Health Promotion Strategies & Interventions Pt#1

Common use: Accelerated wound healing​ Potential drug interaction: Interferes with furosemide and other loop diuretics

Aloe​

used instead of traditional medical approaches

Alternative therapies

federal program that helps supplement the diets of low-income Americans by providing emergency food assistance at no cost - Each state receives food based on unemployment rate and number of households living below the poverty level.​

Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP)

1.) Social & Physical environment - media --> normal activity - accessibility & price - peer groups/parents - belonging to a lower socioeconomic groups & being uninsured 2.) Mental health 3.) Personal Views - expect positive changes --> stress reduction & weight loss 4.) Genetic factors - adolescents are more sensitive to nicotine and develop dependence sooner than adults - may make quitting smoking harder for some young people - smoking during pregnancy increases the chance that the child will smoke cigarettes regularly in the future

Factors associated w/ adolescent tobacco use

lack of consistent access to enough food to maintain an active, healthy lifestyle due to a lack of available financial resources 1.) not all people living below the poverty line experience food insecurity - some above experience it 2.) doesn't occur in isolation - overlap of issues (social determinants of health)

Food insecurity

Improve quality of life and eliminate health disparities

Health People Initiative (2010)

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death​

Health People Initiative (2020)

Focus on health equity, social determinants of health, and health literacy

Health People Initiative (2030)

available to women who are pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding as well as their infants and children up to age 5 years 1.) income eligibility requirements 2.) via electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Common use: Sleep disorders, anxiety (promotes CNS depression)​ Potential drug interaction: Barbiturates, other sleep medications, and antihistamines (enhances effects)​

Valerian root​

1.) Overall well-being --> overall life satisfaction

well-being (OHMs)

uses devices to teach self-regulation and voluntary self-control over specific physiologic responses - commonly used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, smoking cessation, epilepsy, and migraines

Biofeedback

used to screen for alcohol abuse - no = 0 - yes = 1 --> higher scores indicate a substance abuse problem 1.) Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking? (C) ​ 2.) Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? (A)​ 3.) Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking? (G)​ 4.) Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)? (E) ​

CAGE tool

complementary and alternative medicine - used to describe holistic approaches that are not part of conventional medical treatment

CAM

1.) Hospital value-based purchasing - program that ties a portion of Medicare reimbursements for inpatient acute care to performance in quality measures, such as client perceptions and satisfaction --> measured by Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) 2.) Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program - reduces Medicare reimbursement to hospitals with excessive client readmissions within 30 days of discharge 3.) Bundled payments for care improvements - single payment is received for all services to treat a client during a single episode of care - GOAL --> encourage providers and hospitals to better coordinate care in an effort to improve quality while reducing cost 4.) Hospital Acquired Conditions Reduction Program - designed to encourage hospitals to improve quality and safety - high incidence of healthcare acquired conditions (HAC) --> dec.'d or no reimbursement from the federal government for treatment

Change the way medical decisions are made to lower the cost of healthcare

federal program that provides reimbursements for nutritious meals and snacks to eligible children and adults (60+) who are enrolled in participating daycare centers - also provides meals for children participating in after-school activities and residing in emergency shelters

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)

determined to be eligible 1.) participation in certain federal assistance programs - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 2.) based on their status - homeless, migrant, or foster children 3.) based on household income and family size 4.) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) called Food and Nutrition Services

Child nutrition programs

works to improve the health of low-income persons (60+) by supplementing their diets with healthy foods

Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSEP)

1.) May interfere with prescribed medications 2.) May contain pesticides 3.) May contain carcinogenic properties 4.) Amount of ingredient varies by manufacturer

Common problems associated with the use of herbal supplements?

used in conjunction (together) with traditional medical approaches

Complementary therapies

355, measurable; associated with 10-year targets for the decade - reflect high-priority public health issues and are associated w/ evidence-based interventions - Ex: Reduce the syphilis rate in females

Core Objectives

represent high-priority public health issues that are associated w/ evidence-based interventions but do not yet have reliable baseline data - Ex: Increase the proportion of older adults who get screened for osteoporosis

Developmental Objectives

allows companies to sell herbs as dietary supplements as long as no health claims are written on the labels

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

most commonly used by adolescents; use a nicotine-containing liquid to produce an aerosol 1.) less harmful than cigarettes, but shouldn't be considered safe - can harm adolescent brain development and inc. the presence of cancer-causing chemicals in the body 2.) vaping --> associated w/ serious lung problems related to allergic reactions to contaminant

