Health and Human Development Final

Cognitive Mechanics

"Hardware" of the mind

Cognitive Mechanics

"Hardware" of the mind; reflects neuropsychological architecture of the brain. Involves speed and accuracy of processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization. Declines with age.

Language and Aging

"Tip of the tongue" phenomenon, difficulty in understanding speech. Older adults often speak lower, slower, less precise, and less fluent

Which of the following questions is typical of the preoperational child?

"Where does the moon go when it's light out?"

in menopause the production of estrogen declines dramatically, and this produces uncomfortable symptoms in women:

"hot flashes", nausea, fatigue, and rapid heatrbeat -most women do NOT hv severe physical or psychological problems related to menopause

Age ranges for middle adulthood

(40-45 to 60-65)

Age ranges for late adulthood

(60 - 65 or up)

because it takes so long to attain, expertise often shows up more in middle adulthood than in early adulthood

*Expertise*= hving extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain

Many of today's 50-yr olds are in better shape, more alert, and more productive than 40-yr olds. -looks like middle age is *starting later and lasting longer* for increasing numbers of active, healthy productive people.

-*Age Identity*-"to which age group do you belong? and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of age identity. -a consistent finding is that as adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age. -a study found that almost half of individuals 65 to 69 consider themselves middle-aged

individuals displaying self-conscious emotions

-2 yr old Sam, who feels shame -7 yr old Harry, who is embarrassed

Examples of Health Promotion interventions

-Crisis intervention phone hotlines -Exercise programs at senior centers -parenting classes -stress management training at job site -nutrition counseling for expectant moms -blood pressure screening at health fair -safety guidelines by firemen

Purpose of Health Education

-Maintenance of health -Prevention of illness -Restoration of health -Coping with impaired functioning

Banduras Self efficacy 4 sources

-Mastery experience: success raises self efficacy, failure lowers it -Modeling: when people see someone succeeding, self efficacy increases -Social Persuasions: encouragements/discouragements -Physiological factors: signs of distress

Roles of Nurses in Health Promotion

-Patient advocate: help others obtain what they are entitled to from the healthcare system -Educator: Provide health education programs to individuals, families, and other groups -Healer: develops plans of care to assist the client to heal -Researcher: Uses research findings and the best clinical evidence available to make decisions about care for clients -Care manager: coordinate care for efficiency and effectiveness

Leavell and Clark's 3 levels of preventions

-Primary prevention: Generalized health promotion, specific protection against disease development. -Secondary prevention: Early diagnosis, early treatment to reverse pathology and return to health -Tertiary prevention: Stop disease process, prevent disability, return to maximum function within limits of disability, rehab

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-Self actualization -Esteem -Love/belonging -Safety -Physiological

Piaget cognitive development stages

-The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2: sensory learning -The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7: kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people -The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11: Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid. They tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts -The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood: increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas

dating in adolescence can be:

-a way to find a mate -an opportunity to learn about close relationships -a form of recreation -a source of status

Types of infant cries

-anger cry -basic cry -pain cry

Signs of attachment in older adults

-attachment anxiety decrease -have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults

John Bowlby in his concept of attachment

-attachment is crucial in the first year -caregiver responsiveness is involved -infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments -attachment is important for survival -there are four styles of attachment

important factors shaping one's temperament

-caregivers reaction -gender -learned responses of the culture

environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics

-cultural influences -goodness of fit influences

biological influence relating to emotion

-early development of the limbic system -early development of the brain stem

self-conscious emotions

-embarrassment -guilt -pride -shame

Parenting style to the outcome for the child

-emotion-coaching : child can focus attention better

aspects of the development of social orientation

-goal-directed behaviors -biological and cognitive factors -locomotion

Mikulincer and Shaver (2013) have stated which of the following benefits of secure attached individuals?

-have the ability to control their emotions -have well integrated sense of self-acceptance -have self-esteem

Face-to-face play

-includes vocalization, touch, and gestures -begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age

explains infants' social sophistication and insight

-increase in emotional understanding and communication -infants' perceptions of others' action -motivation to share and participation

important social cognitive accomplishment that is established at the end of the first year

-intention -goal-directed behavior -cooperation

factors that characterize relationships of securely attached adults

-longevity -commitment -trust

according to research, these statements are true regarding sexual behavior in adolescents belonging to different ethnic and cultural groups

-male, african american, and inner-city adolescents report being the most sexually active -asian american adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable -acculturation may pay a role in latino adolescents' sexual behavior

based on several studies, true statements about romantic relationships in adolescence

-more than 15% of 17-19 yr olds did not have a romantic relationship lasting more than four months -about 10% of 17-19 yr olds did not have any experience with a romantic relationship

Bowlby's phase of attachment

-phase 1: birth-2 months -- children instinctively direct attachment to human figures -phase 2: 2-7 months -- attachment becomes focused on one figure -phase 3: 7-24 months -- specific attachments develop -phase 4: 24 months-on -- children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans

Medicaid elegibility

-pregnant woman -child -adults in families with dependent children -low income family member -aged, blind, disabled -single, healthy, low income

Aspects that have been reported after a romantic breakup

-relational growth -personal growth -environmental changes

researchers have identified several types of emotions in infancy, including which two?

-self-conscious emotions -primary emotions

problems that can result when one is in love and love is not returned

-sexual dysfunction -obsessive thoughts -depression

there was a 300%+ increase in stay at home father in the US. Dads might experience:

-they are ignored when they took their children to playgrounds -they miss their daily life in the workplace -they were excluded from parent groups

Actions that soothe infants

-thumb sucking -swaddling -rocking and stroking

influences the effects of child care

-type of child care -quality of the program -age of the child

Successful Aging

.......

In a single act of unprotected sex, a teenage girl has a __________% risk of acquiring HIV

1%, 50% for gonorrhea, 30% herpes

What are some similarities between anorexia and bulimia?

1) The disorders typically begin after a period of dieting by people who are fearful of becoming obese.

What are some major differences between anorexia and bulimia?

1) Those who suffer from bulimia tend to be more concerned with pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships.

6 areas of mental abilities assessed in Seattle Longitudinal Study

1) verbal comprehension 2) Verbal Memory 3) Numeric ability 4) Spatial orientation 5) inductive reasoning 6) perceptual speed

Midlife Transition (Ages 40-45)

1. A man discovers where he has failed and loses many of his illusions. 2. Can reevaluate his job, marriage and beliefs.. 3. 80% of men in this study had a time of crisis. 4. Sometimes drastic choices are made, divorce, moving, etc. 5. Men face emotional turmoil, physically decline and become aware of mortality. 6. Often become their own mentors in this phase.

Levinson

1. Created "Season of Life." 2. Original work done with men

Leavell and Clark 5 steps within 3 levels of intervention

1. Health promotion (primary) 2. Specific protection (primary) 3. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (secondary) 4. Disability limitation (Secondary) 5. Restoration and rehabilitation (Tertiary)

Early Adulthood (Ages 17-45)

1. Needs to become psychologically independent of parents and should be completed by 22 years old. 2. Many find their identity, enter the adult world and marry during this stage. 3. 28-30 years old includes times of crisis when flaws in life structure become obvious and new choices must be made. 4. By 33 years old, relationships with mentors become more distant or broken off. 5. Age 30, women put more emphasis on things they have neglected.

