Health and Human Development Final
Cognitive Mechanics
"Hardware" of the mind
Cognitive Mechanics
"Hardware" of the mind; reflects neuropsychological architecture of the brain. Involves speed and accuracy of processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization. Declines with age.
Language and Aging
"Tip of the tongue" phenomenon, difficulty in understanding speech. Older adults often speak lower, slower, less precise, and less fluent
Which of the following questions is typical of the preoperational child?
"Where does the moon go when it's light out?"
in menopause the production of estrogen declines dramatically, and this produces uncomfortable symptoms in women:
"hot flashes", nausea, fatigue, and rapid heatrbeat -most women do NOT hv severe physical or psychological problems related to menopause
Age ranges for middle adulthood
(40-45 to 60-65)
Age ranges for late adulthood
(60 - 65 or up)
because it takes so long to attain, expertise often shows up more in middle adulthood than in early adulthood
*Expertise*= hving extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain
Many of today's 50-yr olds are in better shape, more alert, and more productive than 40-yr olds. -looks like middle age is *starting later and lasting longer* for increasing numbers of active, healthy productive people.
-*Age Identity*-"to which age group do you belong? and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of age identity. -a consistent finding is that as adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age. -a study found that almost half of individuals 65 to 69 consider themselves middle-aged
individuals displaying self-conscious emotions
-2 yr old Sam, who feels shame -7 yr old Harry, who is embarrassed
Examples of Health Promotion interventions
-Crisis intervention phone hotlines -Exercise programs at senior centers -parenting classes -stress management training at job site -nutrition counseling for expectant moms -blood pressure screening at health fair -safety guidelines by firemen
Purpose of Health Education
-Maintenance of health -Prevention of illness -Restoration of health -Coping with impaired functioning
Banduras Self efficacy 4 sources
-Mastery experience: success raises self efficacy, failure lowers it -Modeling: when people see someone succeeding, self efficacy increases -Social Persuasions: encouragements/discouragements -Physiological factors: signs of distress
Roles of Nurses in Health Promotion
-Patient advocate: help others obtain what they are entitled to from the healthcare system -Educator: Provide health education programs to individuals, families, and other groups -Healer: develops plans of care to assist the client to heal -Researcher: Uses research findings and the best clinical evidence available to make decisions about care for clients -Care manager: coordinate care for efficiency and effectiveness
Leavell and Clark's 3 levels of preventions
-Primary prevention: Generalized health promotion, specific protection against disease development. -Secondary prevention: Early diagnosis, early treatment to reverse pathology and return to health -Tertiary prevention: Stop disease process, prevent disability, return to maximum function within limits of disability, rehab
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
-Self actualization -Esteem -Love/belonging -Safety -Physiological
Piaget cognitive development stages
-The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2: sensory learning -The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7: kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people -The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11: Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid. They tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts -The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood: increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas
dating in adolescence can be:
-a way to find a mate -an opportunity to learn about close relationships -a form of recreation -a source of status
Types of infant cries
-anger cry -basic cry -pain cry
Signs of attachment in older adults
-attachment anxiety decrease -have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults
John Bowlby in his concept of attachment
-attachment is crucial in the first year -caregiver responsiveness is involved -infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments -attachment is important for survival -there are four styles of attachment
important factors shaping one's temperament
-caregivers reaction -gender -learned responses of the culture
environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics
-cultural influences -goodness of fit influences
biological influence relating to emotion
-early development of the limbic system -early development of the brain stem
self-conscious emotions
-embarrassment -guilt -pride -shame
Parenting style to the outcome for the child
-emotion-coaching : child can focus attention better
aspects of the development of social orientation
-goal-directed behaviors -biological and cognitive factors -locomotion
Mikulincer and Shaver (2013) have stated which of the following benefits of secure attached individuals?
-have the ability to control their emotions -have well integrated sense of self-acceptance -have self-esteem
Face-to-face play
-includes vocalization, touch, and gestures -begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age
explains infants' social sophistication and insight
-increase in emotional understanding and communication -infants' perceptions of others' action -motivation to share and participation
important social cognitive accomplishment that is established at the end of the first year
-intention -goal-directed behavior -cooperation
factors that characterize relationships of securely attached adults
-longevity -commitment -trust
according to research, these statements are true regarding sexual behavior in adolescents belonging to different ethnic and cultural groups
-male, african american, and inner-city adolescents report being the most sexually active -asian american adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable -acculturation may pay a role in latino adolescents' sexual behavior
based on several studies, true statements about romantic relationships in adolescence
-more than 15% of 17-19 yr olds did not have a romantic relationship lasting more than four months -about 10% of 17-19 yr olds did not have any experience with a romantic relationship
Bowlby's phase of attachment
-phase 1: birth-2 months -- children instinctively direct attachment to human figures -phase 2: 2-7 months -- attachment becomes focused on one figure -phase 3: 7-24 months -- specific attachments develop -phase 4: 24 months-on -- children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans
Medicaid elegibility
-pregnant woman -child -adults in families with dependent children -low income family member -aged, blind, disabled -single, healthy, low income
Aspects that have been reported after a romantic breakup
-relational growth -personal growth -environmental changes
researchers have identified several types of emotions in infancy, including which two?
-self-conscious emotions -primary emotions
problems that can result when one is in love and love is not returned
-sexual dysfunction -obsessive thoughts -depression
there was a 300%+ increase in stay at home father in the US. Dads might experience:
-they are ignored when they took their children to playgrounds -they miss their daily life in the workplace -they were excluded from parent groups
Actions that soothe infants
-thumb sucking -swaddling -rocking and stroking
influences the effects of child care
-type of child care -quality of the program -age of the child
Successful Aging
.......
In a single act of unprotected sex, a teenage girl has a __________% risk of acquiring HIV
1%, 50% for gonorrhea, 30% herpes
What are some similarities between anorexia and bulimia?
1) The disorders typically begin after a period of dieting by people who are fearful of becoming obese.
What are some major differences between anorexia and bulimia?
1) Those who suffer from bulimia tend to be more concerned with pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships.
6 areas of mental abilities assessed in Seattle Longitudinal Study
1) verbal comprehension 2) Verbal Memory 3) Numeric ability 4) Spatial orientation 5) inductive reasoning 6) perceptual speed
Midlife Transition (Ages 40-45)
1. A man discovers where he has failed and loses many of his illusions. 2. Can reevaluate his job, marriage and beliefs.. 3. 80% of men in this study had a time of crisis. 4. Sometimes drastic choices are made, divorce, moving, etc. 5. Men face emotional turmoil, physically decline and become aware of mortality. 6. Often become their own mentors in this phase.
Levinson
1. Created "Season of Life." 2. Original work done with men
Leavell and Clark 5 steps within 3 levels of intervention
1. Health promotion (primary) 2. Specific protection (primary) 3. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (secondary) 4. Disability limitation (Secondary) 5. Restoration and rehabilitation (Tertiary)
Early Adulthood (Ages 17-45)
1. Needs to become psychologically independent of parents and should be completed by 22 years old. 2. Many find their identity, enter the adult world and marry during this stage. 3. 28-30 years old includes times of crisis when flaws in life structure become obvious and new choices must be made. 4. By 33 years old, relationships with mentors become more distant or broken off. 5. Age 30, women put more emphasis on things they have neglected.
