Health Policy Final
In Sweden, which of following entities deliver(s) healthcare to residents -The national government -County councils and municipal governments -(a) and (b) -The private sector
County councils and municipal governments
Define World Health Assembly
Delegations from WHO's 193 member countries Decision-making and policymaking body
Which of the following is a distributive policy? -Funding of medical research through the National Institutes of Health -Medicaid -Processes related to the approval of new drugs -Social welfare programs
Funding of medical research through the National Institutes of Health
State Government Executive Branch
Governor Attorney General Lieutenant General Secretary of state Auditors Commissioners
What are the 3 main goals for the triple aim
Improving the individual experience Improving the health of populations Reducing the per capita cost of care for populations
Which of the following statements about managed care is not true? -Managed care usually pays on a per member, per month basis. -Managed care plans use primary care providers as gatekeepers. -In a capitation scheme, providers accept discounted fees in exchange for a guaranteed pool of patients or salary. -The main roles of primary care providers are managing routine services and making referrals for higher-level care or specialty services.
In a capitation scheme, providers accept discounted fees in exchange for a guaranteed pool of patients or salary.
What is the purpose of an efficiency analysis? -It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationship between them -It uses multiple sources to investigate an entity or a phenomenon through triangulation. -It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes -It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs.
It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs.
What is the purpose of a constant comparison analysis? -It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationships between them. -It uses multiple sources to investigate an entity or a phenomenon through triangulation. -It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes. -It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs.
It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationships between them.
What is the purpose of a narrative analysis? -It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationships between them. -It uses multiple sources to investigate an entity or a phenomenon through triangulation. -It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes. -It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs.
It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes.
Which of the following statements best describes health policymaking in nonfederal sectors? -It is constrained by federal laws and regulations -It is driven mostly by state and local governments -It is integrated and coordinated -It is directed by policy entrepreneurship at the grassroots level.
It is constrained by federal laws and regulations
Which of the following statements best describes health policy? -It is policy related to the financing, delivery, and governance of health services for the populations and subpopulations within a jurisdiction. -It is a regulation that imposes restrictions for the purpose of controlling the behavior of a target group. -It is legislation over individuals, organizations, and society aimed at improving the health of populations and subpopulations. -It cannot be established by the private sector
It is legislation over individuals, organizations, and society aimed at improving the health of populations and subpopulations.
What is the definition of healthcare policy? -It is policy related to the financing, delivery, and governance of health services for the populations and subpopulations within a jurisdiction. -It is a regulation that imposes restrictions for the purpose of controlling the behavior of a target group. -It is legislation over individuals, organizations, and society aimed at improving the health of populations and subpopulations. -None of the above
It is policy related to the financing, delivery, and governance of health services for the populations and subpopulations within a jurisdiction.
What branches make up the US Federal Government
Legislative Executive Judicial
Define Secretariat
Main policy implementation body of WHO
What are the difference public payer forms
Medicare Medicaid Military/VA Indian Health Service
What three dimensions of health risks occur
Physical Mental Social
Which of the following statements about policy entrepreneurs and their efforts at the grassroots level is not true? -Community-based projects stress participation and empowerment -Policy entrepreneurs are innovators that hold formal positions in the government -They can be strong advocates for vulnerable populations in the community -Grassroots efforts are critical to innovation and adaptation of successful projects to different environments
Policy entrepreneurs are innovators that hold formal positions in the government`
Define vulnerable populations
Populations that experience a convergence of health risks and exhibit poorer health status
Executive branch defined
President and Cabinet
After socioeconomic status, insurance status, and health conditions are controlled for, which population is least likely to have a regular source of care? -The chronically ill -The elderly -Racial and ethnic minorities -Caucasians
Racial and ethnic minorities
Ukraine's government has been successful at -spending HIV/AIDS grants from the Global Fund for AIDS -reducing tobacco consumption -creating a centralized tuberculosis monitoring system -providing post-incarceration tuberculosis treatment plans
Reducing tobacco consumption
Communicating research Three categories
Research community- Scientists Stakeholders- Provide funding/ or key role in implementing research Public- Population affected by findings
What is health policy research? -Investigation of medical malpractice claims -Scientific investigation that aims to improve health -Synthesis of current health information to inform decision making -None of the above
Scientific investigation that aims to improve health
Define Health Policy Research
Scientific investigation that applies various health-related and social science methodologies to formulate and evaluate health policies (WHO 2005)
The policy implementation body of the World Health Organization is called the -executive board -Secretariat -World Health Assembly -director-general
Secretariat
What are different private payer forms
Self-pay Employer based
Legislative Branch defined
Senate House of Representatives
State Government Legislative branch
Senate House of Representatives assembly house of delegates
Judicial branch defined
Supreme Court
What is health policy analysis? -Investigation of medical malpractice claims -Scientific investigation that aims to improve health -Synthesis of current health information to inform decision making -None of the above
Synthesis of current health information to inform decision making
Which of the following does not belong to the state executive branch? -The governor -The House of Representatives -The secretary of state -The attorney general
The House of Representatives
The legislative branch of the federal government is called: -the House of Representatives -the Senate -the US Congress -None of the above
The US Congress
Which of the following statements is not true about health policymaking in the United States? -The approach to health policymaking at the federal level is systematic. -The federal government takes a subordinate role to the private sector in providing healthcare services. -The government and its programs are fragmented -Health legislation is more likely to be passed when both congressional chambers are controlled by the same party.