Middle Adulthood (Ages 40-65)

1. This phases is characterized by two stage phases divided by a transitional phase. 2. 45-50 years old men are entering "Middle Adulthood." During this time wisdom and compassion develop. 3. Men in their 50's find another period of disequilibrium. Once past this transition, men become more fulfilled. 4. 60 on, is when men go through late adult transition.

60 year old retina receives

1/3 of the light

no difference between the rates of depression in boys and girls before the age of ___, but girls are ____ as likely as boys to be depressed by the age of ___.

13, twice, 16

In 2011-2012, _____ percent of 6- to 11-year-old U.S. children were classified as obese, which is essentially unchanged from 2009-2010.

17.5

A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at _____.

18 to 25 years of age

An estimated _____ percent of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it

20-35%

Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of _____.

30

A child's emotional vocabulary has increased by age

4

Infants require about ________ calories a day for each pound they weigh.

50

a Duchenne marker smile is typically seen between:

6 and 12 months

the frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of:

7 months

separation protest typically begins at about the age of:

7 to 8 months

Average life expectancy today in the United States

78 years

In the United States, about ________ percent of all deaths occur in institutions or hospitals.

80

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

80 and up

What percentage of Americans consider themselves religious

87%

osteoporosis

A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable to osteoporosis.

Schaie's seattle longitudinal study indicates that *perceptual speed* begins to *decline* in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood

A common way to assess speed of information is through a *reaction-time* task, in which individuals simply press a button as soon as they see a light appear

Speed of Information Processing perceptual speed begins declining in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood

A common way to assess speed of information is through a reaction-time task, in which individuals simply press a button as soon as they see a light appear. Middle-aged adults are slower to push the button when the light appears than young adults are.

Empty nest syndrome

A decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children

macular degeneration

A disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

A disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight. Also called the binge-purge syndrome.

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme loss of weight.

What is an enmeshed family pattern?

A family system in which members are over-involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare.

free-radical theory

A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

Wellness

A state involving progression towards a higher level of functioning, an open ended and ever expanding future, with its challenge of a fuller potential and the integration of the whole being.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing. Not only the absence of disease and infirmity.

Which theorist suggests that young adults become less idealistic as they enter the work force and face the constraints of reality? A) Gisela Labouvie-Vief B) William Perry C) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi D) John Holland

A) Gisela Labouvie-Vief

All the following biological factors EXCEPT __________ are involved in obesity. A) a change in the human genome B) leptin C) set point D) environmental factors

A) a change in the human genome

qualitative

A) absolute, relative

Which of the following is usually considered the reason for the decline in alcohol intake of 65-year-olds? A) an increase in illness and disease B) expert elder care in nursing homes C) improved education about health and fitness D) alternate programs for de-addiction

A) an increase in illness and disease

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason abstractly

What it is called when your eye focus and maintains an image

Accommodation of the eye

Which is a disadvantage of adoption in comparison to medical treatments for infertility?

Adopted children are more likely than nonadopted children to have adjustment problems.

Generativity

Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation

Within the United States, which of the following groups of older people would be the poorest?

African American females

Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought?

All mental functions have external or social origins.

________ is a progressive, irreversible disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Alzheimer's disease

Health promotion

An endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and well being of individuals, families, groups, communities, and nations, through strategies involving supportive environments, coordination of resources, and respect for personal choice and values.

Freud believed defense mechanisms reduce:

Anxiety

At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness?

At around 6 years

Sexually transmitted infections affect about one in every ______ adults. A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10

B) 6

__________ is a characteristic of postformal thought. A) Understanding that arriving at the right answer may require absolute clarity B) Knowing that the correct answer may vary from situation to situation C) Being objective and avoiding emotions in decision making D) Lack of understanding that the search for truth is often never-ending

B) Knowing that the correct answer may vary from situation to situation

__________ is when one person uses his or her power over another individual in a sexual manner. A) Rape B) Sexual harassment C) Date rape D) Acquaintance rape

B) Sexual harassment

Regarding the development of a nonheterosexual sexual orientation, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Being raised by a gay parent increases one's likelihood of being homosexual. B) Sexual orientation is determined by a combination of factors. C) Male homosexuality is thought to be caused by growing up with a dominant mother and weak father. D) Female homosexuality is believed to be caused by girls choosing masculine role models.

B) Sexual orientation is determined by a combination of factors.

A disease that starts out slowly but lasts a long time is called _____. A) acute B) chronic C) terminal D) pervasive

B) chronic

Substance abuse often goes undetected in older adults because: A) older adults know how to disguise it. B) health professionals expect their symptoms to be associated with age-related disease. C) caregivers do not report symptoms. D) their symptoms are different than for younger adults.

B) health professionals expect their symptoms to be associated with age-related disease.

Aging

BEINGS AT CONCEPTION

How does the placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading a fetus?

Bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls.

Rosenstock's Health Belief Model

Based on the assumption that health related behavior is based off of 4 factors: -perceived susceptability (perceived personal threat of illness -perceived severity (perceived seriousness of illness) -perceive barriers (beliefs about what will stop them from adopting a new behavior) -perceived benefits (beliefs about positive consequences from adopting new behavior)

Mills College Study

Based on this study, it was found that women experience a midlife consciousness rather than a midlife crisis

The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

Becoming thin is the key goal. Fear provides motivation. Preoccupied with food (spend time planning meals, reading about food) Think in distorted ways (have low opinion of body shape and consider themselves unattractive) Psychological problems (high anxiety and depression, low self-esteem)

What are some treatments for Bulimia Nervosa?

Behavioral Techniques: Keep diaries of eating behavior, changes in sensations of hunger and fullness. Exposure and Response prevention

identify the characteristic shared by these "late-bloomers".

Being planful

Adjusting to Retirement

Best results when: Healthy

Adjusting to Retirement

Best results when: Healthy; Active and have an adequate income; Are better educated; Have extended social networks and family; Were satisfied with their lives before retiring; Flexibility and planning are key factors in whether individuals adjust well to retirement

Know about the different types of Generativity

Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity

Know what tends to decrease with age

Brain shrinks & slows down, Gets shorter, Bones shrinks & deteriorate, metabolism, cell division, resilience to "bounce back from sickness, injury, Ect. Brain function, Hearing, Vision, Sex drive, Etc.

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?

Brittle fingernails

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, what percentage of American adults 20 years of age and older are obese? A) 8% B) 27% C) 33% D) 42%

C) 33%

Researchers have found that creativity peaks in one's _____. A) 20s B) 30s C) 40s D) 50s

C) 40s

Regarding early adult health knowledge and behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) College students have a poor understanding of what it takes to prevent illness and promote health. B) College students clearly see the relationship between their risk of heart attack and their nutrition and exercise habits. C) In early adulthood, few people stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives. D) Most young adults have realistic beliefs about their future health risks.

C) In early adulthood, few people stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives.

Which of the following statements regarding work in early adulthood is FALSE? A) Ethnic diversity is increasing in most developed countries. B) Work and lack of work can both be sources of stress. C) In the United States, one-half of all lawyers, physicians, computer scientists, and chemists today are females. D) Juggling work and family responsibilities is an issue for dual-earner couples.