E-cigarrettes

Common use: Stimulate the immune system​ Potential drug interaction: Interferes with anti-rejection medications used in organ transplants and antiretrovirals used to treat HIV/AIDS​

Echinacea

Common use: Elevated blood cholesterol levels​ Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants (enhances effects)​

Garlic​

Common use: Improved memory​ Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (enhances effects)​

Ginkgo biloba​

Common use: Increased physical endurance, improved immune function​ Potential drug interaction: Anticoagulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and MAO inhibitors (enhances effects)​

Ginseng

Dec. overall deaths and inc. independence of older adults​

Health People Initiative (1990)

Reduce health disparities and achieve preventive access for all​

Health People Initiative (2000)

legislation that authorized core child nutrition programs - first time in many years that effective reform to the school lunch and breakfast programs to improve nutrition for children

Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010

identifies public health priorities to assist individuals, organizations, and communities across the United States to improve health and well-being 1.) provides 10-year, measurable objectives and tools to track progress toward achievement

Healthy People Initiative

not approved for use as drugs and are not regulated by the FDA 1.) many are safe & effective for a variety of conditions - cranberry juice --> preventing UTI 2.) "natural" ≠ safe - not regulated --> concentrations vary by manufacturer, contamination, may interfere w/ prescribed medication 3.) Only from reputable manufacturers - scientific name of botanical - name/address - batch/lot # - date & expiration

Herbal treatments

water pipes used to smoke specifically made tobacco that comes in different flavors - has many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking

Hookah

1.) health condition 2.) setting 3.) pop. 4.) health behavior 5.) social determinants of health

How are Healthy People 2030 objectives categorized?

1.) Nutritional Benefits - dietary supplements: herbs, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics 2.) Physical and Psychological Benefits - include tai chi, yoga, acupuncture, massage therapy, art therapy, music therapy, relaxation, breathing exercises, hypnotherapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction - Some are administered by a trained practitioner

How are complementary or alternative therapies classified?

uses the conscious mind to create mental images to stimulate physical changes in the body, improve perceived well-being, and enhance self-awareness; often combined with relaxation techniques 1.) can be self-directed

Imagery

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States

LHI: Reduce current tobacco use in adolescents (TU-04)

23 high-priority Healthy People 2030 core objectives; 1.) place emphasis on important factors that impact major causes of death and disease in the US 2.) categorized by (2030) - all ages (10 LHIs)​ - infants (1 LHI)​ - children and adolescents (4 LHIs)​ - adults and older adults (8 LHIs)

Leading Health Indicators (LHIs)

1.) High Food Security - no problems consistently accessing enough food 2.) Marginal Food Security - problems at times accessing enough food but the quality, variety, and quantity of food is not significantly reduced 3.) Low Food Security - reduced quality and variety in the diet, but the quantity of food intake and eating patterns are not significantly disrupted 4.) Very low food security - Eating patterns are disrupted and food intake is reduced due to lack of household money or other resources for food.

Levels of Food Security

any activity that limits stimulus input by directing attention to a single unchanging or repetitive stimulus so that the person becomes more aware of self 1.) relaxing the body & calming the mind 2.) needs a quiet space, a comfortable position, a receptive attitude, and focus 3.) does not require specialized training 4.) self-directed; purpose is to become "mindful"

Meditation

provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost, or free lunches to eligible students each school day

National School Lunch Program

broad, global outcomes intended to assess the Healthy People 2030 vision 1.) eight OHMs (3 tiers) - well-being - healthy life expectancy - mortality and health 2.) do not have targets and are not considered objectives - addressed by either core, developmental, or research objectives 3.) monitored throughout the decade to illustrate the overall health and well-being of the population and to demonstrate improvements

Overall health and well-being measures (OHMs)

- 3 main objectives 1.) Reform the private insurance market​. 2.) Expand Medicaid to the working poor with income up to 138% of the federal poverty level​. 3.) Change the way medical decisions are made to lower the cost of healthcare

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

1.) less likely to have a primary care provider --> more likely to skip routine healthcare 2.) may not be able to afford the health care services and medications they need

People w/ out health insurance

1.) age 18-64 2.) Hispanic adults were more likely than non-Hispanic adults 3.) Men

Reasons for being uninsured

One of the most effective therapies 1.) progressive relaxation - helps the client effectively rest and reduce tension in the body - head-to-toe approach; using slow, deep abdominal breathing, each muscle group in succession is tightened then relaxed 2.) passive relaxation - calms the body and mind without intentionally tightening and relaxing muscle groups - Slow, abdominal breathing is used in conjunction with imagining that relaxation is flowing through specific body parts - used for clients who experience discomfort or exhaustion with active muscle contracting