The approach to health policymaking at the federal level is systematic.
Which of the following statements about Canada Health Act is not true? -It is the primary piece of health-related legislation at the federal level -The law ensures universal health insurance and health services coverage in Canada -It was signed into law in 1984. -The legal framework for provincial healthcare plans receiving federal funding should be independently created on the basis of health conditions prevalent in each province.
The legal framework for provincial healthcare plans receiving federal funding should be independently created on the basis of health conditions prevalent in each province.
Which of the following is not a power of the US Congress? -The power to use any reasonable means not directly prohibited by the Constitution to carry out the will of the people -The power to declare that federal or state laws are unconstitutional -The power to tax -The power to allocate funds and restrict the manner in which states use those funds
The power to declare that federal or state laws are unconstitutional
The environmental determinants of health -are the physical dimensions of an individual's existence -have a greater impact on health than the medical system does -have only a direct impact on health -none of the above
have a greater impact on health than the medical system does
Lower socioeconomic populations are more likely than higher socioeconomic populations to -have a regular source of care -have high mortality rates from preventable causes -have low morality rates from preventable causes -be covered by private insurance
have high mortality rates from preventable causes
The purpose of Canada's common drug review is to -promote use of the most effective and least expensive drugs -review patient prescriptions for appropriateness -document and review physicians' prescribing history -prevent coverage of expensive pharmaceuticals
promote use of the most effective and least expensive drugs
Pay for performance is -provider payment based on curing or alleviating patient symptoms -provider payment based on meeting practice guidelnes -provider payment based on patient rating of performance -provider payment based on number of visits and services provided
provider payment based on meeting practice guidelnes
Vulnerable populations include:
racial and ethnic minorities uninsured groups of low socioeconomic status
The gold standard study design for scientific research is the -ethnographic study -randomized controlled trial -observational study -case-control study
randomized controlled trial
Institutional review boards are responsible for -periodically reviewing research projects to assess adherence to timeline -reviewing research findings prior to submission for publication -auditing ongoing research to ensure protection of human subjects -reviewing study designs to assess their ethical and legal implications
reviewing study designs to assess their ethical and legal implications
The capacity to enforce legislation on behalf of the government as granted by the Constitution is called -agenda setting -statutory authority -tabling legislation -veto
statutory authority
What is the health policy Research Process
Conceptualization Groundwork Research Methods Research design Sampling Measurement Data procession and analysis Application
What are WHO's Six Core Functions
1. Act as a leader and partner on health issues worldwide 2. Set research priorities and encourage the sharing of health-related knowledge 3. Establish standards of practice and support and monitor their adoption 4. Advance policy options founded on ethical and evidence-based principles 5. Lend technical support to health initiatives and contribute to capacity building 6. Monitor health issues around the world and identify patterns and trends
What are the characteristics of Health Policy Research
1. Applied field 2. Ethics Framework 3. Multidisciplinary input 4. Basis in science 5. Population focus
What four factors are the goals to improve health of populations through
1. Needs assessments 2. Policy and program developments 3. Implementation 4. Evaluation
What's the policymaking process at the federal level?
1. Policy formulation stage 2. Policy implementation stage 3. Policy modification stage
Six Dimensions of healthcare
1. Safety 2. Effectiveness 3. Patient- Centeredness 4. Timeliness 5. Efficiency 6. Equity
How many members are in Senate? How long are terms? Are there term limits?
100 members 6 year term No term limit Election held for 1/3 of senate every 2 years (even years)
How many members are in House of Representatives? How long are terms? Are there term limits?