C) In the United States, one-half of all lawyers, physicians, computer scientists, and chemists today are females.

Your 90-year-old uncle complains that he cannot get around the way he used to. He has trouble getting up out of chairs and difficulty walking across the room when he does get up. Can you help him? A) Yes, you could have him take estrogen to improve his bone structure. B) No, this sort of physical decline is irreversible. C) Yes, you could help him do leg-strength exercises to improve his balance and walking. D) No, physical exercise only tends to make the physical declines of old age worse.

C) Yes, you could help him do leg-strength exercises to improve his balance and walking.

According to Arnett, which of the following are NOT key features that characterize emerging adulthood? A) identity exploration B) instability C) commitment to others D) self focused

C) commitment to others

A recent survey states that the main sources of stress included all of the following EXCEPT: A) lack of advancement opportunities B) low salaries C) forced objectives D) uncertain job expectations

C) forced objectives

In the United States, which of the following is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood? A) economic independence B) independent decision making C) holding a more-or-less permanent full-time job D) graduation from high school

C) holding a more-or-less permanent full-time job

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of physical development in early adulthood? A) reaching the peak of physical performance B) notice of the decline in physical performance C) large changes in the sensory systems D) increase in the body's fatty tissue

C) large changes in the sensory systems

Which of the following is NOT a protective measure against AIDS? A) knowing your and your partner's risk status B) having protected sex C) taking acyclovir

C) taking acyclovir

The main cause of death in middle adulthood in the United States is: a. infectious diseases. b. accidents. c. Cardiovascular Disease d. homicide.

Cardiovascular Disease

Most common disorder for late adulthood

Cardiovascular disease

Cellular clock theory

Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times Age makes cells less capable of dividing Telomeres - Tips of chromosomes

Parkinson Disease

Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis. (ppl w/ PD = Muhammad Ali, Michael J Fox). Caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. The actual cause of degeneration is not known. Treated by dopamine enhancing drugs, and later by drugs that are converted to dopamine

Parkinson Disease

Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis. (ppl w/ PD = Muhammad Ali, Michael J Fox). Caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. The actual cause of degeneration is not known. Treated by dopamine enhancing drugs, and later by drugs that are converted to dopamine; also treated with DBS (deep brain stimulation...involves electrodes)

Transition in mid life that suggest an incline in fertility

Climacteric

Define the terms: Climacteric Menopause

Climacteric is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Menopause is the time in middle age, usually during the late forties or early fifties, when a woman's menstrual periods cease.

Prolonged Grief Disorder is also known as ____

Complicated grief

__________ are important dimensions for providing adequate health care for expectant mothers from various cultural groups.

Cultural assessments

Time in age that people are becoming stable in there personality and more socially interactive

Cumulative personality model

Which of the following conclusions was NOT made by the 1994 survey of sexual practices among Americans? A) Men think about sex far more often than women do. B) Adultery is less common than originally believed. C) Married and cohabitating people have sex more often than noncohabitating couples. D) Americans' sexual lives are more liberal than suggested by previous surveys.

D) Americans' sexual lives are more liberal than suggested by previous surveys.

Regarding alcohol and drug use, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) About 10% of alcoholics recover, whether they are in a treatment program or not. B) An estimated 20% to 35% of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a predisposition towards it. C) Binge drinking peaks at about age 18. D) Cultural variations underscore the environment's role in alcoholism.

D) Cultural variations underscore the environment's role in alcoholism.

What declines for men

Decline in sexual hormone level and activity Erectile dysfunction - Inability to achieve and maintain an erection, orgasm, testosterone, sperm count

What are the visual diseases in middle to late adulthood

Dementia: Involve a deterioration of mental functioning Alzheimer disease: Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function Parkinson disease: A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis

During which stage of death is a person most likely to request to be alone?

Depression

Stagnation

Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation

Metabolic syndrome leads too

Diabetes & Cardiovascular disease

Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals?

Difficulty viewing close objects

What are the stages of psychosocial development, the know the theorist

ERIK ERIKSON, - Integrity Vs. Despair Integrity -old advisee a positive review of a life well spent. Despair - Negative retrospective glances on a person's life will or may cause despair

Common Predictors of Depression

Earlier depressive symptoms

Common Predictors of Depression

Earlier depressive symptoms Poor health or disability Loss events Low social support

when marital satisfaction decreases when the children leave the home.

Empty nest syndrome

Health

Encompasses the total functioning of an individual and includes effective physical, psychological, social, cultural, environmental, and technological functioning.

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children the world over:

Ethnic origin and nutrition

_____ is at work in perspective taking.

Executive functioning

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is TRUE?

Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.

Wisdom

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters

Wisdom

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters; acknowledging multiple perspectives, recognizing one's own limits, compromising....being a wizard.

Which of the following statements about novices and experts is TRUE?

Experts process information more automatically than novices.

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is trust versus mistrust.

False

True or false? For those with bulimia nervosa, their binges are carried out in public?

False. In most cases, the binges are carried out in secret.

True or False? Approximately 90 to 95% of all cases of anorexia nervosa occur in males.

False. The disorder occurs most often in females.

Intimacy

Finding oneself while losing yourself in another

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?

Fingernails become brittle

Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood? a. Increase in height b. Decrease in weight c. Fingernails become brittle d. Loss of memory

Fingernails become brittle

Sustained Attention

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. (think: the opposite of ADHD)

Erickson's 7th stage Generativity vs Stagnation

Generativity encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation stagnation (sometimes called "self-absorption") develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.

________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus.

Habituation

Area that involves memory as it relates to the brain

Hippocampus

Symptoms of menopause

Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat

All of the following are potential problems with IQ tests EXCEPT:

IQ tests can be used to predict how well a student might be expected to perform in school.

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage

Identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following statements is true about the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?

In dual process model, coping with loss and engaging in restoration can be carried out concurrently

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?

In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking.

Which statement best reflects Erik Erikson's (1968) belief about the relationship between culture and identity development?

In some individuals, cultural factors may play a role in identity development.

Main issue is as it relates to erectile dysfunction in middle age men.

Inability to achieve and maintain an erection

Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?

Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead, and make positive choices.

HEIGHT and WEIGHT

Individuals lose height in middle age, and many gain weight -on avg. from 30 to 50 yrs of age, men lose about half and inch in height

arthritis

Inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems

__________ is defined as verbal ability, problem-solving skills, and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences.

Intelligence

Holly is a quiet and introverted person. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. Which of the following BEST describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

Interests

Nun Study

Intriguing ongoing investigation of aging in 678 nuns. Research provide hope that scientists will discover ways to tap into the brain's capacity to adapt in order to prevent and treat brain diseases

Which of the following statements about a shortened gestation period is most accurate?

It alone does not necessarily harm an infant.

One of the most important applications of ethological theory to human development involves:

John Bowlby's research demonstrating that attachment to a caregiver in the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.

Crystallized intelligence

Learned info & verbal Skills

Education, Work, and Health

Level of education, cognitive abilities associated with work, and overall health have increased in the 20th century and in successive generations

Know about the contemporary of life event approach

Life event itself Mediating factors Individual's adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context

Life expectancy in the 1900's

Males 46.3 Females 48.3

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?

Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.

late midlife more likely to be characterized by the death of a parent, the last child leaving the parental home, becoming a grandparent, preparing for retirement, or in actual retirement

Many ppl in this age range experience their first confrontation with health problems -overall, although gains and losses may balance each other in early midlife, losses may begin to outweigh gains for many individuals in late midlife

Memory

Memory changes during aging, but not all memory changes in the same way

Memory

Memory changes during aging, but not all memory changes in the same way; affected by beliefs and expectancies; influenced by health, education, and SES

Implicit Memory

Memory without conscious recollection

Implicit Memory

Memory without conscious recollection; involves skills, routine procedures that are automatically performed; (ie driving, typing, brushing teeth)

Which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women

Men are more likely to fantasize dominance themes whereas women are more likely to report submission themes. While women may find these fantasies sexually arousing, this does not indicate a desire to actually be forced into sexual submission, raped, or assaulted

Gender differences = Stress responses, how do men and women relate to stress

Men experience stress: Fight-or-flight: Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol Women experience stress: Tend-and-befriend: Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends

Chronic stress exposure is linked to metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome often LEADS to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease -physical activity helps reduce risk of developing cardiovascular disease -high body mass index (BMI) in adolescence was related to metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men and women

Know the gender differences as it relates to stress responses, how do men and women relate to stress

Middle Adults - "Overload" Stressors = Juggling too many activities @ once Devastating changes & personal control peaks

Work in Midlife

Middle-aged adults may reach their peak in position and earnings -they may also be saddled with multiple financial burdens including rent or mortgage payment, medical bills, home repairs, college tuition, loans to family members , or bills from nursing homes for aging parents

Main reasons why middle age adults remain married

Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife

_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.

Myelination

Who would be classified as the "oldest old"?

Noah, who is 88

Processing Speed

Often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning

Religion and Old Peeps

Older adults are spiritual leaders in many societies around the world

Religion and Old Peeps

Older adults are spiritual leaders in many societies around the world; Many derive a sense of meaning in life from religion have higher levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism; can provide important psychological needs

Retirement

On average, workers will spend 10%-15% of their lives in retirement (USA)

Retirement

On average, workers will spend 10%-15% of their lives in retirement (USA) 7 million retired Americans return to work after they retire An increasing number of adults are beginning to reject the early retirement option

Know about the Big 5 factor models of personality (know that in detail)

Openness • Imaginative or practical • Interested in variety or routine • Independent or conforming Conscientiousness • Organized or Disorganized • Careful or Careless • Disciplined or Impulsive Extraversion • Sociable or retiring • Fun-loving or Somber • Affectionate or reserved Agreeableness • Softhearted or ruthless • Trusting or Suspicious • Helpful or Uncooperative Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) • Calm or Anxious • Secure or Insecure • Self-satisfied or Self-pitying

Big five personality factors

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability)

Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?

People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s.

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline?

Perceptual speed

Isolation

Prefer oneself to relationship possible afraid to be hurt

What is the relation between religion and the ability to cope with stress?

Religiousness can help some individuals cope more effectively with their lives.

Prospective Memory

Remembering to do something in the future (remembering to take medication)

Prospective Memory

Remembering to do something in the future (remembering to take medication); declines with age, but can be specific in regard to what the task is....it's complicated

What are binges?

Repeated episodes of uncontrollable overeating.

Two major forms of love

Romantic & Affectionate Love

In the Ni-Hon-San Study of Japanese men, those living in __________ had the highest rate of coronary heart disease.

San Francisco

__________ refers to global evaluations of the self.

Self Esteem

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

Self-concept

As it relates to hearing know what declines first in middle adulthood

Sensitivity to high pitches

During middle adulthood adults feel like they have less control over what?

Sex life & Children

For middle adulthood know why this age group experiences sleep problems

Sleep-disordered, breathing, restless legs syndrome, depression Cardiovascular disease, obesity, higher # prescription & nonprescription drugs

Physiological Problems

Smoking, Diabetes, hypertension, Cholesterol levels, obesity

Life's tasks timetable?

Social clock

What are some compensatory behaviors carried out by bulimia sufferers?

Some compensatory behaviors are vomiting, laxatives, exercising.

What role does stress play in health during middle adulthood? How do men and women differ in reactions to stressful events?

Stress is increasingly identified as a factor in many diseases chronic stress or prolonged exposure to stressors can have damaging effects on physical functioning, including an unhealthy overproduction of corticosteroids such as cortisol. Chronic stress can interfere with immune functioning, and this stress is linked to disease not only through the immune system but also through cardiovascular factors

Know about levinson theory of adults development

Teens - Transition from dependence to independence 20s are a novice phase of adult development 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult

What is amenorrhea?

The cessation of menstrual cycles.

neurogenesis

The generation of new neurons.

hormonal stress theory

The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

mitochondrial theory

The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.

Social clock

The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career

life span

The upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. The maximum life span of human beings is about 120 to 125 years of age.

Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do?

They should treat this behavior as normal and avoid being panicked, as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

Contemporary life-events approach

This emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context

Berkeley

This longitudinal study did not support whether personality is characterized by stability or change. However, this study did find that the most stable characteristics from early adolescence to middle adulthood are the degree to which people are intellectually oriented, self-confident, and open to new experiences

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

This personality factor involves the characteristics of being calm/anxious, secure/insecure, self-satisfied/self-pitying

Openness

This personality factor involves the characteristics of being imaginative/practical, interested in a variety/routine, or independent/conforming

Conscientiousness

This personality factor involves the characteristics of being organized/disorganized, careful/restless, or disciplined/impulsive

Extraversion

This personality factor involves the characteristics of being sociable/retiring, fun-loving/somber, or affectionate/reserved

Agreeableness

This personality factor involves the characteristics of being softhearted/ruthless, trusting/suspicious, or helpful/uncooperative

Generativity vs Stagnation

This stage of Erikson's is represented in middle adulthood

todays population is made up of middle-aged and older adults. In the past, the age structure of the population could be represented by a pyramid, with the largest percentage of population in the childhood yrs

Today, the percentages of people at diff. ages in the lifespan is more similar, creating what is called *Rectangularization* of the age distribution.

True of False? The peak age of onset is between 14 and 18 years.

True

When a person thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence, it means that he or she is engaging in critical thinking.

True

What are some treatments for Anorexia Nervosa?

Tube and Intravenous Feeding: This is often used in life-threatening cases. This method may create distrust in the care-takers.

Use It or Lose It

Use your brain or it will turn into mush. Your brain needs to be trained and maintained just like a healthy, sexy bod.

With age, which of the following occurs in the brain?

Using both hemispheres simultaneously becomes more likely.

Free-radical theory

When cells metabolize energy • By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals • Emphasis on a decay of mitochondria-tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 40.

Stress and Gender Men

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a fight-or-flight manner—become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol. By contrast, according to Shelley Taylor and her colleagues, when women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. Taylor argues that when women experience stress an influx of the hormone oxytocin, which is linked to nurturing in animals, is released.

