Health Care Ethics Final Exam
Professionals may mistakenly suppose that they are satisfying all relevant moral requirements by strictly following rules of their professional code of ethics.
True
The obligations that professions attempt to enforce are determined by an "accepted role" and comprise the ethics of the profession.
True
There are core tenets in every acceptable particular morality that are not relative to cultures, groups or individuals.
True
There are core tenets in every acceptable particular morality that are not relative to cultures, groups, or individuals.
True
Whereas the moral norms discussed in Chapter 1 chiefly govern right action, character ethics or virtue ethics concentrates on the _____________ who performs actions.
agent
Particular moralities are all of the following except one:
content thin
In order to counter burnout in the practice of medicine, BC7 recommend instilling _________________________ alongside compassion.
detachment
The person of ___________________ is disposed to understand and perceive what circumstances demand in the way of human responsiveness.
discernment
A "practice" is a set of technical skills.
false
All public policies are laws.
false
All supererogatory acts are extraordinarily arduous, costly, or risky, so that they are best considered as optional to the moral actor.
false
Aristotle suggests that moral character and moral achievement are functions of a strong family upbringing and training in doing the right thing in a variety of different situations.
false
BC7 argue that the theory of moral status based upon relationships is sufficient but not necessary for moral status.
false
BC7 explain that a moral virtue is a disposition to act in accordance with moral principles and ideals.
false
BC7 explain that conscience is a special moral faculty and self-justifying moral authority.
false
BC7 explain that persons of true integrity can and should always negotiate and compromise his or her values in an intrainstitutional confrontation.
false
BC7 explain that supererogatory actions are located on an altogether different scale than obligations.
false
BC7 explain that the domain of obligatory actions is continuous with the domain of norms of supererogation by exceeding those obligations.
false
BC7 explain that violations of professional standards of conduct are rightly understood as violations of the rules of professional associations.
false
Charles Bosk points out that there are three different types of error or mistake: technical, judgmental, and mathematical.
false
Detachment involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like.
false
Feelings and a certain type of motivation are morally important in a virtue theory in a way that can be also accurately presented by an obligation-based theory.
false
If an act is morally right then a law allowing that act is morally right.
false
If an act is right and the actor is blameless then the actor is virtuous.
false
If cultures or social groups approve a trait and regard it as moral, their approval is sufficient to qualify the trait as a moral virtue.
false
John Rawls, citing the "Aristotelian principle," explains that the virtues are moral excellences and that lack of them will undermine our ability to act compassionately and according to relevant principles.
false
John Rawls, citing the "Aristotelian principle," explains that the virtues are moral excellences and that lack of them will undermine our self-esteem and the esteem that our associates have for us.
false
Seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of conscientiousness that is independent of seeing that the rule applies.
false
Seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of integrity that is independent of seeing that the rule applies.
false
The American Medical Association has from the 19th century to the present more and more emphasized the virtues as important to medical practice.
false
There is a clear boundary between obligatory and supererogatory actions.
false
Two types of nonnormative ethics are distinguishable: descriptive ethics and practical ethics.
false
When a person is deemed incompetent and needs a surrogate decision maker, the person does loses all moral protections and forms of moral respect.
false
Children involved in research that is not intended to benefit them have sometimes been treated as if they have a diminished moral status and even as utilitarian means to the advancement of research goals.
true
Compassion may cloud judgment and preclude rational and effective response.
true
Defenses of the ethics of care often find principles irrelevant in the moral life.
true
Distrust has been engendered by mechanisms of managed care.
true
Even with a conscientious objection, health care workers have an ethical duty to disclose options for obtaining legal, morally controversial. services, as well as in many cases a duty to provide a referral for those services.
true
Good health care often involves insight into the needs of patients and considerate attentiveness to their circumstances, which derive more from emotional responsiveness than from reason.
true
Immanuel Kant holds that moral autonomy of the will occurs if and only if one knowingly governs oneself in accordance with universally valid moral principles.
true
In a theory of moral status based upon human properties, humans and only humans have moral status.
true
In professional life the traits that warrant encouragement and admiration often derive from role responsibilities.
true
In some theories, only one property can confer moral status.
true
In the theory of moral status based upon cognition, a nonhuman animal can overtake a human in moral status.
true
It is fundamental to morality that actions that cause pain and suffering to others are prohibited unless one has a morally good and sufficient reason for performing those actions.
