Health and Wellness Final Review Questions

Piaget

stages of cognitive development

maleficence

the quality or nature of being harmful or evil

veracity

truthfulness honesty

A student nurse is educating her class about the three levels of prevention through different client care scenarios. Which scenario mentioned by the student nurse is an example of secondary prevention?

"A nurse takes charge of screening every client upon suspecting a chicken pox outbreak in the healthcare facility." Secondary level of prevention includes mass screening activities. Screening all the clients within the healthcare facility for chicken pox is an example of secondary prevention. Promoting health by providing education regarding sex and sexually transmitted infections is an example primary level prevention. Helping the client to follow healthy standards of nutrition is also an example of primary level of prevention. Rehabilitating a client to ensure maximum use of remaining capacity is an example of tertiary level of intervention.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Clinical Model

A model of health, wellness, and illness that narrowly defines health as the absence of disease. 1. Gather information. 2. Clarify the ethical issues. 3. Resolve the dilemma.

cultural assimilation

Absorption of a culturally distinct group into a dominant or prevailing culture

A nurse is assessing the health care disparities among population groups. Which area is the nurse monitoring? Outcomes of health conditions Incidence of diseases Prevalence of complications Accessibility of health care services

Accessibility of health care services Health disparities are the differences among populations in the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of health conditions, diseases and related complications. Health care disparities also includes differences among populations in the availability, accessibility, and quality of health care services (e.g. screening, diagnostic, treatment, management, and rehabilitation) aimed at prevention, treatment, and management of diseases and their complications.

Health Belief Model

Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors

Which clients are ideal candidates for interpreter service in order to prevent contributing health disparities? Select all that apply. A Spanish-speaking client ready to be discharged from the facility An English-speaking client with a speech disorder An African American client with a hearing impairment A non-English-speaking client in the emergency department An Native American who does not speak the language used at the facility

An Native American who does not speak the language used at the facility A non-English-speaking client in the emergency department A Spanish-speaking client ready to be discharged from the facility

A nurse is beginning to use patient-centered care and cultural competence to improve nursing care. Which step should the nurse take first? Developing cultural skills Understanding organizational forces Learning about the world view of others Assessing own biases and attitude

Assessing own biases and attitude Becoming more aware of your biases and attitudes about human behavior is the first step in providing patient-centered care, leading to culturally competent care. It is helpful to think about cultural competence as a lifelong process of learning about others and also about yourself. Learning about the world view, developing cultural skills, and understanding organizational forces are not the first steps.

Nursing Process

Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Which topic is most important for the nurse to teach in a community health promotion class of middle-aged adults? Decreasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels Abstinence from alcohol Prevention of infection Cessation of smoking

Cessation of smoking Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and hypertension which are major health problems of middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults are not at greater risk for infection. Alcohol intake should be limited, but abstinence is not required for prevention of health problems. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels should be increased to help prevent cardiovascular disease.

A nurse is providing care to a patient from a different culture. Which action by the nurse indicates cultural competence? Functions effectively in a multicultural context Communicates effectively in a multicultural context Visits a foreign country Speaks a different language

Communicates effectively in a multicultural context Cultural competence refers to a developmental process that evolves over time that impacts ability to effectively function in the multicultural context. Communicates effectively and speaking a different language indicates linguistic competence. Visiting a foreign country does not indicate cultural competence.

A nurse is using Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competency. Which areas will the nurse focus on to become competent? (select all that apply) Cultural desire Cultural transition Cultural skills Cultural knowledge

Cultural desire Correct answer.Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competency has five interrelated components: cultural awareness; cultural knowledge; cultural skills; cultural encounters; and cultural desire. Cultural transition is not a component of this model. Cultural skills Correct answer.Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competency has five interrelated components: cultural awareness; cultural knowledge; cultural skills; cultural encounters; and cultural desire. Cultural transition is not a component of this model. Cultural knowledge Correct answer.Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competency has five interrelated components: cultural awareness; cultural knowledge; cultural skills; cultural encounters; and cultural desire. Cultural transition is not a component of this model.

Health promotion includes efforts related to secondary prevention. Which activities reflect secondary prevention interventions in relation to health promotion? Select all that apply. Administering influenza vaccines to older adults Referring clients with a chronic illness to a support group Facilitating smoking cessation programs Encouraging regular dental checkups Teaching the procedure for breast self-examination

Encouraging regular dental checkups Teaching the procedure for breast self-examination Encouraging regular dental checkups is a secondary prevention activity because it emphasizes early detection of health problems, such as dental caries and gingivitis. Teaching the procedure for breast self-examination is a secondary prevention activity because it emphasizes early detection of problems of the breast, such as cancer. Facilitating smoking cessation programs is a primary prevention activity because it emphasizes health protection against heart and respiratory diseases. Administering influenza vaccines to older adults is a primary prevention activity because it emphasizes health protection against influenza. Referring clients with a chronic illness to a support group is a tertiary prevention activity because it emphasizes care that is provided after illness already exists.

eudaemonistic model

Exuberant well-being: interaction and interrelationships in multiple aspects of life

A nurse is assessing the client's meaning of illness. Which area of focus by the nurse is priority? On the way a patient reacts to family/social interactions On the way a patient reacts to disease On the malfunctioning of psychological processes On the malfunctioning of biological processes

On the way a patient reacts to disease To provide culturally congruent care, you need to understand the difference between disease and illness. Illness is the way that individuals and families react to disease, whereas disease is a malfunctioning of biological or psychological processes. The way a patient interacts to family/social interactions is communication processes and family dynamics.