Stress and Gender Women By contrast, according to Shelley Taylor and her colleagues, when women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. Taylor argues that when women experience stress an influx of the hormone oxytocin, which is linked to nurturing in animals, is released.

Women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors. Women are more vulnerable to social stressors such as those involving romance, family, and work. For example, women experience higher levels of stress when things go wrong in romantic and marital relationships. Women also are more likely than men to become depressed when they encounter stressful life events such as divorce or the death of a friend. A recent study of more than 2,800 adults 50 years and older in Taiwan also found that women were more susceptible to depressive symptoms when they felt constant stress from finances, increasing stress from jobs, and fluctuating stress in family relationships.

Which of the following statements about working while in college is true?

Working more hours results in a decline in grades.

Most noticeable change in physical appearance in late adulthood

Wrinkles and age spots

*Metabolic Syndrome*

a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance.

emotion

a feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being

Disease

a pathological change in the structure or function of the body or mind

Erikson attachment theory

a sense of trust is the foundation for attachment

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early disease

In 2009, an estimated _____ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease.

a. 1 million

In 2009, an estimated _____ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease.

a. 1 million b. 2.6 million c. 5.3 million d. 8.5 million

Which of the following statements about cognitive functioning is NOT true?

a. Cognitive interventions may increase these neural connections.

Which of the following statements about cognitive functioning is NOT true?

a. Cognitive interventions may increase these neural connections. b. Aging of the brain's prefrontal cortex does not affect working memory. c. Changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain. d. Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning depression in older adults?

a. It is often left untreated.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning depression in older adults?

a. It is often left untreated. b. It is a very common though temporary problem. c. It is a very rare problem. d. It is usually diagnosed and treated.

Which of the following statements about retirement is TRUE?

a. Men spend less time planning for retirement than women do.

Which of the following statements about retirement is TRUE?

a. Men spend less time planning for retirement than women do. b. Older adults with a long work history adjust to retirement more easily than those who have been in the workforce for a shorter period of time. c. Many workers count on benefits that will not be there for them when they retire. d. People who consider just the financial aspect of being retired do better than those who consider other areas of their lives as well.

Martha cares for her elderly mother, Marjorie, who has Alzheimer disease. Although Marjorie goes to a program at the senior center a few hours each week, the majority of her care falls to Martha. According to research on family caregivers for persons with Alzheimer disease, Martha is at risk for developing:

a. an ulcer.

Martha cares for her elderly mother, Marjorie, who has Alzheimer disease. Although Marjorie goes to a program at the senior center a few hours each week, the majority of her care falls to Martha. According to research on family caregivers for persons with Alzheimer disease, Martha is at risk for developing:

a. an ulcer. b. migraine headaches. c. depression. d. obsessions.

What percentage of suicides involves older adults 65 years of age or older?

a. less than 2 percent

What percentage of suicides involves older adults 65 years of age or older?

a. less than 2 percent b. 10 percent *C. 25 percent d. 40 percent

Zack is in a crowded restaurant trying to pay attention to the waiter who is reading off the daily lunch specials. He is having a difficult time because _____ attention declines as one ages.

a. selective

Zack is in a crowded restaurant trying to pay attention to the waiter who is reading off the daily lunch specials. He is having a difficult time because _____ attention declines as one ages.

a. selective b. divided c. focused d. sustained

verbal memory

ability to encode and recall meaningful language units such as a list of words

VISION and HEARING

ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina-declines sharply between 40 and 59 yrs of age. -individuals begin to have difficulty viewing close objects (wear glasses or bifocals) -hearing can also start to decline by age of 40 -sensitivity to high pitches usually declines first (men seem to lose it sooner than women) -(hearing aids have improved hearing dramatically)

Numeric ability

ability to perform simple mathematical computations (addition, sub, multiplication)

perceptual speed

ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli

Inductive reasoning

ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem

verbal comprehension

ability to understand ideas expressed in words

spatial orientation

ability to visualize and mentally rotate stimuli in two and three dimensional space

The antithesis of disengagement theory is _____ theory.

activity

researchers have linked dating and romantic relationships with how ___ adolescents are

adjusted

Research by Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) suggests that:

adolescents who do not have close friendships experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that:

adults do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect.

Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of _____.

age identity

*Late Midlife*

age period of 55 to 65

The text has noted that older adults return to school because they:

all of the above.

As per the study conducted by Lachman, Maier, & Budner in 2000, it was found that _____ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle-aged.

almost half

Explicit Memory

also called declarative memory

Explicit Memory

also called declarative memory; memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. (ie remembering what is on your list for the grocery store)

The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners:

although we may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness.

Banduras Theory of Self efficacy

an impression that one is capable of performing in a certain manner or attaining certain goal. -individuals most likely to change are those that believe in specific action -how people behave can be often better predicted by beliefs about their own capabilities

Crystallized intelligence is:

an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.

Temperament is best defined as:

an individual's general behavioral style

*Crystallized Intelligence*

an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in middle adulthood

___ attached adults were more ambivalent about relationships

anxiously

Avoidant Individuals:

are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.

Explain Common Health problems

arthritis is the leading chronic disorder in middle age, followed by hypertension, but the frequency of chronic disorders in middle age varies by gender. Men have a higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions (such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and stroke)

Those who adopt a disengagement theory of aging believe that:

as older adults slow down, they gradually withdraw from society.

neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating infant-mother ___.

attachment

the close emotional bond between mothers and infants is..

attachment

caregivers of ___ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting

avoidant

insecure avoidant baby

baby engages in little interaction with his mother and isnt distress when she leaves the room. when she returns, he doesnt reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her

In sum, middle adulthood involves:

balancing work and relationship responsibilities in the midst of the physical and psychological changes associated with aging

Main focus of the *Seattle Longitudinal Study*

been on individual change and stability in intelligence

Most of us reach our peak physical performance

before we reach the age of 30

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve:

behavior, the person, and the environment.

the increase in the number of child-care arrangements has been linked to an increase in ___ problems and a decrease in ___ behaviors

behavioral

John Watson

behaviorist who argued that parents spent too much time responding to infant crying, thus rewarding the behavior and increasing its incidence

A cultural factor that may increase longevity is:

being integrated into the community.

Cognitive Ability

best predictor of job performance in older adults

The text states that all of the following have been proposed as causes of juvenile delinquency EXCEPT:

boredom.

With respect to use of contraceptives:

both adolescent boys and girls are increasing their use.

highest level of functioning for 4 of the 6 intellectual abilities occurred in middle adulthood yrs

both men and women, peak performance on *verbal ability, verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation* was attained in middle age -only two of the six abilities *numeric ability and perceptual ability* showed a decline in middle age -Perceptual speed showed the earliest decline starting in early adulthood

Cross-cultural research suggests that healthy grieving involves:

breaking bonds with the deceased.

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?

by age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.

most children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because US adults:

cannot receive paid leave

and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Involve a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted.

cataracts

Leonard Hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capability to divide.

cellular clock theory

All of the following are health risks for infants of adolescent mothers EXCEPT:

chlamydia.

The most common of all sexually transmitted diseases is:

chlamydia.

Passive strategy health promotion

client as inactive recipient

Active strategy health promotion

client becomes personally involved

The terminal drop hypothesis claims that death is preceded by a decrease in:

cognitive functioning.