true
John Rawls, citing the "Aristotelian principle," explains that the virtues are moral excellences and that lack of them will undermine our self-esteem and the esteem that our associates have for us.
true
Norms are specified by narrowing their scope, allowing for the creation of guidelines governing moral status.
true
Nurses and physicians must understand the feelings and experiences of patients to respond appropriately to them.
true
Nurses, physicians, and pharmacists must understand the feelings and experiences of patients to respond appropriately to them and their illnesses and injuries.
true
On the approach of BC7, rules specify principles whereas guidelines specify criteria of moral status.
true
On the theory of moral status based upon moral agency, an individual has moral status if he or she is capable of making moral judgments about the rightness and wrongness of actions and the individual has motives that can be judged morally.
true
Persons can feel violated by having to abandon their personal commitments to pursue moral objectives.
true
Professional moralities are one form of particular morality.
true
Supererogation means paying or performing beyond what is owed and doing more than what is required.
true
The theory of moral status based upon relationships holds that relationships that establish roles and obligations are what give an individual moral status.
true
Unlike the virtue of integrity, which is focused on the self, compassion is directed at others.
true
Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham famously complained that the virtues are not reliable.
true
Virtues such as loyalty, courage, generosity, kindness, respectfulness, and benevolence at times lead persons to act inappropriately and unacceptably.
true
What often matters most in the moral life is not adherence to moral rules, but having a reliable character, a good moral sense, and an appropriate emotional responsiveness.
true
When relationships are voluntary and among intimates it is appropriate for the law to forbid lawsuits for harms that occur.
true
Without exhibiting partiality, we would impair or sever our most important relationships.
true
_________________________ is a confident belief in and reliance on the moral character and competence of another person.
trustworthiness
To be _______________________________ is to merit confidence in one's character and conduct.
trustworthy
The common morality is characterized by all but one of the following characteristics:
concrete
BC7 explain that violations of ____________________ are accompanied by feelings of remorse, guilt, shame, disunity, or disharmony.
conscience
An individual acts _______________ if he or she is motivated to do what is right because it is right, has ried with due diligence to determine what is right, intends to do what is right, and exerts appropriate effort to do so.
conscientiously
BC7 argue that a breach of integrity happens when a physician enters into a sexual relationship with a patient.
true
BC7 explain that conscience is a form of self-reflection.
true
BC7 explain that the domain of supererogatory actions is continuous with the domain of norms of obligation by exceeding those obligations.
true
BC7 use an analogy of education to argue for aspiring to act beyond the moral minimum.
true
Carol Gilligan maintains that men tend to embrace an ethic of rights and justice whereas women tend to affirm an ethic of care.
true
By definition moral ideals are required of all persons.
False
Descriptive ethics and metaethics are nonnormative because their objective is to establish what ought to be the case or what is ethically valuable and not what is factually or conceptually the case.
False
From ancient medicine to the present, physicians have subjected their codes of ethics to the scrutiny of patients and the public.
False
In the case of dilemmas, BC7 argue we are obligated to perform both morally required actions in the situations involved.
False
Persons who accept a particular morality acquire an authoritative moral voice for all persons.
False
There is a clear boundary between obligatory and supererogatory actions.
False
BC7 consider ________________________ as a fundamental virtue in relationships, practices, and actions in health care.
care
The set of universal norms shared by all persons committed to morality is called the ______________________________.
common morality
In its most general sense, "moral ______________________" means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character.
integrity
The word ____________ refers to norms about right and wrong human conduct that are so widely shared that they form a stable social compact.
morality
Name the three characteristics of a "public policy" as per BC7:
set of normative, enforceable guidelines, accepted by an official public body, to govern a particular area of conduct.
A health care worker who has a conscientious objection to performing some procedure should inform their employers ahead of time about these objections.
true
A pharmacist refusal to fill a prescription for an emergency contraceptive is an example of a "conscientious objection."
true
A rights-based or obligation-based account may neglect appropriate forms of empathy.
true
According to BC7, the properties of experiencing pain and suffering are almost certainly sufficient to confer some measure of moral status.
true
All general moral norms are justifiably overridden in some circumstances.
true
All moral rules are, in principle, subject to specification.
true
All persons with normal moral capacities can cultivate the character traits of most importance to morality.
true
Aristotle explained that we acquire virtues much as we do the ability to cook.
true
Aristotle suggests that moral character and moral achievement are functions of self-cultivation and aspiration.
true