in a more positive atmosphere than heterosexual couples do. Third, gay and lesbian relationships tend to be less stable than heterosexual relationships, mainly due to the lack of institutional supports. However, although gay and lesbian couples may receive less support from friends and family, they may compensate for this with friends, social groups, and organizations friendly to the lesbian-gay-bisexual community

How do friendships change in importance in young adulthood?

Friendships during young adulthood are often less stable than in either adolescence or later adulthood, primarily because people in emerging adulthood relocate more frequently than at other points in the life span. Friendships in emerging adulthood show developmental change. Young single adults tend to rely on friendships to fulfill their social needs more than young married adults or young parents do. Over the course of young adulthood, the number of friends and the amount of time spent with them gradually decreases, presumably as leisure time decreases and responsibility to others increases.

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8)

Group intelligence test for kindergarten through 12th grade. Children are asked to classify items, show an understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information and follow directions. Separate scores for verbal comprehension, verbal reasoning, pictorial reasoning, figural reasoning and quantitative reasoning van identify specific strengths and weaknesses.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood

Half of all new STI cases are in 18-25 age group Highest rates are among teens and young adults Number of people living with HIV has risen worldwide Needle sharing and unprotected sex

Compare the 4 identity statuses proposed by James Marcia.

Identity Achievement: Identity status, describes by Marcia that is characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives. Crisis leading to commitment. Foreclosure: Commitment without crisis. Commitments made by accepting someone else's plan; has not considered own beliefs. Premature formation. Moratorium: Crisis with no commitment yet. In. Process of crisis (considering wants and beliefs), no commitment yet. Start and stop. Identity Diffusion: No commitment, no crisis. No serious consideration of options or commitment.

What are some examples of life events that are considered "on time" or "off time?"

If events occur on time, development proceeds smoothly. If not, stress can result. Stress may come from an unexpected event (such as losing a job), an event that happens off time (being widowed at age 35 or being forced to retire at 50), or the failure of an expected and wanted event to occur at all (never being married, or being unable to have a child).

How does Gilligan's model of moral reasoning differ from Kohlberg's model?

In Kohlberg's theory, moral development of children and adolescents is closely tied to cognitive maturation. Young people advance in moral judgment as they shed egocen- trism and become capable of abstract thought. In adulthood, however, moral judgments become more complex. Carol Gilligan was bothered by what she perceived as a male bias in Kohlberg's approach. She believed that women's central dilemma was the conlict between their needs and the needs of others rather than the principles of abstract justice and fairness delineated by Kohlberg. Women's moral reasoning was not less complex than men's, she argued, it merely had a different focus. In her later research, Gilligan described moral development in both men and women as evolving beyond abstract reasoning. In studies using real-life moral dilemmas (such as whether a woman's lover should confess their affair to her husband), rather than hypothetical dilemmas like the ones Kohlberg used,

Why is the institution of marriage considered the best way in most societies?

In most societies, the institution of marriage is considered the best way to ensure the protection and raising of children. It allows for a division of labor and a sharing of material goods. Ideally, it offers intimacy, commitment, friendship, affection, sexual fulillment, companionship, and an opportunity for emotional growth, as well as new sources of identity and self-esteem.

What are some of the reasons that cohabitating relationships are less stable and less satisfying than marriages?

In particular, cohabiting couples who have divergent expectations about the division of household labor are highly likely to break up (Hohmann-Marriott, 2006). Many cohabitors who want to marry put off marriage until they feel their economic circumstances permit it (Smock, Manning, & Porter, 2005). These young adults are not generally using cohabitation to replace marriage, but rather view it as one step along the way to marriage. Some research suggests that cohabiting couples who marry tend to have unhappier marriages and greater likelihood of divorce than those who wait to live together until marriage.

infertility in young adulthood

Inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying. Experienced by 7% of U.S. couples. Most common cause in men: Low sperm count In women: Failure o produce ova or abnormal ova, mucus in the cervix Endometriosis: Uterine lining tissue that grows outside the uterus.

There are many paths to adulthood. What are some things that influence the paths to adulthood?

Individual paths to adulthood are influenced by such factors as gender, academic ability, early attitudes toward education, race and ethnicity, expectations in late adolescence, and social class.

Be able to identify the elements of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, including the patterns shown in the book (and in the slide from class).