Based on the TADS research, what is the most effective way to treat adolescent depression?

cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with antidepressant therapy

A longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman (1997) found all of the following EXCEPT:

college students drink less than youths who end their education after high school.

The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is:

commitment.

Divided Attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. (ie multitasking)

Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:

conservation.

Emotions

considered to be at the core of our relationships with others

The research of Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman (1959) found that the critical element in the attachment process is:

contact comfort.

The _____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

corpus callosum

Authoritative parenting

correlates with low levels of delinquency Rules but not so strict. take into account children feelings. happy and successful children, good at decisions and evaluating risks on their own.

According to John Horn, in middle age:

crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline.

Crystallized Intelligence

crystallized intelligence, an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in middle adulthood

Cognitive Pragmatics

culture-based

Cognitive Pragmatics

culture-based; "software". Includes: reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and knowledge of "self" and the life skills that help us to master or cope with life. Plateaus with age.

Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with easy temperaments at age 3 to 5: a. are more likely to have learning disabilities in childhood. b. largely do not carry that temperament into adulthood. c. are less likely than other adults to be assertive. d. are more likely to be well adjusted as young adults.

d.

Working memory and perceptual speed

decline during the late adulthood years

The correct order of Kenneth Dodge's (1983) stages of processing social information is:

decoding social cues, interpreting, searching for a response, selecting an optimal response, enacting.

According to Baltes, the benefits of evolutionary selection:

decrease with age.

Kagan temperament model

degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar

Individuals with an anxious attachment style:

demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive.

As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would:

describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation.

stranger anxiety

describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know

primary emotions

develop within the first six months of life

In a study conducted by Nelson & others in 2007, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

developing emotional control

*Middle Adulthood*

developmental period that begins at approx. 40 yrs old and extends to about 60 to 65 yrs of age (40-60 or 65)

the jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the:

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

Cognitive neuroscience

discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning

Cognitive neuroscience

discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning; Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain

according to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers

disorganized

caregivers of ___ babies often neglect or physically abuse them

disorganized

Reflexive infant smile

does not depend on external stimuli

A major criticism of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying is that they:

don't actually form an invariant sequence.

dating is less common in:

early adolescence

8 month old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child

easy

a well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child?

easy

Chess & Thomas temperament model

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up

According to research by Thomas and Chess children who had a(n) ________ temperament at 3-5 years of age were ________ to be well-adjusted as young adults.

easy/likely

The idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances is:

ecological validity.

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _____.

egocentrism

Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using:

electrodes.

Medicare

eligible criteria: 65 or older, or with disability

attachment

emerges from the social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior and to determine the affective quality of their relationship

Katrina is a child who has good social skills. when she has a disagreement with her fired, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has develop healthy:

emotion regulation

Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure:

emotion.

Research by Kasser and Ryan (1999) assessing the emotional well-being of older adults in nursing homes found that is linked with overall well-being.

emotional quality

because they place a high value on ___, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships

emotional satisfaction

Lorenzo was born during the depression era in the U.S. Now he and others who were born at about the same time show greater cognitive decline than people born at later times. This illustrates that cohort effects are differences based on

environmental factors

The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century, yet obesity has noticeably increased. This indicates that:

environmental factors play an important role in obesity.

Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises are

exaggerated

Rothbart & Bates temperament model

extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control

Human fertilization typically takes place

fallopian tube.

An authoritative parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive.

false

Children between the age of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of mixed ages.

false

Divergent thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

false

Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. This is indicative of a major trend in the use of technology known as surfing.

false

Female friendships involve more outdoor activities than male friendships.

false

Feminist theory illustrates that women can be limited or harmed by gender-based stratification though men are usually unaffected by

false

Girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play, in which they talk and act in a reciprocal manner.

false

Identity achievement is the term used by Erikson to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. It aids the search for an identity during adolescence. During this period, society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities. Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities. They may want to pursue one career one month and another career the next month. They may dress neatly one day, sloppily the next. This experimentation is a deliberate effort on the part of adolescents to find out where they fit in the world. Most adolescents eventually discard undesirable roles.

false

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires concrete operational reasoning.

false

Recent research revealed that indulgent parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption.

false

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that intelligence is a general ability.

false

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world, and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the direct instruction approach to learning.

false

The early stages of love have more consummate love ingredients.

false

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a tend-and-befriend pattern.

false

By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.

fatty

positive emotions

feelings such as joy, happiness, and pride

In a study of beliefs in marriage myths among college students, Jeffrey Larson (1988) found that:

females tended to approach the subject of marriage more realistically than males.

compared with younger adults, older adults experience:

fewer emotional high and lows

Men respond to stress by ___ and ___ manner, which is to become aggressive and withdrawl

fight and flight

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a

fight-or-flight manner—become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol

According to Erikson, what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?

find themselves

According to Erikson, achieving intimacy means to be able to:

finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

According to John Horn, _____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.

fluid intelligence

Fluid Intelligence

fluid intelligence, one's ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood

The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it

focuses on major life events but not on daily

Selective Attention

focusing on a specific aspect of an experience that is relevant, while ignoring everything is is irrelevant. (ie only paying attention to what is necessary)

The status of identity _____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

foreclosure

Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of:

free radicals.

HEALTH and DISEASE

frequency of accidents declines, and individuals are less susceptible to colds and allergies than in childhood -for some disease and health problems become more common in middle adulthood than in earlier life stages -Stress is increasingly being found to be a factor in disease

peak time for aspects of both crystallized intelligence (verbal ability) and fluid intelligence (spatial orientation and inductive reasoning)

from mid-seventies through mid-nineties, all cognitive abilities showed considerable decline

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.

frontal

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed _____.

generativity versus stagnation

A person's genetic heritage is his or her:

genotype.

Who amongst the following is most likely to be dissatisfied with body image as pubertal change proceeds

girls become dissatisfied with their bodies

Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.

glaucoma

Dementia

global term, any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. 20% of individuals over the age of 80 have dementia

cohort

group of people born around the same time

Emotions likely to demonstrate when receiving a high grade on an exam

happiness, pride, joy

Securely attached adults:

have positive views on relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and aren't overly stressed about their romantic relationships.

The leading cause of death among the elderly is:

heart disease

A physician might elect to give a pregnant mother an oxytocic if:

her contractions have stopped.

Craig Ramey and colleagues (1984, 1998) studied the effects of early intervention on intelligence. They found that can significantly raise the intelligence of young children from impoverished environments.

high-quality early educational day care

Developing nations report lower rates of dementia. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for this?

higher levels of physical exercise preserve mental functioning

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

holding a permanent, full-time job.

Adam's teacher didnt say hello to him when they passed in the hallway. adam told himself that his tracher was prob thinking about something and didnt notice him. this is an illustration of:

how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies as they get older

Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on:

how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals.

Obesity has been linked to:

hypertension and digestive disorders.

The purpose of the first intelligence test designed by Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon was to:

identify students who should be placed in special classes.

According to Erikson, if individuals don't develop intimacy, they face:

ignore or attack those who frustrate them. Shallow almost pathetic attempts of youth to merge themselves with a leader.