What type of health promotion strategies does the nurse describe while teaching a new mother about immunizations? Unique for children Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

Primary prevention Immunizations/vaccinations are considered primary prevention measures, those strategies aimed at optimizing health and disease prevention in general. Immunizations/vaccinations are primary prevention measures for individuals across the life span, not just children. Secondary prevention measures are those designed to identify individuals in an early state of a disease process so that prompt treatment can be started. Tertiary prevention measures are those that minimize the effects of disease and disability.

Populations with ____________ (immigrant with low income) have a significantly _______________ incidence of disease or ________________ morbidity and mortality when compared with the ___________________ . Although Americans' health overall has ___________________ during the past few decades, the health of members of marginalized groups has actually _________________.

Populations with health disparities (immigrant with low income) have a significantly increased incidence of disease or increased morbidity and mortality when compared with the general population. Although Americans' health overall has improved during the past few decades, the health of members of marginalized groups has actually declined.

Levels of Prevention

Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention

A nurse is providing care to a culturally diverse population. Which action indicates the nurse is successful in the role of providing culturally congruent care? Provides care that is the same as the values of the professional health care system Provides care that is based on meanings generated by predetermined criteria Provides care that makes the nurse the leader in determining what is needed Provides care that fits the patient's valued life patterns and set of meanings

Provides care that fits the patient's valued life patterns and set of meanings The goal of transcultural nursing is to provide culturally congruent care, or care that fits the person's life patterns, values, and system of meaning. Patterns and meanings are generated from people themselves, rather than from predetermined criteria. Discovering patients' cultural values, beliefs, and practices as they relate to nursing and health care requires you to assume the role of learner (not become the leader) and to partner with your patients and their families to determine what is needed to provide meaningful and beneficial nursing care. Culturally congruent care is sometimes different from the values and meanings of the professional health care system.

Which action indicates the nurse is meeting a primary goal of cultural competent care for patients? Provides care to patients that is individualized Provides care to transgender patients Provides care to restore relationships Provides care to surgical patients

Provides care to transgender patients Although cultural competence and patient-centered care both aim to improve health care quality, their focus is slightly different. The primary aim of cultural competence care is to reduce health disparities and increase health equity and fairness by concentrating on people of color and other marginalized groups, like transgender patients. Patient-centered care, rather than cultural competence care, provides individualized care and restores an emphasis on personal relationships; it aims to elevate quality for all patients.

A nursing student lists examples of health promotion activities that can help clients maintain or enhance their present levels of health. Which examples are accurate? Select all that apply. Regular exercise Immunization against measles Good nutrition Physical awareness Education about stress management

Regular exercise & good nutrition Health promotion activities enable clients to enhance or maintain their current health levels. Good nutrition and regular exercise are examples of such activities. Immunization against measles is an example of an illness prevention activity. Education about stress management and physical awareness are examples of a wellness education activity.

An experienced nurse tells the student nurse, "I have found that most Hispanic immigrants live in unsanitary conditions but are hard workers." How should the student nurse best classify this statement? Stereotyping Prejudice Discrimination Misinformed

Stereotyping Stereotyping often leads to biased clinical decision-making. Stereotyping refers to the process by which people use social categories (e.g., gender or race/ethnicity) in acquiring, processing, and recalling information about others. Both implicit and explicit negative attitudes and stereotypes of healthcare providers significantly shape interactions with patients, influence how information is recalled, and guide expectations and inferences in systematic ways. Stereotyping often occurs subconsciously, unlike prejudice or discrimination. Prejudice, which refers to unjustified negative attitudes based on a person's group membership, is another source of biased clinical decision-making. Discrimination refers to the actual mistreatment of individuals based on race, gender, ethnicity, etc. The nurse is not misinformed as the nurse has practiced for some time and made a statement based on observation and experience.

health

The combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being

biophysical

The science of applying physical laws and theories to biologic problems.

Erikson's Theory

Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

What is the goal of Healthy People 2020? To eliminate health disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status To ensure the well-being of clients cared for in a hospital setting To encourage the nurse to do good for the client To have the nurse act as an advocate for clients who are not capable of self-determination

To eliminate health disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status The primary goal of Healthy People 2020 is to eliminate health disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This helps to increase the quality of health care and help people live longer. Nonmaleficence is the ethical concept that emphasizes the importance of preventing harm and ensuring the client's well-being. Beneficence is the ethical concept that encourages the nurse to do good for the client. According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses (2010), if the client is not capable of self-determination, the nurse is ethically obligated to protect the client as an advocate within the professional scope of nursing practice.

Freud

psychoanalysis

Non-maleficence

do no harm

Justice

fairness

fidelity

faithfulness

Beneficiance

goodness, kindness

autonomy

independence

Benner's Theory

novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert Novice: Beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which there is no previous level of experience (e.g., an experienced operating room nurse chooses to now practice in home health). The learner learns via a specific set of rules or procedures, which are usually stepwise and linear. • Advanced Beginner: A nurse who has had some level of experience with the situation. This experience may only be observational in nature, but the nurse is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care. • Competent: A nurse who has been in the same clinical position for 2 to 3 years. This nurse understands the organization and specific care required by the type of patients (e.g., surgical, oncology, or orthopedic patients). He or she is a competent practitioner who is able to anticipate nursing care and establish long-range goals. In this phase the nurse has usually had experience with all types of psychomotor skills required by this specific group of patients. • Proficient: A nurse with more than 2 to 3 years of experience in the same clinical position. This nurse perceives a patient's clinical situation as a whole, is able to assess an entire situation, and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation. This nurse focuses on managing care as opposed to managing and performing skills. • Expert: A nurse with diverse experience who has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem. This nurse is able to zero in on the problem and focus on multiple dimensions of the situation. He or she is skilled at identifying both patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care system or perhaps the needs of the novice nurse.

evidence-based practice

nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Stages of Change

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance