Health Promotion Strategies & Interventions Pt#1
Common use: Accelerated wound healing Potential drug interaction: Interferes with furosemide and other loop diuretics
Aloe
used instead of traditional medical approaches
Alternative therapies
federal program that helps supplement the diets of low-income Americans by providing emergency food assistance at no cost - Each state receives food based on unemployment rate and number of households living below the poverty level.
Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP)
1.) Social & Physical environment - media --> normal activity - accessibility & price - peer groups/parents - belonging to a lower socioeconomic groups & being uninsured 2.) Mental health 3.) Personal Views - expect positive changes --> stress reduction & weight loss 4.) Genetic factors - adolescents are more sensitive to nicotine and develop dependence sooner than adults - may make quitting smoking harder for some young people - smoking during pregnancy increases the chance that the child will smoke cigarettes regularly in the future
Factors associated w/ adolescent tobacco use
lack of consistent access to enough food to maintain an active, healthy lifestyle due to a lack of available financial resources 1.) not all people living below the poverty line experience food insecurity - some above experience it 2.) doesn't occur in isolation - overlap of issues (social determinants of health)
Food insecurity
Improve quality of life and eliminate health disparities
Health People Initiative (2010)
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
Health People Initiative (2020)
Focus on health equity, social determinants of health, and health literacy
Health People Initiative (2030)
available to women who are pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding as well as their infants and children up to age 5 years 1.) income eligibility requirements 2.) via electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Common use: Sleep disorders, anxiety (promotes CNS depression) Potential drug interaction: Barbiturates, other sleep medications, and antihistamines (enhances effects)
Valerian root
1.) Overall well-being --> overall life satisfaction
well-being (OHMs)
uses devices to teach self-regulation and voluntary self-control over specific physiologic responses - commonly used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, smoking cessation, epilepsy, and migraines
Biofeedback
used to screen for alcohol abuse - no = 0 - yes = 1 --> higher scores indicate a substance abuse problem 1.) Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking? (C) 2.) Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? (A) 3.) Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking? (G) 4.) Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)? (E)
CAGE tool
complementary and alternative medicine - used to describe holistic approaches that are not part of conventional medical treatment
CAM
1.) Hospital value-based purchasing - program that ties a portion of Medicare reimbursements for inpatient acute care to performance in quality measures, such as client perceptions and satisfaction --> measured by Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) 2.) Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program - reduces Medicare reimbursement to hospitals with excessive client readmissions within 30 days of discharge 3.) Bundled payments for care improvements - single payment is received for all services to treat a client during a single episode of care - GOAL --> encourage providers and hospitals to better coordinate care in an effort to improve quality while reducing cost 4.) Hospital Acquired Conditions Reduction Program - designed to encourage hospitals to improve quality and safety - high incidence of healthcare acquired conditions (HAC) --> dec.'d or no reimbursement from the federal government for treatment
Change the way medical decisions are made to lower the cost of healthcare
federal program that provides reimbursements for nutritious meals and snacks to eligible children and adults (60+) who are enrolled in participating daycare centers - also provides meals for children participating in after-school activities and residing in emergency shelters
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)
determined to be eligible 1.) participation in certain federal assistance programs - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 2.) based on their status - homeless, migrant, or foster children 3.) based on household income and family size 4.) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) called Food and Nutrition Services
Child nutrition programs
works to improve the health of low-income persons (60+) by supplementing their diets with healthy foods
Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSEP)
1.) May interfere with prescribed medications 2.) May contain pesticides 3.) May contain carcinogenic properties 4.) Amount of ingredient varies by manufacturer
Common problems associated with the use of herbal supplements?
used in conjunction (together) with traditional medical approaches
Complementary therapies
355, measurable; associated with 10-year targets for the decade - reflect high-priority public health issues and are associated w/ evidence-based interventions - Ex: Reduce the syphilis rate in females
Core Objectives
represent high-priority public health issues that are associated w/ evidence-based interventions but do not yet have reliable baseline data - Ex: Increase the proportion of older adults who get screened for osteoporosis
Developmental Objectives
allows companies to sell herbs as dietary supplements as long as no health claims are written on the labels
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
most commonly used by adolescents; use a nicotine-containing liquid to produce an aerosol 1.) less harmful than cigarettes, but shouldn't be considered safe - can harm adolescent brain development and inc. the presence of cancer-causing chemicals in the body 2.) vaping --> associated w/ serious lung problems related to allergic reactions to contaminant
E-cigarrettes
Common use: Stimulate the immune system Potential drug interaction: Interferes with anti-rejection medications used in organ transplants and antiretrovirals used to treat HIV/AIDS
Echinacea
Common use: Elevated blood cholesterol levels Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants (enhances effects)
Garlic
Common use: Improved memory Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (enhances effects)
Ginkgo biloba
Common use: Increased physical endurance, improved immune function Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and MAO inhibitors (enhances effects)
Ginseng
Dec. overall deaths and inc. independence of older adults
Health People Initiative (1990)
Reduce health disparities and achieve preventive access for all
Health People Initiative (2000)
legislation that authorized core child nutrition programs - first time in many years that effective reform to the school lunch and breakfast programs to improve nutrition for children
Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010
identifies public health priorities to assist individuals, organizations, and communities across the United States to improve health and well-being 1.) provides 10-year, measurable objectives and tools to track progress toward achievement
Healthy People Initiative
not approved for use as drugs and are not regulated by the FDA 1.) many are safe & effective for a variety of conditions - cranberry juice --> preventing UTI 2.) "natural" ≠ safe - not regulated --> concentrations vary by manufacturer, contamination, may interfere w/ prescribed medication 3.) Only from reputable manufacturers - scientific name of botanical - name/address - batch/lot # - date & expiration
Herbal treatments
water pipes used to smoke specifically made tobacco that comes in different flavors - has many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking
Hookah
1.) health condition 2.) setting 3.) pop. 4.) health behavior 5.) social determinants of health
How are Healthy People 2030 objectives categorized?
1.) Nutritional Benefits - dietary supplements: herbs, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics 2.) Physical and Psychological Benefits - include tai chi, yoga, acupuncture, massage therapy, art therapy, music therapy, relaxation, breathing exercises, hypnotherapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction - Some are administered by a trained practitioner
How are complementary or alternative therapies classified?
uses the conscious mind to create mental images to stimulate physical changes in the body, improve perceived well-being, and enhance self-awareness; often combined with relaxation techniques 1.) can be self-directed
Imagery
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States
LHI: Reduce current tobacco use in adolescents (TU-04)
23 high-priority Healthy People 2030 core objectives; 1.) place emphasis on important factors that impact major causes of death and disease in the US 2.) categorized by (2030) - all ages (10 LHIs) - infants (1 LHI) - children and adolescents (4 LHIs) - adults and older adults (8 LHIs)
Leading Health Indicators (LHIs)
1.) High Food Security - no problems consistently accessing enough food 2.) Marginal Food Security - problems at times accessing enough food but the quality, variety, and quantity of food is not significantly reduced 3.) Low Food Security - reduced quality and variety in the diet, but the quantity of food intake and eating patterns are not significantly disrupted 4.) Very low food security - Eating patterns are disrupted and food intake is reduced due to lack of household money or other resources for food.
Levels of Food Security
any activity that limits stimulus input by directing attention to a single unchanging or repetitive stimulus so that the person becomes more aware of self 1.) relaxing the body & calming the mind 2.) needs a quiet space, a comfortable position, a receptive attitude, and focus 3.) does not require specialized training 4.) self-directed; purpose is to become "mindful"
Meditation
provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost, or free lunches to eligible students each school day
National School Lunch Program
broad, global outcomes intended to assess the Healthy People 2030 vision 1.) eight OHMs (3 tiers) - well-being - healthy life expectancy - mortality and health 2.) do not have targets and are not considered objectives - addressed by either core, developmental, or research objectives 3.) monitored throughout the decade to illustrate the overall health and well-being of the population and to demonstrate improvements
Overall health and well-being measures (OHMs)
- 3 main objectives 1.) Reform the private insurance market. 2.) Expand Medicaid to the working poor with income up to 138% of the federal poverty level. 3.) Change the way medical decisions are made to lower the cost of healthcare
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
1.) less likely to have a primary care provider --> more likely to skip routine healthcare 2.) may not be able to afford the health care services and medications they need
People w/ out health insurance
1.) age 18-64 2.) Hispanic adults were more likely than non-Hispanic adults 3.) Men
Reasons for being uninsured