Middle Adulthood (Ages 40-65)
1. This phases is characterized by two stage phases divided by a transitional phase. 2. 45-50 years old men are entering "Middle Adulthood." During this time wisdom and compassion develop. 3. Men in their 50's find another period of disequilibrium. Once past this transition, men become more fulfilled. 4. 60 on, is when men go through late adult transition.
60 year old retina receives
1/3 of the light
no difference between the rates of depression in boys and girls before the age of ___, but girls are ____ as likely as boys to be depressed by the age of ___.
13, twice, 16
In 2011-2012, _____ percent of 6- to 11-year-old U.S. children were classified as obese, which is essentially unchanged from 2009-2010.
17.5
A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at _____.
18 to 25 years of age
An estimated _____ percent of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it
20-35%
Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of _____.
30
A child's emotional vocabulary has increased by age
4
Infants require about ________ calories a day for each pound they weigh.
50
a Duchenne marker smile is typically seen between:
6 and 12 months
the frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of:
7 months
separation protest typically begins at about the age of:
7 to 8 months
Average life expectancy today in the United States
78 years
In the United States, about ________ percent of all deaths occur in institutions or hospitals.
80
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?
80 and up
What percentage of Americans consider themselves religious
87%
osteoporosis
A chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable to osteoporosis.
Schaie's seattle longitudinal study indicates that *perceptual speed* begins to *decline* in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood
A common way to assess speed of information is through a *reaction-time* task, in which individuals simply press a button as soon as they see a light appear
Speed of Information Processing perceptual speed begins declining in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood
A common way to assess speed of information is through a reaction-time task, in which individuals simply press a button as soon as they see a light appear. Middle-aged adults are slower to push the button when the light appears than young adults are.
Empty nest syndrome
A decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children
macular degeneration
A disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
A disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight. Also called the binge-purge syndrome.
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme loss of weight.
What is an enmeshed family pattern?
A family system in which members are over-involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare.
free-radical theory
A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
Wellness
A state involving progression towards a higher level of functioning, an open ended and ever expanding future, with its challenge of a fuller potential and the integration of the whole being.
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing. Not only the absence of disease and infirmity.
Which theorist suggests that young adults become less idealistic as they enter the work force and face the constraints of reality? A) Gisela Labouvie-Vief B) William Perry C) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi D) John Holland
A) Gisela Labouvie-Vief
All the following biological factors EXCEPT __________ are involved in obesity. A) a change in the human genome B) leptin C) set point D) environmental factors
A) a change in the human genome
qualitative
A) absolute, relative
Which of the following is usually considered the reason for the decline in alcohol intake of 65-year-olds? A) an increase in illness and disease B) expert elder care in nursing homes C) improved education about health and fitness D) alternate programs for de-addiction
A) an increase in illness and disease
Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason abstractly
What it is called when your eye focus and maintains an image
Accommodation of the eye
Which is a disadvantage of adoption in comparison to medical treatments for infertility?
Adopted children are more likely than nonadopted children to have adjustment problems.
Generativity
Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
Within the United States, which of the following groups of older people would be the poorest?
African American females
Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought?
All mental functions have external or social origins.
________ is a progressive, irreversible disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.
Alzheimer's disease
Health promotion
An endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and well being of individuals, families, groups, communities, and nations, through strategies involving supportive environments, coordination of resources, and respect for personal choice and values.
Freud believed defense mechanisms reduce:
Anxiety
At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness?
At around 6 years
Sexually transmitted infections affect about one in every ______ adults. A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10
B) 6
__________ is a characteristic of postformal thought. A) Understanding that arriving at the right answer may require absolute clarity B) Knowing that the correct answer may vary from situation to situation C) Being objective and avoiding emotions in decision making D) Lack of understanding that the search for truth is often never-ending
B) Knowing that the correct answer may vary from situation to situation
__________ is when one person uses his or her power over another individual in a sexual manner. A) Rape B) Sexual harassment C) Date rape D) Acquaintance rape
B) Sexual harassment
Regarding the development of a nonheterosexual sexual orientation, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Being raised by a gay parent increases one's likelihood of being homosexual. B) Sexual orientation is determined by a combination of factors. C) Male homosexuality is thought to be caused by growing up with a dominant mother and weak father. D) Female homosexuality is believed to be caused by girls choosing masculine role models.
B) Sexual orientation is determined by a combination of factors.
A disease that starts out slowly but lasts a long time is called _____. A) acute B) chronic C) terminal D) pervasive
B) chronic
Substance abuse often goes undetected in older adults because: A) older adults know how to disguise it. B) health professionals expect their symptoms to be associated with age-related disease. C) caregivers do not report symptoms. D) their symptoms are different than for younger adults.
B) health professionals expect their symptoms to be associated with age-related disease.
Aging
BEINGS AT CONCEPTION
How does the placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading a fetus?
Bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls.
Rosenstock's Health Belief Model
Based on the assumption that health related behavior is based off of 4 factors: -perceived susceptability (perceived personal threat of illness -perceived severity (perceived seriousness of illness) -perceive barriers (beliefs about what will stop them from adopting a new behavior) -perceived benefits (beliefs about positive consequences from adopting new behavior)
Mills College Study
Based on this study, it was found that women experience a midlife consciousness rather than a midlife crisis
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
Becoming thin is the key goal. Fear provides motivation. Preoccupied with food (spend time planning meals, reading about food) Think in distorted ways (have low opinion of body shape and consider themselves unattractive) Psychological problems (high anxiety and depression, low self-esteem)
What are some treatments for Bulimia Nervosa?
Behavioral Techniques: Keep diaries of eating behavior, changes in sensations of hunger and fullness. Exposure and Response prevention
identify the characteristic shared by these "late-bloomers".
Being planful
Adjusting to Retirement
Best results when: Healthy
Adjusting to Retirement
Best results when: Healthy; Active and have an adequate income; Are better educated; Have extended social networks and family; Were satisfied with their lives before retiring; Flexibility and planning are key factors in whether individuals adjust well to retirement
Know about the different types of Generativity
Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity
Know what tends to decrease with age
Brain shrinks & slows down, Gets shorter, Bones shrinks & deteriorate, metabolism, cell division, resilience to "bounce back from sickness, injury, Ect. Brain function, Hearing, Vision, Sex drive, Etc.
Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?
Brittle fingernails
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, what percentage of American adults 20 years of age and older are obese? A) 8% B) 27% C) 33% D) 42%
C) 33%
Researchers have found that creativity peaks in one's _____. A) 20s B) 30s C) 40s D) 50s
C) 40s
Regarding early adult health knowledge and behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) College students have a poor understanding of what it takes to prevent illness and promote health. B) College students clearly see the relationship between their risk of heart attack and their nutrition and exercise habits. C) In early adulthood, few people stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives. D) Most young adults have realistic beliefs about their future health risks.
C) In early adulthood, few people stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives.
Which of the following statements regarding work in early adulthood is FALSE? A) Ethnic diversity is increasing in most developed countries. B) Work and lack of work can both be sources of stress. C) In the United States, one-half of all lawyers, physicians, computer scientists, and chemists today are females. D) Juggling work and family responsibilities is an issue for dual-earner couples.
C) In the United States, one-half of all lawyers, physicians, computer scientists, and chemists today are females.
Your 90-year-old uncle complains that he cannot get around the way he used to. He has trouble getting up out of chairs and difficulty walking across the room when he does get up. Can you help him? A) Yes, you could have him take estrogen to improve his bone structure. B) No, this sort of physical decline is irreversible. C) Yes, you could help him do leg-strength exercises to improve his balance and walking. D) No, physical exercise only tends to make the physical declines of old age worse.
C) Yes, you could help him do leg-strength exercises to improve his balance and walking.
According to Arnett, which of the following are NOT key features that characterize emerging adulthood? A) identity exploration B) instability C) commitment to others D) self focused
C) commitment to others
A recent survey states that the main sources of stress included all of the following EXCEPT: A) lack of advancement opportunities B) low salaries C) forced objectives D) uncertain job expectations
C) forced objectives
In the United States, which of the following is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood? A) economic independence B) independent decision making C) holding a more-or-less permanent full-time job D) graduation from high school
C) holding a more-or-less permanent full-time job
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of physical development in early adulthood? A) reaching the peak of physical performance B) notice of the decline in physical performance C) large changes in the sensory systems D) increase in the body's fatty tissue
C) large changes in the sensory systems
Which of the following is NOT a protective measure against AIDS? A) knowing your and your partner's risk status B) having protected sex C) taking acyclovir
C) taking acyclovir
The main cause of death in middle adulthood in the United States is: a. infectious diseases. b. accidents. c. Cardiovascular Disease d. homicide.
Cardiovascular Disease
Most common disorder for late adulthood
Cardiovascular disease
Cellular clock theory
Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times Age makes cells less capable of dividing Telomeres - Tips of chromosomes
Parkinson Disease
Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis. (ppl w/ PD = Muhammad Ali, Michael J Fox). Caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. The actual cause of degeneration is not known. Treated by dopamine enhancing drugs, and later by drugs that are converted to dopamine
Parkinson Disease
Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis. (ppl w/ PD = Muhammad Ali, Michael J Fox). Caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. The actual cause of degeneration is not known. Treated by dopamine enhancing drugs, and later by drugs that are converted to dopamine; also treated with DBS (deep brain stimulation...involves electrodes)
Transition in mid life that suggest an incline in fertility
Climacteric
Define the terms: Climacteric Menopause
Climacteric is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Menopause is the time in middle age, usually during the late forties or early fifties, when a woman's menstrual periods cease.
Prolonged Grief Disorder is also known as ____
Complicated grief
__________ are important dimensions for providing adequate health care for expectant mothers from various cultural groups.
Cultural assessments
Time in age that people are becoming stable in there personality and more socially interactive
Cumulative personality model
Which of the following conclusions was NOT made by the 1994 survey of sexual practices among Americans? A) Men think about sex far more often than women do. B) Adultery is less common than originally believed. C) Married and cohabitating people have sex more often than noncohabitating couples. D) Americans' sexual lives are more liberal than suggested by previous surveys.
D) Americans' sexual lives are more liberal than suggested by previous surveys.
Regarding alcohol and drug use, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) About 10% of alcoholics recover, whether they are in a treatment program or not. B) An estimated 20% to 35% of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a predisposition towards it. C) Binge drinking peaks at about age 18. D) Cultural variations underscore the environment's role in alcoholism.
D) Cultural variations underscore the environment's role in alcoholism.
What declines for men
Decline in sexual hormone level and activity Erectile dysfunction - Inability to achieve and maintain an erection, orgasm, testosterone, sperm count
What are the visual diseases in middle to late adulthood
Dementia: Involve a deterioration of mental functioning Alzheimer disease: Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function Parkinson disease: A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis
During which stage of death is a person most likely to request to be alone?
Depression
Stagnation
Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation
Metabolic syndrome leads too
Diabetes & Cardiovascular disease
Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals?
Difficulty viewing close objects
What are the stages of psychosocial development, the know the theorist
ERIK ERIKSON, - Integrity Vs. Despair Integrity -old advisee a positive review of a life well spent. Despair - Negative retrospective glances on a person's life will or may cause despair
Common Predictors of Depression
Earlier depressive symptoms
Common Predictors of Depression
Earlier depressive symptoms Poor health or disability Loss events Low social support
when marital satisfaction decreases when the children leave the home.
Empty nest syndrome
Health
Encompasses the total functioning of an individual and includes effective physical, psychological, social, cultural, environmental, and technological functioning.
What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children the world over:
Ethnic origin and nutrition
_____ is at work in perspective taking.
Executive functioning
Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is TRUE?
Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters; acknowledging multiple perspectives, recognizing one's own limits, compromising....being a wizard.
Which of the following statements about novices and experts is TRUE?
Experts process information more automatically than novices.
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is trust versus mistrust.
False
True or false? For those with bulimia nervosa, their binges are carried out in public?
False. In most cases, the binges are carried out in secret.
True or False? Approximately 90 to 95% of all cases of anorexia nervosa occur in males.
False. The disorder occurs most often in females.
Intimacy
Finding oneself while losing yourself in another
Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?
Fingernails become brittle
Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood? a. Increase in height b. Decrease in weight c. Fingernails become brittle d. Loss of memory
Fingernails become brittle
Sustained Attention
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. (think: the opposite of ADHD)
Erickson's 7th stage Generativity vs Stagnation
Generativity encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation stagnation (sometimes called "self-absorption") develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus.
Habituation
Area that involves memory as it relates to the brain
Hippocampus
Symptoms of menopause
Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat
All of the following are potential problems with IQ tests EXCEPT:
IQ tests can be used to predict how well a student might be expected to perform in school.
Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage
Identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following statements is true about the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
In dual process model, coping with loss and engaging in restoration can be carried out concurrently
Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?
In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking.
Which statement best reflects Erik Erikson's (1968) belief about the relationship between culture and identity development?
In some individuals, cultural factors may play a role in identity development.
Main issue is as it relates to erectile dysfunction in middle age men.
Inability to achieve and maintain an erection
Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?
Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead, and make positive choices.
HEIGHT and WEIGHT
Individuals lose height in middle age, and many gain weight -on avg. from 30 to 50 yrs of age, men lose about half and inch in height
arthritis
Inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
__________ is defined as verbal ability, problem-solving skills, and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences.
Intelligence
Holly is a quiet and introverted person. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. Which of the following BEST describes this aspect of Holly's identity?
Interests
Nun Study
Intriguing ongoing investigation of aging in 678 nuns. Research provide hope that scientists will discover ways to tap into the brain's capacity to adapt in order to prevent and treat brain diseases
Which of the following statements about a shortened gestation period is most accurate?
It alone does not necessarily harm an infant.
One of the most important applications of ethological theory to human development involves:
John Bowlby's research demonstrating that attachment to a caregiver in the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.
Crystallized intelligence
Learned info & verbal Skills
Education, Work, and Health
Level of education, cognitive abilities associated with work, and overall health have increased in the 20th century and in successive generations
Know about the contemporary of life event approach
Life event itself Mediating factors Individual's adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context
Life expectancy in the 1900's
Males 46.3 Females 48.3
Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?
Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.
late midlife more likely to be characterized by the death of a parent, the last child leaving the parental home, becoming a grandparent, preparing for retirement, or in actual retirement
Many ppl in this age range experience their first confrontation with health problems -overall, although gains and losses may balance each other in early midlife, losses may begin to outweigh gains for many individuals in late midlife
Memory
Memory changes during aging, but not all memory changes in the same way
Memory
Memory changes during aging, but not all memory changes in the same way; affected by beliefs and expectancies; influenced by health, education, and SES
Implicit Memory
Memory without conscious recollection
Implicit Memory
Memory without conscious recollection; involves skills, routine procedures that are automatically performed; (ie driving, typing, brushing teeth)
Which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women
Men are more likely to fantasize dominance themes whereas women are more likely to report submission themes. While women may find these fantasies sexually arousing, this does not indicate a desire to actually be forced into sexual submission, raped, or assaulted
Gender differences = Stress responses, how do men and women relate to stress
Men experience stress: Fight-or-flight: Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol Women experience stress: Tend-and-befriend: Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
Chronic stress exposure is linked to metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome often LEADS to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease -physical activity helps reduce risk of developing cardiovascular disease -high body mass index (BMI) in adolescence was related to metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men and women
Know the gender differences as it relates to stress responses, how do men and women relate to stress
Middle Adults - "Overload" Stressors = Juggling too many activities @ once Devastating changes & personal control peaks
Work in Midlife
Middle-aged adults may reach their peak in position and earnings -they may also be saddled with multiple financial burdens including rent or mortgage payment, medical bills, home repairs, college tuition, loans to family members , or bills from nursing homes for aging parents
Main reasons why middle age adults remain married
Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife
_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.
Myelination
Who would be classified as the "oldest old"?
Noah, who is 88
Processing Speed
Often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning
Religion and Old Peeps
Older adults are spiritual leaders in many societies around the world
Religion and Old Peeps
Older adults are spiritual leaders in many societies around the world; Many derive a sense of meaning in life from religion have higher levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism; can provide important psychological needs
Retirement
On average, workers will spend 10%-15% of their lives in retirement (USA)
Retirement
On average, workers will spend 10%-15% of their lives in retirement (USA) 7 million retired Americans return to work after they retire An increasing number of adults are beginning to reject the early retirement option
Know about the Big 5 factor models of personality (know that in detail)
Openness • Imaginative or practical • Interested in variety or routine • Independent or conforming Conscientiousness • Organized or Disorganized • Careful or Careless • Disciplined or Impulsive Extraversion • Sociable or retiring • Fun-loving or Somber • Affectionate or reserved Agreeableness • Softhearted or ruthless • Trusting or Suspicious • Helpful or Uncooperative Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) • Calm or Anxious • Secure or Insecure • Self-satisfied or Self-pitying
Big five personality factors
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability)
Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?
People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s.
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline?
Perceptual speed
Isolation
Prefer oneself to relationship possible afraid to be hurt
What is the relation between religion and the ability to cope with stress?
Religiousness can help some individuals cope more effectively with their lives.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future (remembering to take medication)
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future (remembering to take medication); declines with age, but can be specific in regard to what the task is....it's complicated
What are binges?
Repeated episodes of uncontrollable overeating.
Two major forms of love
Romantic & Affectionate Love
In the Ni-Hon-San Study of Japanese men, those living in __________ had the highest rate of coronary heart disease.
San Francisco
__________ refers to global evaluations of the self.
Self Esteem
Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?
Self-concept
As it relates to hearing know what declines first in middle adulthood
Sensitivity to high pitches
During middle adulthood adults feel like they have less control over what?
Sex life & Children
For middle adulthood know why this age group experiences sleep problems
Sleep-disordered, breathing, restless legs syndrome, depression Cardiovascular disease, obesity, higher # prescription & nonprescription drugs
Physiological Problems
Smoking, Diabetes, hypertension, Cholesterol levels, obesity
Life's tasks timetable?
Social clock
What are some compensatory behaviors carried out by bulimia sufferers?
Some compensatory behaviors are vomiting, laxatives, exercising.
What role does stress play in health during middle adulthood? How do men and women differ in reactions to stressful events?
Stress is increasingly identified as a factor in many diseases chronic stress or prolonged exposure to stressors can have damaging effects on physical functioning, including an unhealthy overproduction of corticosteroids such as cortisol. Chronic stress can interfere with immune functioning, and this stress is linked to disease not only through the immune system but also through cardiovascular factors
Know about levinson theory of adults development
Teens - Transition from dependence to independence 20s are a novice phase of adult development 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult
What is amenorrhea?
The cessation of menstrual cycles.
neurogenesis
The generation of new neurons.
hormonal stress theory
The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
mitochondrial theory
The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
Social clock
The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career
life span
The upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. The maximum life span of human beings is about 120 to 125 years of age.
Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do?
They should treat this behavior as normal and avoid being panicked, as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.
Contemporary life-events approach
This emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
Berkeley
This longitudinal study did not support whether personality is characterized by stability or change. However, this study did find that the most stable characteristics from early adolescence to middle adulthood are the degree to which people are intellectually oriented, self-confident, and open to new experiences
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
This personality factor involves the characteristics of being calm/anxious, secure/insecure, self-satisfied/self-pitying
Openness
This personality factor involves the characteristics of being imaginative/practical, interested in a variety/routine, or independent/conforming
Conscientiousness
This personality factor involves the characteristics of being organized/disorganized, careful/restless, or disciplined/impulsive
Extraversion
This personality factor involves the characteristics of being sociable/retiring, fun-loving/somber, or affectionate/reserved
Agreeableness
This personality factor involves the characteristics of being softhearted/ruthless, trusting/suspicious, or helpful/uncooperative
Generativity vs Stagnation
This stage of Erikson's is represented in middle adulthood
todays population is made up of middle-aged and older adults. In the past, the age structure of the population could be represented by a pyramid, with the largest percentage of population in the childhood yrs
Today, the percentages of people at diff. ages in the lifespan is more similar, creating what is called *Rectangularization* of the age distribution.
True of False? The peak age of onset is between 14 and 18 years.
True
When a person thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence, it means that he or she is engaging in critical thinking.
True
What are some treatments for Anorexia Nervosa?
Tube and Intravenous Feeding: This is often used in life-threatening cases. This method may create distrust in the care-takers.
Use It or Lose It
Use your brain or it will turn into mush. Your brain needs to be trained and maintained just like a healthy, sexy bod.
With age, which of the following occurs in the brain?
Using both hemispheres simultaneously becomes more likely.
Free-radical theory
When cells metabolize energy • By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals • Emphasis on a decay of mitochondria-tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair
If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?
When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 40.
Stress and Gender Men
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a fight-or-flight manner—become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol. By contrast, according to Shelley Taylor and her colleagues, when women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. Taylor argues that when women experience stress an influx of the hormone oxytocin, which is linked to nurturing in animals, is released.
Stress and Gender Women By contrast, according to Shelley Taylor and her colleagues, when women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a tend-and-befriend pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially friends. Taylor argues that when women experience stress an influx of the hormone oxytocin, which is linked to nurturing in animals, is released.