Intimacy: the emotional element, involves self-disclosure, which leads to connection, warmth, and trust. For example, new lovers might share stories of their childhood or their hopes for the future. Passion, the motivational element, is based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire. Passion might include feelings of sexual attraction, intrusive thoughts of the roman- tic partner, or sexual activity itself. Commitment, the cognitive element, is the decision to love and to stay with the beloved. So, for example, commitment might include a decision to make the relationship exclusive or to marry

Divergent thinking

Involves coming up with a wide array of fresh possibilities. Such as hen children are asked to list how many different uses there might be for a paper clip or to write down what a sound brings to mind. Tests of creativity call for divergent thinking.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

It measures verbal and performance abilities, yielding separate scores for each as well as a total score. The separate subtest scores pinpoint a child's strengths and help diagnose specific problems.

Why is identity exploration different for racial/ethnic minorities, compared to the majority white population?

Many minority youth, often out of economic concerns, must take on adult responsibilities earlier than their peers. At the same time, they tend to value close and interdependent family relations and may feel obligated to assist their families financially. They may be under pressure to marry and have children at an early age, or to enter the workforce immediately rather than spending years in higher education.

What are some influences that parenthood has on marital satisfaction?

Marital satisfaction declines during child-rearing years, especially infant-hood. Fathers most involved with children were mot satisfied with their lives.

What is marital satisfaction? How does it change over time (see the U-shaped graph from slides)?

Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people, though those in unhappy marriages are less happy than those who are unmarried or divorced (Myers, 2000). People who marry and stay married, especially women, tend to become better off financially than those who do not marry or who divorce Honeymoon period (2-3years) Raising children, career advancement, financial burden, saving for college, 25 years when it starts declining. Children leaving home, financial stability, grandchildren, retirement then second honeymoon after 35 years.

Which of the statuses seem healthy? Why?

Moratorium and acheivement

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Most common mental disorder in childhood. Chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, distractibility, impulsivity and low tolerance for frustration. Some children are inattentive but not hyperactive; others how reverse.

When considering Costa & McCrae's Five Factor Model, what are the arguments for continuity (of personality traits) over time, and what are the arguments for change (in personality traits over time? Respond using the table below.

Of course, some people change more, others less; and not all change is positive. People with successful, satisfying careers in young adulthood tend to show dispropor- tionate increases in emotional stability and conscientiousness, whereas people who shirk or act aggressively at work tend to show decreases in those traits Agreeableness and conscientiousness generally increased, whereas neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience declined. Traits changed more markedly in young adulthood than in any other period. In addition, the changes they observed were uniformly in a positive direction, with especially large increases in social dominance (assertiveness, a facet of extraversion), consci- entiousness, and emotional stability. Personality showed clear, generally positive change after age 30, even in old age; and changes that occurred tended to be retained.

According to this model, can personalities change? Why or why not?

Of course, the finding of a tendency toward continuity of attitudes and behavior does not mean that personalities never change, or that certain people are condemned to a life of maladjustment. Undercontrolled children may get along better in early adult- hood if they ind niches in which their energy and spontaneity are considered a plus. Overcontrolled youngsters may come out of their shell if they ind that their quiet dependability is valued. And, although personality types established in childhood may predict long-term patterns of behavior, certain events may change the life course.

How is parental monitoring important to this process of individualization?

Parental monitoring broadly involves keeping track of the young person's activities, for example, by signing the teen up for after-school activities, checking in with parents of their teen's friends, and keeping track of a teen's whereabouts

Why is cultural socialization important to identity formation?

Parental practices that teach children about racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural customs and traditions, and encourage cultural pride- example; traditional dances and dresses. It leads to stronger, more positive ethnic identities

What influences the quality of parent-child relationships at this stage?

Parents and children seem to get along best when normative life course is followed. One measure of success in becoming autonomous is the ability to remain connected with parents. Positive parent-child relationships during early adolescence predict warmer and less conflicted relationships with both parents when the children reach age 26. The quality of the parent-adult child relationship may be affected by the relationship between the mother and father (Aquilino, 2006). When the young adult becomes "caught in the middle" between two conlictual parents, relaying messages from one parent to the other, and attempting to minimize conlicts between them (Amato & Aii, 2006), there can be negative consequences.

Do you think adolescent rebellion is a myth? Why or why not?

Pattern of emotional turmoil, characteristic of a minority of adolescents, that may involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, recess behavior and rejection of adult values. Recognizing that adolescent may be a difficult time can help parents and teachers put trying behavior in perspective. But adults who assume hat adolescent turmoil is normal and necessary may fail to heed the signals of the relatively few young persons who need special help.