One of the most effective therapies 1.) progressive relaxation - helps the client effectively rest and reduce tension in the body - head-to-toe approach; using slow, deep abdominal breathing, each muscle group in succession is tightened then relaxed 2.) passive relaxation - calms the body and mind without intentionally tightening and relaxing muscle groups - Slow, abdominal breathing is used in conjunction with imagining that relaxation is flowing through specific body parts - used for clients who experience discomfort or exhaustion with active muscle contracting
Relaxation therapies
represent public health issues w/ a high health or economic burden or significant disparities between population groups; not yet associated with evidence-based interventions. - Ex: Increase quality of life for cancer survivors
Research objectives
federally-assisted program started in 1966 to provide breakfast
School Breakfast Program (SBP)
1.) agitation 2.) problems thinking clearly, remembering, or paying attention 3.) poor coordination 4.) seizures or respiratory depression 5.) self-inflicted trauma and suicidal ideation (thinking about or planning suicide) 6.) frequently missed appointments 7.) frequently requests written excuses for missing school or work 8.) frequently asks for prescription refills 9.) frequently visits the Emergency Department 10.) history of changing healthcare providers 11.) frequent STIs, complicated pregnancies, multiple abortions, or sexual dysfunction 12.) family history of substance use disorder 13.) reported financial or marital problems 14.) history of childhood sexual, physical, or emotional abuse 15.) intimate partner violence
Signs/Symptoms of Substance Use Disorder
"chiropractic"; aims to normalize body function through spinal manipulation 1.) centers on the belief that when the spine is misaligned, energy flow is impeded and natural healing abilities are impaired 2.) often combined with other modalities (heat, ice, electrical stimulation, and deep tissue massage) 3.) opposed to many other forms of holistic therapy --> often covered by insurance 4.) commonly used to treat acute back and joint pain caused by osteoarthritis and to enhance traditional medication treatment of asthma, migraines, dysmenorrhea, and vertigo
Spinal Manipulation
provides evidence-based information to assist healthcare professionals in guiding clients
The National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCIH)
provides nutrition benefits to supplement the food budgets of low-income families so they can purchase healthy food 1.) Monthly --> electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card - used to purchase food at authorized retailers 2.) largest federal nutrition assistance program 3.) USDA's Food and Nutrition Services (FNS) division
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
affects energy fields that surround and penetrate the human body to aid with healing - acupressure, healing touch, and Reiki 1.) energy of the therapist is used to positively influence the client's energy field 2.) commonly used to treat pain, dementia, and anxiety
Therapeutic touch
may be self-administered directly by the client or as an interview by the healthcare professional; questionnaire w/ 4 items - any use is indicated (past 12 months) --> additional Q's asked about use-related behaviors - Scores generate a risk level --> 0 = No use in past three months --> 1 = Problem use --> 2+ = Higher risk 1.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used tobacco or any other nicotine delivery product? 2.) In the past 12 months, how often have you had 5 or more drinks (men)/4 or more drinks (women) containing alcohol in one day? 3.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used any prescription medications just for the feeling, more than prescribed, or that were not prescribed for you? 4.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used any drugs, including marijuana, cocaine or crack, heroin, methamphetamine (crystal meth), hallucinogens, ecstasy/MDMA?
Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS) tool
1.) Chaparral 2.) Ephedra 3.) Liferoot 4.) Comfrey 5.) Calamus
Toxic Herbs
holistic treatments that healthcare professionals may perform only after completing the related training - often require post-graduate degrees, national certifications, and/or an additional license
Training-specific therapies
1.) 3 types - core - developmental - research 2.) 23 core objectives (LHIs)
Types of Objectives
An area where people live that has limited access to retailers that carry affordable and nutritious foods - Often in low-income areas - lack reliable transportation
food desert
1.) Causes - cancer, stroke, heart disease, and lung disease 2.) increases risk - tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and autoimmune dysfunction (rheumatoid arthritis) - erectile dysfunction 3.) increases - peristalsis, weight loss, and favors wrinkling of skin
health effects of tobacco use
combine a summary measure of mortality and health - represent the expected number of years a healthy person will live 1.) Life expectancy at birth - free of activity limitation 2.) Life expectancy at birth - free of disability 3.) Life expectancy at birth - in good or better health
healthy life expectancy (OHMs)
require the use of an electronic device to heat a stick or pod of compressed tobacco leaves --> aerosol
heated tobacco
a personal, physical sensation of discomfort that may result from food insecurity
hunger
Traditional and complementary therapies coordinated by a multidisciplinary team
integrative healthcare
1.) Parental involvement 2.) Academic achievement 3.) Belonging to a religious group
lower smoking levels in adolescents
used individually and as components of the healthy life expectancy measures 1.) Life expectancy at birth 2.) Free of activity limitation 3.) Free of disability 4.) Respondent-assessed health status - in good or better health
mortality and health (OHMs)
chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - dietary supplements, vitamins, minerals, myotherapies, essential oils, and probiotics
natural product
tobacco is chewed or snuffed
smokeless tobacco
don't contain nicotine 1.) verniciline tartrate (Chantix) 2.) buproprion hydrochloride (Zyban)
smoking cessation medication
socioeconomic conditions that affect the quality of life and health outcomes 1.) food insecurity 2.) lack of affordable housing 3.) high medical costs 4.) acute and chronic health problems 5.) low wages
social determinants of health