Women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors. Women are more vulnerable to social stressors such as those involving romance, family, and work. For example, women experience higher levels of stress when things go wrong in romantic and marital relationships. Women also are more likely than men to become depressed when they encounter stressful life events such as divorce or the death of a friend. A recent study of more than 2,800 adults 50 years and older in Taiwan also found that women were more susceptible to depressive symptoms when they felt constant stress from finances, increasing stress from jobs, and fluctuating stress in family relationships.
Which of the following statements about working while in college is true?
Working more hours results in a decline in grades.
Most noticeable change in physical appearance in late adulthood
Wrinkles and age spots
*Metabolic Syndrome*
a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance.
emotion
a feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being
Disease
a pathological change in the structure or function of the body or mind
Erikson attachment theory
a sense of trust is the foundation for attachment
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early disease
In 2009, an estimated _____ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease.
a. 1 million
In 2009, an estimated _____ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease.
a. 1 million b. 2.6 million c. 5.3 million d. 8.5 million
Which of the following statements about cognitive functioning is NOT true?
a. Cognitive interventions may increase these neural connections.
Which of the following statements about cognitive functioning is NOT true?
a. Cognitive interventions may increase these neural connections. b. Aging of the brain's prefrontal cortex does not affect working memory. c. Changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain. d. Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning depression in older adults?
a. It is often left untreated.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning depression in older adults?
a. It is often left untreated. b. It is a very common though temporary problem. c. It is a very rare problem. d. It is usually diagnosed and treated.
Which of the following statements about retirement is TRUE?
a. Men spend less time planning for retirement than women do.
Which of the following statements about retirement is TRUE?
a. Men spend less time planning for retirement than women do. b. Older adults with a long work history adjust to retirement more easily than those who have been in the workforce for a shorter period of time. c. Many workers count on benefits that will not be there for them when they retire. d. People who consider just the financial aspect of being retired do better than those who consider other areas of their lives as well.
Martha cares for her elderly mother, Marjorie, who has Alzheimer disease. Although Marjorie goes to a program at the senior center a few hours each week, the majority of her care falls to Martha. According to research on family caregivers for persons with Alzheimer disease, Martha is at risk for developing:
a. an ulcer.
Martha cares for her elderly mother, Marjorie, who has Alzheimer disease. Although Marjorie goes to a program at the senior center a few hours each week, the majority of her care falls to Martha. According to research on family caregivers for persons with Alzheimer disease, Martha is at risk for developing:
a. an ulcer. b. migraine headaches. c. depression. d. obsessions.
What percentage of suicides involves older adults 65 years of age or older?
a. less than 2 percent
What percentage of suicides involves older adults 65 years of age or older?
a. less than 2 percent b. 10 percent *C. 25 percent d. 40 percent
Zack is in a crowded restaurant trying to pay attention to the waiter who is reading off the daily lunch specials. He is having a difficult time because _____ attention declines as one ages.
a. selective
Zack is in a crowded restaurant trying to pay attention to the waiter who is reading off the daily lunch specials. He is having a difficult time because _____ attention declines as one ages.
a. selective b. divided c. focused d. sustained
verbal memory
ability to encode and recall meaningful language units such as a list of words
VISION and HEARING
ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina-declines sharply between 40 and 59 yrs of age. -individuals begin to have difficulty viewing close objects (wear glasses or bifocals) -hearing can also start to decline by age of 40 -sensitivity to high pitches usually declines first (men seem to lose it sooner than women) -(hearing aids have improved hearing dramatically)
Numeric ability
ability to perform simple mathematical computations (addition, sub, multiplication)
perceptual speed
ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli
Inductive reasoning
ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem
verbal comprehension
ability to understand ideas expressed in words
spatial orientation
ability to visualize and mentally rotate stimuli in two and three dimensional space
The antithesis of disengagement theory is _____ theory.
activity
researchers have linked dating and romantic relationships with how ___ adolescents are
adjusted
Research by Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) suggests that:
adolescents who do not have close friendships experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that:
adults do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect.
Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of _____.
age identity
*Late Midlife*
age period of 55 to 65
The text has noted that older adults return to school because they:
all of the above.
As per the study conducted by Lachman, Maier, & Budner in 2000, it was found that _____ of the individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves middle-aged.
almost half
Explicit Memory
also called declarative memory
Explicit Memory
also called declarative memory; memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. (ie remembering what is on your list for the grocery store)
The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners:
although we may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness.
Banduras Theory of Self efficacy
an impression that one is capable of performing in a certain manner or attaining certain goal. -individuals most likely to change are those that believe in specific action -how people behave can be often better predicted by beliefs about their own capabilities
Crystallized intelligence is:
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
Temperament is best defined as:
an individual's general behavioral style
*Crystallized Intelligence*
an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in middle adulthood
___ attached adults were more ambivalent about relationships
anxiously
Avoidant Individuals:
are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.
Explain Common Health problems
arthritis is the leading chronic disorder in middle age, followed by hypertension, but the frequency of chronic disorders in middle age varies by gender. Men have a higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions (such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and stroke)
Those who adopt a disengagement theory of aging believe that:
as older adults slow down, they gradually withdraw from society.
neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating infant-mother ___.
attachment
the close emotional bond between mothers and infants is..
attachment
caregivers of ___ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting
avoidant
insecure avoidant baby
baby engages in little interaction with his mother and isnt distress when she leaves the room. when she returns, he doesnt reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her
In sum, middle adulthood involves:
balancing work and relationship responsibilities in the midst of the physical and psychological changes associated with aging
Main focus of the *Seattle Longitudinal Study*
been on individual change and stability in intelligence
Most of us reach our peak physical performance
before we reach the age of 30
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve:
behavior, the person, and the environment.
the increase in the number of child-care arrangements has been linked to an increase in ___ problems and a decrease in ___ behaviors
behavioral
John Watson
behaviorist who argued that parents spent too much time responding to infant crying, thus rewarding the behavior and increasing its incidence
A cultural factor that may increase longevity is:
being integrated into the community.
Cognitive Ability
best predictor of job performance in older adults
The text states that all of the following have been proposed as causes of juvenile delinquency EXCEPT:
boredom.
With respect to use of contraceptives:
both adolescent boys and girls are increasing their use.
highest level of functioning for 4 of the 6 intellectual abilities occurred in middle adulthood yrs
both men and women, peak performance on *verbal ability, verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation* was attained in middle age -only two of the six abilities *numeric ability and perceptual ability* showed a decline in middle age -Perceptual speed showed the earliest decline starting in early adulthood
Cross-cultural research suggests that healthy grieving involves:
breaking bonds with the deceased.
Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?
by age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
most children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because US adults:
cannot receive paid leave
and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Involve a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted.
cataracts
Leonard Hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capability to divide.
cellular clock theory
All of the following are health risks for infants of adolescent mothers EXCEPT:
chlamydia.
The most common of all sexually transmitted diseases is:
chlamydia.
Passive strategy health promotion
client as inactive recipient
Active strategy health promotion
client becomes personally involved
The terminal drop hypothesis claims that death is preceded by a decrease in:
cognitive functioning.