435 members 2 year term No term Limits
Define Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
In addition to experimental and control groups, which of the following elements must be present for research to qualify as experimental? -Pre- and post-testing -Randomization -Application of an intervention -All of the above
All of the above
Regulatory approaches to containing costs include -control over the number of available providers -price contorl -control over services that are provided -all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following statements about China's healthcare system is/are true? -The laws governing the healthcare system in China are the Fundamental Health Law and the Hygienic Common Law. -There are four government insurance schemes in China aiming to cover the majority of the population. -Healthcare is primarily delivered by local governments and hospitals -All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following statements about the local US governments is/are true? -They typically operate at the county level of municipality level -They all follow the democratic model -The powers they are granted depend on the size of the county or municipality -All of the above
All of the above
How much of the elderly's disposable income is spent on healthcare? -None -Less than 5 percent -Less than 10 percent -At least 10 percent
At least 10 percent
Eligibility for Medicare is not based on which of the following criteria? -Being aged 65 or older -Being any age, having a disability, and entitled to Social Security benefits -Being uninsured -Having end-stage renal (kidney) disease
Being uninsured
Which of the following is not private health insurance? -Aetna -Blue Cross Blue Shield -Managed Care Organization -CHIP
CHIP
What are vector-borne diseases? -Diseases that originate in humans and are not contagious to humans -Diseases that originate in humans and are contagious to humans -Diseases that originate in other species and are not contagious to humans -Diseases that originate in other species and are contagious to humans
Diseases that originate in other species and are contagious to humans
Which of the following statements about patients' rights is not true? -Patients who withdraw informed consent are entitled to the same quality of treatment received by other patients. -HIPAA protects patients' personal health information. -EMTALA prohibits insurers from setting expensive premiums for enrollees who have a poor health status. -All Medicare-participating hospitals with emergency departments must provide certain care to patients regardless of patients' ability to pay.
EMTALA prohibits insurers from setting expensive premiums for enrollees who have a poor health status.
Define WHO Executive board
Facilitates the work of the world Health Assembly and advises on technical issues related to health
T/F: A dependent variable represents a treatment, a characteristic, an exposure, or another factor that is being examined to determine its effect on an independent variable.
False
T/F: A panel study is a longitudinal study that uses a series of cross-sectional studies and repeated sampling from a population to examine how a characteristic or set of characteristics changes over time.
False
T/F: All proposals for new laws must go through multiple readings, debates, and votes in the two legislative chambers at either the state level or local government level.
False
T/F: Canada's healthcare system is administered by the federal government.
False
T/F: Children are the only subpopulation among which the rate of chronic illness is not increasing.
False
T/F: Developing countries face fewer challenges in addressing mental illness.
False
T/F: Governments in developing countries are well-equipped to implement public health policies.
False
T/F: Healthcare priorities in Sweden are established on the basis of data collected by county and municipal governments.
False
T/F: In the United States, little investment is made in health technology, workforce training, recruitment, and facility construction or renovation.
False
T/F: Individuals with lower levels of education are more likely than individuals with higher levels of education to maintain a regular source of care.
False
T/F: Once the House and Senate have approved an identical bill, the president has to either sign or veto the legislation.
False
T/F: Reliability is the extent to which a measurement tool measures the intended concepts.
False
T/F: Secondary data usually are less generalizable and more expensive to use than primary data are.
False
T/F: Seden is European Union (EU) member state, so Sweden automatically adopts all EU laws.
False
T/F: Stratified sampling is random selection of subjects from heterogeneous groups into which they have been divided. All subjects within a group are included in the sample.
False
T/F: The determinants of health policy include potential solutions to a health problem, stakeholders' influence, policymakers' leadership role, and the prevalence of the health problem in other countries.
False
T/F: The largest share of healthcare spending in the United States goes to physicians and clinics.
False
T/F: The legislative and judicial branches are responsible for overseeing enacted legislation while the executive branch is not.
False
T/F: The significance of a health policy is unrelated to the severity of the health problem it is targeting.
False
T/F: The state executive branch is the main lawmaking body of the government; it also approves the state's budget and fulfills other functions of government.
False
T/F: Validity is the extent to which results are similar if the measurement tool is reapplied in a consistent way.
False
Which of the following statements about private industries is not true? -Their products and services are key influences of the population's health status. -They are highly taxed and regulated in the United States -They influence health and health policy through their services or products and through their lobbying activities. -They are unable to oppose laws made by the federal government.
They are unable to oppose laws made by the federal government.