Research on language processing in the brain has found that:

in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres.

A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits developed during adolescence

increased in early adulthood

Carol Gilligan (1996) has found that as girls reach adolescence they:

increasingly silence their "distinctive voice."

Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with:

individuals peripheral to their lives.

Children in the middle and late childhood period of development are also in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

industry versus inferiority

Bowlby attachment theory

infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments

Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that:

infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent.

Freud attachment theory

infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction

MORTALITY RATES

infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century -infectious disease rates declined -chronic disorders increased -characterized by a slow onset and a long duration -in middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition, whereas in old age death is more likely to result from the combined effects of several chronic conditions -since 2005, more individuals 45 to 64 yrs of age in the U.S died of cancer, followed by cardiovascular disease

The answers to questions about the issues of nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, and stability-change:

influence public policy decisions and how people live their lives.

bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___

inhibition

___ attachment style are linked to relationship problems

insecure

the emotional development of adulthood is considered as the adaptive ___ of emotional experience into daily life

integration

What is the last stage in life according to Erik Erikson? a. death versus dying b. integrity versus despair c. immortality versus death d. independence versus dependence

integrity versus despair

Erikson called the final crisis of development:

integrity versus despair.

A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on the:

intentions of someone who breaks a rule.

Which aspect of love becomes increasingly important to the adolescent?

intimacy

Developmental cascade model

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Shawn's mother took him to the doctor as he frequently complained of fatigue. The doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.

iron deficiency anemia

Grief

is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

The critical period hypothesis

is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age.

Age identity

is younger than their chronological age

True of stranger anxiety?

it appears at about six months of age and peaks at one year of age

main criticisms of the strange situation

it may be culturally biased

Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development include all of the following EXCEPT:

it places females at a higher level of morality than males.

a research study was perform in which six month old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart&Carrington). Researchers has to decide if infant emotional expression constituted ___. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions

jealousy

The term "ageism" refers to:

judging people on the basis of chronological age.

Semantic Memory

knowledge about the world - including person's field of expertise, general academic knowledge learned in school and "everyday knowledge". Older adults can typically recall this information, but it can take them a longer time to recall. Ability to recall specific info (ie names) declines with age

Ethic and racial groups that are least likely to date

latino & asian american

permissive parenting

lenient, few consequences, only intervene when serious. kids will be kids attitude. struggle academically, no respect for rules and authority, low self esteem

When compared with younger adults, adults over the age of 65 receive ________ of psychological services.

less than their share

Explain the Impact of Life Events

life events produce taxing circumstances that create stress. In the contemporary version of the life-events approach, how life events influence the individual's development depends not only on the life event but also on mediating factors, adaptation to the event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.

The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.

life expectancy

during early adolescence, ___ is generally the most common feature of dating and romantic relationships

liking someone

insecure attachment

linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease

LUNGS and SLEEP

little change in lung capacity through most of middle adulthood -some aspects of sleep become problematic -beginning in 40s-wakeful periods are more frequent and there is less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4)

loses

loses

declining process of smell and taste of the elderly

losses typically begin about age 60

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ___ activity level, is somewhat ___, and displays ___ intensity of mood

low

The __ of adults describe themselves as securely attached.

majority

The empty nest syndrome predicts that parents experience decreased marital satisfaction when the children leave home. Research has found that:

marital satisfaction actually increases.

goodness of fit

match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

Physical attractiveness is most important to:

men

Inez, age 76, believes she is independent and has personal autonomy. She is likely to be:

mentally and physically healthier than people her age who do not share those beliefs.

as children progress through ___ and ___ childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous

middle

In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that:

middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

midlife- time when high blood pressure and high cholesterol take many individuals by suprise - cardiovascular disease increases considerably in middle age

Major Depression

mood disorder

Major Depression

mood disorder; individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored. Tires easily, poor appetite, listless and unmotivated. SO common it is called the "common cold" of mental disorders....what does this say about society...hmmmmm

ADHD

more than 1/3 of the children with conduct disorder display

The research on the effects of divorce on children suggests that:

most children competently cope with their parents' divorce.

15 to 18 months

most children develop self-conscious emotions

do men have male menopause?

most men do NOT lose their capacity to father children, although there usually is a modest decline in their sexual hormone level and activity -testosterone production begins to decline about 1% a yr during middle adulthood but men dont lose their fertility

When three levels of acculturation are observed in Mexican American families, they are usually:

mothers at beginning level, fathers at intermediate level, children at advanced level.

emotion-coaching parents

name given to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions

emotion-dismissing parents

name given to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ___ ___ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often

negative affectivity

Can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months

neglect & abuse

uninvolved parenting

neglectful kids lack self esteem, perform poorly academically, behavior problems, not happy.

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago, and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. Grace is most likely experiencing:

normal changes during puberty.

The AIDS epidemic in the United States would be an example of a:

normative history-graded influence.

One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves:

not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants.

Jean Piaget gathered the information for his

observing his own children.

Affectionate love

occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person

Visible Signs of aging in Middle Adulthood

one of the most visible signs of physical changes in middle adulthood is physical appearance. -first outwardly noticeable signs of aging usually are apparent by the forties or fifties. -wrinkles, graying or loss of hair, and age spots begin to appear

Approximately what percentage of the American population is sufficiently overweight to be at increased health risk?

one-third

Authoritarian parenting

parents establishes rules and thats it. kids have no say in anything. follow rules, but tend to get angry and may develop self esteem problems.

Sternberg identified three main components of love

passion, intimacy, commitment

During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:

physical characteristics.

Kagan believe that children inherit a ___ that biases them in terms of temperament

physiology

The ____________ important endocrine gland(s) for controlling growth and regulating other glands.

pituitary gland is an

extraversion/surgency

positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation in the temperament classification according to Rothbart and Bates

Which of the following areas of the brain shrinks more than the others? a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. premotor cortex

prefrontal cortex

Decision Making

preserved rather well in older adults

anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of

primary emotions

social orientation

process where young infants stare at faces, and listen closely to voices

Alzheimer Disease

progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory (Acetylcholine), language, and eventually physical fxn

Alzheimer Disease

progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory (Acetylcholine), language, and eventually physical fxn; Physiologically --> amyloid plaques (proteins that build up in blood) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers that build up in neurons); link to gene "ApoE"; # of ppl w/ WD doubles every 5 yrs after age 65

The Carnegie Corporation (1989) recommendations for improving middle schools in the United States included all of the following EXCEPT:

promote continuity by keeping all class sessions the same length.

Which of the following is true of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?

prone to depression, but got closer to them with age

What type of hormonal changes do middle-aged men experience?

psychological adjustment to declining physical energy

Which of the following would involve a cognitive process?

putting together a two-word sentence

Puberty refers to a period of:

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence.

Inductive reasoning

reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion.

emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ___, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other

reciprocal

terms used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well

reciprocal & synchronous

temperament

refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional response

locomotion

refers to crawling, walking, and running

*Sarcopenia*

refers to the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

*Leisure*

refers to the pleasant time after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing-hobbies, sports, or reading

A ___ smile in an infant dos not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___ smile does

reflexive

researchers consider the growth of emotional ___ in children a part of becoming socially competent, and an aspect of executive functioning and is considered the

regulation

All of the following are dimensions of Baumrind's parenting styles EXCEPT:

rejection.