Based on the TADS research, what is the most effective way to treat adolescent depression?
cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with antidepressant therapy
A longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman (1997) found all of the following EXCEPT:
college students drink less than youths who end their education after high school.
The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is:
commitment.
Divided Attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. (ie multitasking)
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:
conservation.
Emotions
considered to be at the core of our relationships with others
The research of Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman (1959) found that the critical element in the attachment process is:
contact comfort.
The _____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.
corpus callosum
Authoritative parenting
correlates with low levels of delinquency Rules but not so strict. take into account children feelings. happy and successful children, good at decisions and evaluating risks on their own.
According to John Horn, in middle age:
crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline.
Crystallized Intelligence
crystallized intelligence, an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in middle adulthood
Cognitive Pragmatics
culture-based
Cognitive Pragmatics
culture-based; "software". Includes: reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and knowledge of "self" and the life skills that help us to master or cope with life. Plateaus with age.
Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with easy temperaments at age 3 to 5: a. are more likely to have learning disabilities in childhood. b. largely do not carry that temperament into adulthood. c. are less likely than other adults to be assertive. d. are more likely to be well adjusted as young adults.
d.
Working memory and perceptual speed
decline during the late adulthood years
The correct order of Kenneth Dodge's (1983) stages of processing social information is:
decoding social cues, interpreting, searching for a response, selecting an optimal response, enacting.
According to Baltes, the benefits of evolutionary selection:
decrease with age.
Kagan temperament model
degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar
Individuals with an anxious attachment style:
demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive.
As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would:
describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation.
stranger anxiety
describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know
primary emotions
develop within the first six months of life
In a study conducted by Nelson & others in 2007, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.
developing emotional control
*Middle Adulthood*
developmental period that begins at approx. 40 yrs old and extends to about 60 to 65 yrs of age (40-60 or 65)
the jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the:
difficulty of interpreting infant emotion
Cognitive neuroscience
discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning
Cognitive neuroscience
discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning; Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain
according to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers
disorganized
caregivers of ___ babies often neglect or physically abuse them
disorganized
Reflexive infant smile
does not depend on external stimuli
A major criticism of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying is that they:
don't actually form an invariant sequence.
dating is less common in:
early adolescence
8 month old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child
easy
a well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child?
easy
Chess & Thomas temperament model
easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
According to research by Thomas and Chess children who had a(n) ________ temperament at 3-5 years of age were ________ to be well-adjusted as young adults.
easy/likely
The idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances is:
ecological validity.
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _____.
egocentrism
Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using:
electrodes.
Medicare
eligible criteria: 65 or older, or with disability
attachment
emerges from the social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior and to determine the affective quality of their relationship
Katrina is a child who has good social skills. when she has a disagreement with her fired, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has develop healthy:
emotion regulation
Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure:
emotion.
Research by Kasser and Ryan (1999) assessing the emotional well-being of older adults in nursing homes found that is linked with overall well-being.
emotional quality
because they place a high value on ___, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
emotional satisfaction
Lorenzo was born during the depression era in the U.S. Now he and others who were born at about the same time show greater cognitive decline than people born at later times. This illustrates that cohort effects are differences based on
environmental factors
The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century, yet obesity has noticeably increased. This indicates that:
environmental factors play an important role in obesity.
Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises are
exaggerated
Rothbart & Bates temperament model
extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
Human fertilization typically takes place
fallopian tube.
An authoritative parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive.
false
Children between the age of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of mixed ages.
false
Divergent thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.
false
Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. This is indicative of a major trend in the use of technology known as surfing.
false
Female friendships involve more outdoor activities than male friendships.
false
Feminist theory illustrates that women can be limited or harmed by gender-based stratification though men are usually unaffected by
false
Girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play, in which they talk and act in a reciprocal manner.
false
Identity achievement is the term used by Erikson to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. It aids the search for an identity during adolescence. During this period, society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities. Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities. They may want to pursue one career one month and another career the next month. They may dress neatly one day, sloppily the next. This experimentation is a deliberate effort on the part of adolescents to find out where they fit in the world. Most adolescents eventually discard undesirable roles.
false
In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires concrete operational reasoning.
false
Recent research revealed that indulgent parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption.
false
Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that intelligence is a general ability.
false
The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world, and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the direct instruction approach to learning.
false
The early stages of love have more consummate love ingredients.
false
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a tend-and-befriend pattern.
false
By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
fatty
positive emotions
feelings such as joy, happiness, and pride
In a study of beliefs in marriage myths among college students, Jeffrey Larson (1988) found that:
females tended to approach the subject of marriage more realistically than males.
compared with younger adults, older adults experience:
fewer emotional high and lows
Men respond to stress by ___ and ___ manner, which is to become aggressive and withdrawl
fight and flight
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a
fight-or-flight manner—become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
According to Erikson, what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?
find themselves
According to Erikson, achieving intimacy means to be able to:
finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.
According to John Horn, _____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.
fluid intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
fluid intelligence, one's ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood
The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it
focuses on major life events but not on daily
Selective Attention
focusing on a specific aspect of an experience that is relevant, while ignoring everything is is irrelevant. (ie only paying attention to what is necessary)
The status of identity _____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
foreclosure
Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of:
free radicals.
HEALTH and DISEASE
frequency of accidents declines, and individuals are less susceptible to colds and allergies than in childhood -for some disease and health problems become more common in middle adulthood than in earlier life stages -Stress is increasingly being found to be a factor in disease
peak time for aspects of both crystallized intelligence (verbal ability) and fluid intelligence (spatial orientation and inductive reasoning)
from mid-seventies through mid-nineties, all cognitive abilities showed considerable decline
Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.
frontal
Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed _____.
generativity versus stagnation
A person's genetic heritage is his or her:
genotype.
Who amongst the following is most likely to be dissatisfied with body image as pubertal change proceeds
girls become dissatisfied with their bodies
Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.
glaucoma
Dementia
global term, any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. 20% of individuals over the age of 80 have dementia
cohort
group of people born around the same time
Emotions likely to demonstrate when receiving a high grade on an exam
happiness, pride, joy
Securely attached adults:
have positive views on relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and aren't overly stressed about their romantic relationships.
The leading cause of death among the elderly is:
heart disease
A physician might elect to give a pregnant mother an oxytocic if:
her contractions have stopped.
Craig Ramey and colleagues (1984, 1998) studied the effects of early intervention on intelligence. They found that can significantly raise the intelligence of young children from impoverished environments.
high-quality early educational day care
Developing nations report lower rates of dementia. Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for this?
higher levels of physical exercise preserve mental functioning
In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:
holding a permanent, full-time job.
Adam's teacher didnt say hello to him when they passed in the hallway. adam told himself that his tracher was prob thinking about something and didnt notice him. this is an illustration of:
how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies as they get older
Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on:
how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals.
Obesity has been linked to:
hypertension and digestive disorders.
The purpose of the first intelligence test designed by Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon was to:
identify students who should be placed in special classes.
According to Erikson, if individuals don't develop intimacy, they face:
ignore or attack those who frustrate them. Shallow almost pathetic attempts of youth to merge themselves with a leader.