Which of the following statements about private health foundations is not true? -They conduct health policy research -They advance policy through grant programs -They can make policy -The Pew Charitable Trust is an example of a private health foundation
They can make policy
Which of the following statements about private health research institutes is true? -They influence health policy by conducting policy research and analysis -They fund promising social experiments -They participate in the policy implementation process -They often are affiliated with private health foundations
They influence health policy by conducting policy research and analysis
T/F: A bill must first be introduced by a state legislature to either chamber.
True
T/F: A heterogeneous population is one whose members are largely dissimilar in terms of selected characteristics.
True
T/F: A needs assessment identifies areas of weakness or deficiency in a program.
True
T/F: Children in uninsured families whose income falls within 200 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible to enroll in the Children's Health Insurance Program.
True
T/F: Columbia successfully reduced violence through the application of an alcohol policy.
True
T/F: Each state has its own constitution and bill of rights, which together define the structure and function of the state government and of the local governments within the state's boundary.
True
T/F: Healthcare reform in China in 2009 introduced a universal healthcare system.
True
T/F: Improved access to a clean water supply is considered one of the most important preventive measures for reducing global mortality.
True
T/F: In probability sampling, each subject has a known probability of being selected.
True
T/F: In regard to health, vulnerability is the convergence of health risks.
True
T/F: In relation to stratified random sampling, strata are levels into which a population or sample is divided on the basis of selected characteristics.
True
T/F: Interest groups can both propose a new law and draft a bill.
True
T/F: Lobbying by organized interest groups is a common component of the political process in a democracy.
True
T/F: Managed care organizations establish a provider network to provide quality care at a lower cost than that incurred by the provision of fee-for-service care.
True
T/F: Most long-term care clients are elderly people, whose risk of developing chronic diseases and functional limitations is higher than that of younger individuals.
True
T/F: Nongovernmental organizations do more work to address environmental hazards than do governments in developing countries.
True
T/F: Physicians' offices can be considered safety net providers.
True
T/F: Policy modification can take place during policy formulation or policy implementation.
True
T/F: Policymakers tend to be most responsive to the views and wishes of constituents who are politically active.
True
T/F: Racial minorities receive prenatal care at lower rates than Caucasian women do
True
T/F: The judicial branch can make policy by interpreting a statute, establishing a judicial precedent, or interpreting the US Constitution.
True
T/F: The less control individuals have over the behavioral risk factors, the more regulations the government tends to enforce (with a few exceptions, such as regulations over illegal drugs).
True
T/F: The political system in the United States comprises three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial branches.
True
T/F: The public in Sweden can influence health policymaking at both the national level and the county level through a voting process.
True
T/F: Women are more likely to live longer, report more physically and mentally unhealthy days per month, and have higher rates of chronic disease than men do.
True
The World Health Organization's (WHO) decision-making and policy making body composed of delegations from all WHO member states is called the -executive board -Secretariat -World Health Assembly -director-general
World Health Assembly
(WHO) World Health Organization is made up of:
World Health Assembly Executive Board Secretariat
In healthcare, "agency relationship" refers to -a relationship between a patient and a provider in which the patient delegates some authority of the provider to make decisions and perform actions on the patient's behalf -patients' tendency to refer to and incorporate the decisions of healthcare providers in their own decision making -the referral of patients to specialists by primary care providers -None of the above
a relationship between a patient and a provider in which the patient delegates some authority of the provider to make decisions and perform actions on the patient's behalf
Utilization of health services by the homeless can be improved by -improving their housing stability -providing them with insurance coverage -improving their community ties and social support -all of the above
all of the above
"Tabling legislation" is defined as -a change or an addition to a current law or piece of legislation -the process by which implementation agencies set detailed rules and regulations for the application of laws -the selection of a health problem as a policy target -an action undertaken by Congress to postpone consideration of legislation
an action undertaken by Congress to postpone consideration of legislation
Define vulnerability
convergence of health risks
Research used to assess the effectiveness of a program in terms of its implementation, components, participants, cost-effectiveness, and areas for improvement is called -a laboratory experiment -evaluation research -a panel study -a trend study
evaluation research
China's Health China 2020 legislation requires -the commercialization of hospitals -all citizens to have health insurance -the creation of a universal healthcare system -expansion fo public health services
expansion for public health services
Disability-adjusted life years measure -the number of years of disability-free life -the number of years of disability-free life gained from medical treatment -the number of years of life lost due to disability and the quality of life lost due to disability -the number of years lived with a disability and the quality of life gained from medical treatment
the number of years of life lost due to disability and the quality of life lost due to disability
Descriptive research methods are -used to investigate study -characteristics among subjects -experimental studies that provide the greatest level of generalizability -used to learn more about a little-known topic or to test new research methods -none of the above
used to investigate study characteristics among subjects