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors:

remain relatively stable during the middle adult years.

The maximum life span of humans since the beginning of recorded history has:

remained the same

still-face paradigm

research method that helped experts determine that infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a smile or vocalization

according to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ___ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away

resistant

caregivers of ___ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies

resistant

Episodic Memory

retention of info about where and when things happened in life. "I remember my first beer" (older ppl have more difficulty recalling things like this, not because they were drunk (maybe) but because they are old!)

In his triangular theory of love, Robert Sternberg describes all of the following types of love EXCEPT:

romance.

adults with ___ attachment style have positive relationships

secure

___ attached adults provide support when their partner is distressed

securely

adults that are ___ attachment have more positive romantic relationships

securely

the majority of adults prefer to have a(n) ___ securely attached partner

securely

self-conscious emotions require:

self-awareness and a sense of "me"

in order to experience ___ emotions, children must be able to refer to and be aware of themselves as distinct from others

self-conscious

Gender identity refers to the:

sense of being male or female.

Victimization, Crime, and Elder Mistreatment

sense of fear and vulnerability in older adults because of their physical decline and limitations

Victimization, Crime, and Elder Mistreatment

sense of fear and vulnerability in older adults because of their physical decline and limitations; Crimes against older adults are likely to be serious; Elder maltreatment is primarily committed by family members; can also be institutional abuse

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called _____.

seriation

In the 1930s, John Watson argued that parents:

should provide their children with a nurturing environment.

Which of these syndromes is NOT sex-linked?

sickle-cell anemia

the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents:

smiles & cries

selective narrowing of ___ interactions maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older

social

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

social interaction.

One of the major limitations of studies on the effects of ethnicity is that may play a larger causal role than ethnic heritage, but it is difficult to tease the two variables apart.

socioeconomic status

Suzman's (1997) survey found all of the following account for decline in disability among the elderly EXCEPT:

socioeconomic status.

All of the following are criticisms of Piaget's work EXCEPT:

some of the skills Piaget identified appear much later than he suggested.

Multi-infarct Dementia

sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual fxn caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries

Multi-infarct Dementia

sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual fxn caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries; results from "mini strokes"; also called vascular dementia. Characterized by: numbness on side of face/arm/leg, confusion, slurring speech. It is reversible if you treat the underlying cause. In untreated, progressively get worse and will have a major stroke

All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett to characterize emerging adulthood, EXCEPT:

stability

Socioemotional selectivity theory

states that older adults narrow their social networks

Which of the following class of drugs is most likely to be given to a child to control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

stimulants

Erik Erikson's theory emphasized:

success in confronting specific conflicts at particular ages in life.

Consensual validation refers to:

support for one's attitudes and behavior through another person's similar attitudes and behavior

9 yr old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of __________ as a determinant of social competence.

temperament

the contemporary view on ___ is that it is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior, involving experiences that are incorporated into a network of self-perceptions and behavioral preferences

temperament

*Climacteric*

term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines

A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old. Its results indicated:

that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults.

*Fluid Intelligence*

the ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on (according to Horn)

Source Memory

the ability to remember where one learned something. declines with age. Example: forgetting who told you a joke, and telling the person who told it to you

and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction". These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as:

the age of possibilities.

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and seems unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that:

the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

All of the following statements represent Vygotsky's views of development EXCEPT:

the child's way of knowing is best advanced through internal mechanisms, which are separate from the social environment.

Researchers who are proponents of the nurture perspective would argue that:

the environment a person is raised in determines that individual's longevity.

General research conclusion in regard to the strange situation

the experiment continues to have some merit

A study of sexual activity by Michael et al. (1994) found all of the following EXCEPT:

the favorite sexual act was oral sex.

According to George Vaillant:

the forties are a time for reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.

Myelination improves the efficiency of the central nervous system in the same way that:

the insulation around an electrical extension cord improves its efficiency.

Active euthanasia is:

the intentional administration of a lethal drug dose by medical personnel to the dying patient.

the slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in *Working Memory*

the mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble info when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language -working memory capacity in late middle age- the amount of info that can be immediately retrieved and used-becomes more limited

An advance directive, such as a living will, must be signed when

the person can think clearly

Deductive reasoning

the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

PHYSICAL CHANGES

the rates at which adults age vary considerably from one individual to another -GENETIC makeup and lifestyle factors play imp roles in whether chronic disease will appear and when

Illness

the response a person has to a disease, an abnormal process in which the persons level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level.

*Menopause*

the time in middle age, usually in the late forties or even early fifties when a women's menstrual periods cease completely

Overgeneralization of language rules indicates:

the use of language rules.

Visible changes in Physical appearance for Middle adults

there is a decrease in height, vertebra bone loss & increase in weight and obesity and increased risk of other health problems such as hypertension and diabetes.

The "social clock," as described by Bernice Neugarten (1986), is a:

timetable for accomplishing life's tasks

Middle Adulthood

to be the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

Exposure to __________ increases children's risk for developing such medical problems as pneumonia, bronchitis, middle ear infections, burns, and asthma.

tobacco smoke

A meta-analysis revealed a positive link between identity development and intimacy, with the connection being stronger for men than women.

true

A study by Sharp and others revealed that was openness related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.

true

According to a study using the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire, College students who have cross-category friends scored higher on the postformal thought measure.

true

Becky is careless, impulsive, and disorganized. According to the Big Five personality factors, Becky is most likely to score low on conscientiousness.

true

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing schemas.

true

It is common in nonindustrialized societies to describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged.

true

Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the personal fable aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.

true

Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.

true

Neurons continue to grow and dendrites continue to form in adulthood

true

The ability to perform IADLs may be even more critical to self-sufficiency than ADL ability.

true

The cumulative personality model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.

true

The elderly are more politically active than any other age group on nearly all measures of and in all categories related to political activism.

true

The impulse toward compulsive hoarding tends to increase with age.

true

helplessness is the belief that "I cannot".

true

A study by Matthias et al. (1997) of more than 1,200 adults with a mean age of 77 found:

two-thirds were satisfied with their current level of sexual activity.

Romantice

type of love that is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation

What do men not look for in women?

understanding

separation protest

used to describe infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them

As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is:

using selective optimization with compensation

In the Berlin study of aging, the key factors accounting for age differences in intelligence were:

visual and auditory acuity.

All of the following are examples of ageism EXCEPT:

when older adults are asked to serve as "grandparents" for teenage parents.

social referencing

when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in situations

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ ___ of attachment

working model

A child in the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development is MOST likely to engage in which of the following activities?

writing an essay about patriotism

Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

• Calm or Anxious • Secure or Insecure • Self-satisfied or Self-pitying

Openness

• Imaginative or practical • Interested in variety or routine • Independent or conforming

Conscientiousness

• Organized or Disorganized • Careful or Careless • Disciplined or Impulsive

Extraversion

• Sociable or retiring • Fun-loving or Somber • Affectionate or reserved

Agreeableness

• Softhearted or ruthless • Trusting or Suspicious • Helpful or Uncooperative