Research on language processing in the brain has found that:
in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres.
A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits developed during adolescence
increased in early adulthood
Carol Gilligan (1996) has found that as girls reach adolescence they:
increasingly silence their "distinctive voice."
Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with:
individuals peripheral to their lives.
Children in the middle and late childhood period of development are also in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
industry versus inferiority
Bowlby attachment theory
infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that:
infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent.
Freud attachment theory
infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction
MORTALITY RATES
infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century -infectious disease rates declined -chronic disorders increased -characterized by a slow onset and a long duration -in middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition, whereas in old age death is more likely to result from the combined effects of several chronic conditions -since 2005, more individuals 45 to 64 yrs of age in the U.S died of cancer, followed by cardiovascular disease
The answers to questions about the issues of nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, and stability-change:
influence public policy decisions and how people live their lives.
bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___
inhibition
___ attachment style are linked to relationship problems
insecure
the emotional development of adulthood is considered as the adaptive ___ of emotional experience into daily life
integration
What is the last stage in life according to Erik Erikson? a. death versus dying b. integrity versus despair c. immortality versus death d. independence versus dependence
integrity versus despair
Erikson called the final crisis of development:
integrity versus despair.
A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on the:
intentions of someone who breaks a rule.
Which aspect of love becomes increasingly important to the adolescent?
intimacy
Developmental cascade model
involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
Shawn's mother took him to the doctor as he frequently complained of fatigue. The doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.
iron deficiency anemia
Grief
is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
The critical period hypothesis
is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age.
Age identity
is younger than their chronological age
True of stranger anxiety?
it appears at about six months of age and peaks at one year of age
main criticisms of the strange situation
it may be culturally biased
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development include all of the following EXCEPT:
it places females at a higher level of morality than males.
a research study was perform in which six month old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart&Carrington). Researchers has to decide if infant emotional expression constituted ___. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions
jealousy
The term "ageism" refers to:
judging people on the basis of chronological age.
Semantic Memory
knowledge about the world - including person's field of expertise, general academic knowledge learned in school and "everyday knowledge". Older adults can typically recall this information, but it can take them a longer time to recall. Ability to recall specific info (ie names) declines with age
Ethic and racial groups that are least likely to date
latino & asian american
permissive parenting
lenient, few consequences, only intervene when serious. kids will be kids attitude. struggle academically, no respect for rules and authority, low self esteem
When compared with younger adults, adults over the age of 65 receive ________ of psychological services.
less than their share
Explain the Impact of Life Events
life events produce taxing circumstances that create stress. In the contemporary version of the life-events approach, how life events influence the individual's development depends not only on the life event but also on mediating factors, adaptation to the event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.
The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
life expectancy
during early adolescence, ___ is generally the most common feature of dating and romantic relationships
liking someone
insecure attachment
linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease
LUNGS and SLEEP
little change in lung capacity through most of middle adulthood -some aspects of sleep become problematic -beginning in 40s-wakeful periods are more frequent and there is less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4)
loses
loses
declining process of smell and taste of the elderly
losses typically begin about age 60
A slow-to-warm-up child has a ___ activity level, is somewhat ___, and displays ___ intensity of mood
low
The __ of adults describe themselves as securely attached.
majority
The empty nest syndrome predicts that parents experience decreased marital satisfaction when the children leave home. Research has found that:
marital satisfaction actually increases.
goodness of fit
match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope
Physical attractiveness is most important to:
men
Inez, age 76, believes she is independent and has personal autonomy. She is likely to be:
mentally and physically healthier than people her age who do not share those beliefs.
as children progress through ___ and ___ childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous
middle
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that:
middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
midlife- time when high blood pressure and high cholesterol take many individuals by suprise - cardiovascular disease increases considerably in middle age
Major Depression
mood disorder
Major Depression
mood disorder; individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored. Tires easily, poor appetite, listless and unmotivated. SO common it is called the "common cold" of mental disorders....what does this say about society...hmmmmm
ADHD
more than 1/3 of the children with conduct disorder display
The research on the effects of divorce on children suggests that:
most children competently cope with their parents' divorce.
15 to 18 months
most children develop self-conscious emotions
do men have male menopause?
most men do NOT lose their capacity to father children, although there usually is a modest decline in their sexual hormone level and activity -testosterone production begins to decline about 1% a yr during middle adulthood but men dont lose their fertility
When three levels of acculturation are observed in Mexican American families, they are usually:
mothers at beginning level, fathers at intermediate level, children at advanced level.
emotion-coaching parents
name given to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions
emotion-dismissing parents
name given to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children
Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ___ ___ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often
negative affectivity
Can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months
neglect & abuse
uninvolved parenting
neglectful kids lack self esteem, perform poorly academically, behavior problems, not happy.
Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago, and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. Grace is most likely experiencing:
normal changes during puberty.
The AIDS epidemic in the United States would be an example of a:
normative history-graded influence.
One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves:
not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants.
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his
observing his own children.
Affectionate love
occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person
Visible Signs of aging in Middle Adulthood
one of the most visible signs of physical changes in middle adulthood is physical appearance. -first outwardly noticeable signs of aging usually are apparent by the forties or fifties. -wrinkles, graying or loss of hair, and age spots begin to appear
Approximately what percentage of the American population is sufficiently overweight to be at increased health risk?
one-third
Authoritarian parenting
parents establishes rules and thats it. kids have no say in anything. follow rules, but tend to get angry and may develop self esteem problems.
Sternberg identified three main components of love
passion, intimacy, commitment
During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:
physical characteristics.
Kagan believe that children inherit a ___ that biases them in terms of temperament
physiology
The ____________ important endocrine gland(s) for controlling growth and regulating other glands.
pituitary gland is an
extraversion/surgency
positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation in the temperament classification according to Rothbart and Bates
Which of the following areas of the brain shrinks more than the others? a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex
Decision Making
preserved rather well in older adults
anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of
primary emotions
social orientation
process where young infants stare at faces, and listen closely to voices
Alzheimer Disease
progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory (Acetylcholine), language, and eventually physical fxn
Alzheimer Disease
progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory (Acetylcholine), language, and eventually physical fxn; Physiologically --> amyloid plaques (proteins that build up in blood) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers that build up in neurons); link to gene "ApoE"; # of ppl w/ WD doubles every 5 yrs after age 65
The Carnegie Corporation (1989) recommendations for improving middle schools in the United States included all of the following EXCEPT:
promote continuity by keeping all class sessions the same length.
Which of the following is true of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?
prone to depression, but got closer to them with age
What type of hormonal changes do middle-aged men experience?
psychological adjustment to declining physical energy
Which of the following would involve a cognitive process?
putting together a two-word sentence
Puberty refers to a period of:
rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence.
Inductive reasoning
reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion.
emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ___, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other
reciprocal
terms used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well
reciprocal & synchronous
temperament
refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional response
locomotion
refers to crawling, walking, and running
*Sarcopenia*
refers to the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
*Leisure*
refers to the pleasant time after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing-hobbies, sports, or reading
A ___ smile in an infant dos not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___ smile does
reflexive
researchers consider the growth of emotional ___ in children a part of becoming socially competent, and an aspect of executive functioning and is considered the
regulation
All of the following are dimensions of Baumrind's parenting styles EXCEPT:
rejection.