Physical activity

People who are physically active reap many benefits. Aside from helping to maintain desirable body weight, physical activity builds muscles; strengthens heart and lungs; lowers blood pressure; protects against heart disease, stroke, diabetes, several cancers, and osteoporosis (a thinning of the bones that is most prevalent in middle-aged and older women); relieves anxiety and depression; and lengthens life

What is the most important message of normative-stage models, in relation to development?

Perhaps the most important message of normative-stage models is that development is not merely about the attainment of adulthood. Whether or not people follow the specific patterns suggested by these models, normative-stage research supports the idea that human beings do continue to change and develop throughout their lives.

Is the timing-of-events model relevant to everyone? What are some considerations?

Personality differences influence the way people respond to life events and may even influence their timing. For example, a resilient person is likely to experience an easier transition to adulthood and the tasks and events that lie ahead than an overly anxious person, who may put off relationship or career decisions.

Menstrual disorders in young adulthood

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): disorder producing symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before a period.

Why is play still important in middle childhood?

Recess promotes agility, social competence and fosters adjustment to school. Besides improving motor skills, regular physical activity as immediate and longterm health benefits; weight control. Lower blood pressure, improved cardiorespiratory functioning and enhanced self-esteem and well-being.

Stress

Related to physical and immunological impairments. Coping: 1.) Emotion-focused coping—> managing emotions. 2.) Probem-focused coping—> dress issue head-on; action oriented.

Describe the following indirect influences on health.

SES & Race/ethnicity: *Related to access to education and resources (health care); exposure to negative influences. Relationships and Health: *They are vital to health and well being. *Social integration: active engagement in a range of social relationships (social networks), activities and roles. *Social Support: material, informational and psychological resources derived from social networks. *Helps for coping with stress.

Be able to describe the origins of sexual orientation.

Seems to be at least partly genetic. The more biological brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay.

What are some influences on school achievement?

Self efficacy beliefs; belief in ability to learn. Gender: differences in learning styles Peer acceptance Educational methods Parenting practices: Home environment. Parenting style + child temperament SES and social capital (networks of resources) Class size: <25 students is better at this stage Educational innovations

Sleep

Sleep deprivation affects not only physical health but cognitive, emotional, and social functioning as well. Chronic sleep deprivation (less than 6 hours' sleep each night for three or more nights) can seriously worsen cognitive performance (Van Dongen, Maislin, Mullington, & Dinges, 2003). Finally, chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to depression (Taylor, Lichstein, Durrence, Reidel, & Bush, 2005), and insomnia and sleep disturbances also are related to the risk of postpartum depres- sion (Wisner, Parry, & Piontek, 2002).

Smoking

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death among U.S. adults, linked not only to lung cancer but also to increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease

What are some reasons that young people postpone marriage or decide not to marry?

Some young adults stay single because they have not found the right mate; others are single by choice. More women today are self-supporting, and there is less social pres- sure to marry. At the same time, many single adults are postponing marriage and children due to economic instability (Wang & Morin, 2009) or out of a desire for self-fulfillment. Some enjoy sexual freedom. Some find the lifestyle exciting. Some just like being alone. And some postpone or avoid marriage because of fear that it will end in divorce.

Dynamic tests

Tests based on Vygsotsky;s theory that emphasize potential rather than present learning.

Creativity

The ability to see situations in a. New way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel situations. High creativity and high IQ does not go hand in hand.

Why is adolescence a social construction?

The concept of adolescence is a in a sense "made up" by culture. In the past, children entered the adult world when they matured physically or began a vocational apprenticeship. Today, adolescent is a global phenomenon. In most places, adolescent lasts longer and is less clear cut than in the past.

Why does the prevalence of depression increase in adolescence?

The danger of suicide Girls more susceptible than boys Can manifest as: Sadness Irritability Boredom Inability to experience pleasure

What are two important factors that determine intimacy, or the quality of romantic relationships?

The degree to which each of the three elements is present determines what type of love people feel. Communication is an essential part of intimacy. The formation of a sense of identity achievement also seems to affect the quality of romantic relationships.

Identify genetic influences on health in early adulthood.

The expression of any disorder, from obesity to certain cancers to mental health conditions (such as alcoholism and depression) is the product of an interaction between genes and environment.

How does friendship change in adolescence?

The intensity and the amount of time spent with friends may be greater in adolescence than at any other time. They become more reciprocal, equal and stable. Increased intimacy. Adolescents choose friends similar in: Gender Race/ethnicity Academic attitude Risky or problem behavior

Why did Erikson call adolescence a time-out period (psychosocial moratorium)?

The psychological moratorium is what Eirkson referred to as a time-out period during which adolescents search for commitments.

Why is emotion regulation important in middle childhood?

They can regulate own emotions and respond to others' By age 7 or 8, children are more aware of differences in feeling shame, guilt and pride. They are aware of their culture's rules for expressing emotion. Emotional self-regulation involves effortful control over emotions, attention and behavior.

Why are romantic relationships in adolescence important part of social development?

They contribute to development of intimacy and identity. They affect the quality o relationship with parents and peers.

Why is identity formation more complex for adolescents with a homosexual or bisexual orientation?

They may be subject to discrimination or violence. Fear of disproval or rupture in the family.

Convergent thinking

Thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.

Which factors predict quality of homosexual relationships?

This is relevant to the strength of these relationships, as research has shown that support from family and friends is related to how well and how long the relationship lasts. The factors that predict the quality of both homosexual and heterosexual relationships— personality traits, perceptions of the relationship by the partners, ways of communicating and resolving conflicts, and social support—are similar

What did Dr. Bulock say about the transition to parenthood?

Transition to parenthood is one of the toughest adjustments in life. Low parental confidence: Mothers who saw themselves as unable to cope with demands of motherhood were dissatisfied.

Use the table below to compare Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence with Emotional Intelligence.

Triarchic Theory: *Tacit Knowledge: Inside information, know how, savvy, how to get ahead. Self management, management of tasks and management of others. *Contextual, practical thinking. Experimental; original, imaginative and innovative. *Componential; analytical abilities, scores well on exams. Emotional Intelligence: *The ability to recognize and deal with one's own feelings and the feelings of others. *Abilities to perceive, use, understand and manage (regulate).

It is said that postformal thought is relativistic. What is meant by that?

Uncertainty and inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection and compromise. Rather than immature right/ wrong thinking.

Diet & nutrition

What people eat affects how they look, how they feel, and how likely they are to get sick and even die. The World Health Organization recommends a "Mediterranean" style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and unsaturated fats. A

Eating disorders

While eating too much and gaining excessive weight is the more common nutritional issue, eating disorders that focus on attempts to keep weight low also are a problem in many countries, especially developed ones such as the United States

Obesity/overweight

World widetrends indicate obesity is on the rise.Between 1980and 2008, the global obesity rate doubled, from 4.8 to 9.8 percent in men, and from 7.9 to 13.8 percent in women. Including increases in the availability of nutrient poor, high calorie pro- cessed foods and urbanization of the environment.

Why is identity development in adolescence so important to the crisis of intimacy versus isolation in emerging adulthood (according to Erikson)?

Young adults must make commitments to others or face isolation and self-absorption. It demands sacrifice and compromise. Resolution of this stage results in virtue of "love."

What does marriage mean to emerging and young adults of today's generation?

Young adults viewed traditional marriage with its rigid gender roles as no longer viable in today's world. Instead, they expected greater space for individual interests and pursuits, both within and outside of the marriage. They put more emphasis on friendship and compatibility and less on romantic love. Instead of seeing marriage as an inevitable step toward adulthood, as in the past, today's young adults tend to believe that, to be mar- ried, one should already be an adult. Most plan to marry, but only when they feel ready; and they see getting on their feet financially and establishing themselves in stable jobs or careers as formidable obstacles.

How does self-concept at middle childhood differ from earlier stages?

Young children had difficulty with abstract concepts and with integrating various dimensions of the self. However, around 7 or 9, children reach the third stage of self-concept development. At this time, judgments about the self become more conscious, realistic, balanced and comprehensive as children form representational systems: broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self. You can be smart in certain subjects and not smart in others.

Why are social norms important to the process of this stage (intimacy vs. isolation)?

if adults cannot make deep personal commitments to others, they risk becoming overly isolated and self- absorbed. The process of forming a sense of intimacy is important as well. Intimate relationships demand sacrifice and compromise. As young adults work to resolve conflicting demands for intimacy and competitiveness, they develop an ethical sense, which Erikson considered a marker of adulthood.

Wheel of Power & Control

memorize wheel on last page of study guide