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors:
remain relatively stable during the middle adult years.
The maximum life span of humans since the beginning of recorded history has:
remained the same
still-face paradigm
research method that helped experts determine that infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a smile or vocalization
according to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ___ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away
resistant
caregivers of ___ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies
resistant
Episodic Memory
retention of info about where and when things happened in life. "I remember my first beer" (older ppl have more difficulty recalling things like this, not because they were drunk (maybe) but because they are old!)
In his triangular theory of love, Robert Sternberg describes all of the following types of love EXCEPT:
romance.
adults with ___ attachment style have positive relationships
secure
___ attached adults provide support when their partner is distressed
securely
adults that are ___ attachment have more positive romantic relationships
securely
the majority of adults prefer to have a(n) ___ securely attached partner
securely
self-conscious emotions require:
self-awareness and a sense of "me"
in order to experience ___ emotions, children must be able to refer to and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
self-conscious
Gender identity refers to the:
sense of being male or female.
Victimization, Crime, and Elder Mistreatment
sense of fear and vulnerability in older adults because of their physical decline and limitations
Victimization, Crime, and Elder Mistreatment
sense of fear and vulnerability in older adults because of their physical decline and limitations; Crimes against older adults are likely to be serious; Elder maltreatment is primarily committed by family members; can also be institutional abuse
Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called _____.
seriation
In the 1930s, John Watson argued that parents:
should provide their children with a nurturing environment.
Which of these syndromes is NOT sex-linked?
sickle-cell anemia
the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents:
smiles & cries
selective narrowing of ___ interactions maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older
social
Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
social interaction.
One of the major limitations of studies on the effects of ethnicity is that may play a larger causal role than ethnic heritage, but it is difficult to tease the two variables apart.
socioeconomic status
Suzman's (1997) survey found all of the following account for decline in disability among the elderly EXCEPT:
socioeconomic status.
All of the following are criticisms of Piaget's work EXCEPT:
some of the skills Piaget identified appear much later than he suggested.
Multi-infarct Dementia
sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual fxn caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries
Multi-infarct Dementia
sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual fxn caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries; results from "mini strokes"; also called vascular dementia. Characterized by: numbness on side of face/arm/leg, confusion, slurring speech. It is reversible if you treat the underlying cause. In untreated, progressively get worse and will have a major stroke
All of the following are key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett to characterize emerging adulthood, EXCEPT:
stability
Socioemotional selectivity theory
states that older adults narrow their social networks
Which of the following class of drugs is most likely to be given to a child to control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
stimulants
Erik Erikson's theory emphasized:
success in confronting specific conflicts at particular ages in life.
Consensual validation refers to:
support for one's attitudes and behavior through another person's similar attitudes and behavior
9 yr old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of __________ as a determinant of social competence.
temperament
the contemporary view on ___ is that it is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior, involving experiences that are incorporated into a network of self-perceptions and behavioral preferences
temperament
*Climacteric*
term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines
A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old. Its results indicated:
that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults.
*Fluid Intelligence*
the ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on (according to Horn)
Source Memory
the ability to remember where one learned something. declines with age. Example: forgetting who told you a joke, and telling the person who told it to you
and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction". These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as:
the age of possibilities.
Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and seems unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that:
the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.
All of the following statements represent Vygotsky's views of development EXCEPT:
the child's way of knowing is best advanced through internal mechanisms, which are separate from the social environment.
Researchers who are proponents of the nurture perspective would argue that:
the environment a person is raised in determines that individual's longevity.
General research conclusion in regard to the strange situation
the experiment continues to have some merit
A study of sexual activity by Michael et al. (1994) found all of the following EXCEPT:
the favorite sexual act was oral sex.
According to George Vaillant:
the forties are a time for reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.
Myelination improves the efficiency of the central nervous system in the same way that:
the insulation around an electrical extension cord improves its efficiency.
Active euthanasia is:
the intentional administration of a lethal drug dose by medical personnel to the dying patient.
the slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in *Working Memory*
the mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble info when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language -working memory capacity in late middle age- the amount of info that can be immediately retrieved and used-becomes more limited
An advance directive, such as a living will, must be signed when
the person can think clearly
Deductive reasoning
the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.
PHYSICAL CHANGES
the rates at which adults age vary considerably from one individual to another -GENETIC makeup and lifestyle factors play imp roles in whether chronic disease will appear and when
Illness
the response a person has to a disease, an abnormal process in which the persons level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level.
*Menopause*
the time in middle age, usually in the late forties or even early fifties when a women's menstrual periods cease completely
Overgeneralization of language rules indicates:
the use of language rules.
Visible changes in Physical appearance for Middle adults
there is a decrease in height, vertebra bone loss & increase in weight and obesity and increased risk of other health problems such as hypertension and diabetes.
The "social clock," as described by Bernice Neugarten (1986), is a:
timetable for accomplishing life's tasks
Middle Adulthood
to be the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.
Exposure to __________ increases children's risk for developing such medical problems as pneumonia, bronchitis, middle ear infections, burns, and asthma.
tobacco smoke
A meta-analysis revealed a positive link between identity development and intimacy, with the connection being stronger for men than women.
true
A study by Sharp and others revealed that was openness related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.
true
According to a study using the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire, College students who have cross-category friends scored higher on the postformal thought measure.
true
Becky is careless, impulsive, and disorganized. According to the Big Five personality factors, Becky is most likely to score low on conscientiousness.
true
Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing schemas.
true
It is common in nonindustrialized societies to describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged.
true
Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the personal fable aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.
true
Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.
true
Neurons continue to grow and dendrites continue to form in adulthood
true
The ability to perform IADLs may be even more critical to self-sufficiency than ADL ability.
true
The cumulative personality model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.
true
The elderly are more politically active than any other age group on nearly all measures of and in all categories related to political activism.
true
The impulse toward compulsive hoarding tends to increase with age.
true
helplessness is the belief that "I cannot".
true
A study by Matthias et al. (1997) of more than 1,200 adults with a mean age of 77 found:
two-thirds were satisfied with their current level of sexual activity.
Romantice
type of love that is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation
What do men not look for in women?
understanding
separation protest
used to describe infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them
As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is:
using selective optimization with compensation
In the Berlin study of aging, the key factors accounting for age differences in intelligence were:
visual and auditory acuity.
All of the following are examples of ageism EXCEPT:
when older adults are asked to serve as "grandparents" for teenage parents.
social referencing
when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in situations
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ ___ of attachment
working model
A child in the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development is MOST likely to engage in which of the following activities?
writing an essay about patriotism
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
• Calm or Anxious • Secure or Insecure • Self-satisfied or Self-pitying
Openness
• Imaginative or practical • Interested in variety or routine • Independent or conforming
Conscientiousness
• Organized or Disorganized • Careful or Careless • Disciplined or Impulsive
Extraversion
• Sociable or retiring • Fun-loving or Somber • Affectionate or reserved
Agreeableness
• Softhearted or ruthless • Trusting or Suspicious • Helpful or Uncooperative