Relaxation therapies

represent public health issues w/ a high health or economic burden or significant disparities between population groups; not yet associated with evidence-based interventions. - Ex: Increase quality of life for cancer survivors

Research objectives

federally-assisted program started in 1966 to provide breakfast

School Breakfast Program (SBP)

1.) agitation​ 2.) problems thinking clearly, remembering, or paying attention​ 3.) poor coordination​ 4.) seizures or respiratory depression​ 5.) self-inflicted trauma and suicidal ideation (thinking about or planning suicide)​ 6.) frequently missed appointments​ 7.) frequently requests written excuses for missing school or work​ 8.) frequently asks for prescription refills​ 9.) frequently visits the Emergency Department​ 10.) history of changing healthcare providers​ 11.) frequent STIs, complicated pregnancies, multiple abortions, or sexual dysfunction​ 12.) family history of substance use disorder​ 13.) reported financial or marital problems​ 14.) history of childhood sexual, physical, or emotional abuse​ 15.) intimate partner violence

Signs/Symptoms of Substance Use Disorder

"chiropractic"; aims to normalize body function through spinal manipulation 1.) centers on the belief that when the spine is misaligned, energy flow is impeded and natural healing abilities are impaired 2.) often combined with other modalities (heat, ice, electrical stimulation, and deep tissue massage) 3.) opposed to many other forms of holistic therapy --> often covered by insurance 4.) commonly used to treat acute back and joint pain caused by osteoarthritis and to enhance traditional medication treatment of asthma, migraines, dysmenorrhea, and vertigo

Spinal Manipulation

provides evidence-based information to assist healthcare professionals in guiding clients

The National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCIH)

provides nutrition benefits to supplement the food budgets of low-income families so they can purchase healthy food 1.) Monthly --> electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card - used to purchase food at authorized retailers 2.) largest federal nutrition assistance program 3.) USDA's Food and Nutrition Services (FNS) division

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

affects energy fields that surround and penetrate the human body to aid with healing - acupressure, healing touch, and Reiki 1.) energy of the therapist is used to positively influence the client's energy field 2.) commonly used to treat pain, dementia, and anxiety

Therapeutic touch

may be self-administered directly by the client or as an interview by the healthcare professional; questionnaire w/ 4 items - any use is indicated (past 12 months) --> additional Q's asked about use-related behaviors - Scores generate a risk level --> 0 = No use in past three months​ --> 1 = Problem use​ --> 2+ = Higher risk 1.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used tobacco or any other nicotine delivery product?​ 2.) In the past 12 months, how often have you had 5 or more drinks (men)/4 or more drinks (women) containing alcohol in one day?​ 3.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used any prescription medications just for the feeling, more than prescribed, or that were not prescribed for you?​ 4.) In the past 12 months, how often have you used any drugs, including marijuana, cocaine or crack, heroin, methamphetamine (crystal meth), hallucinogens, ecstasy/MDMA?​

Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS) tool

1.) Chaparral​ 2.) Ephedra 3.) Liferoot​ 4.) Comfrey​ 5.) Calamus​

Toxic Herbs

holistic treatments that healthcare professionals may perform only after completing the related training - often require post-graduate degrees, national certifications, and/or an additional license

Training-specific therapies

1.) 3 types - core - developmental - research 2.) 23 core objectives (LHIs)

Types of Objectives

An area where people live that has limited access to retailers that carry affordable and nutritious foods - Often in low-income areas - lack reliable transportation

food desert

1.) Causes - cancer, stroke, heart disease, and lung disease 2.) increases risk - tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and autoimmune dysfunction (rheumatoid arthritis) - erectile dysfunction 3.) increases - peristalsis, weight loss, and favors wrinkling of skin

health effects of tobacco use

combine a summary measure of mortality and health - represent the expected number of years a healthy person will live 1.) Life expectancy at birth - free of activity limitation 2.) Life expectancy at birth - free of disability 3.) Life expectancy at birth - in good or better health

healthy life expectancy (OHMs)

require the use of an electronic device to heat a stick or pod of compressed tobacco leaves --> aerosol

heated tobacco

a personal, physical sensation of discomfort that may result from food insecurity

hunger

Traditional and complementary therapies coordinated by a multidisciplinary team

integrative healthcare

1.) Parental involvement 2.) Academic achievement 3.) Belonging to a religious group

lower smoking levels in adolescents

used individually and as components of the healthy life expectancy measures 1.) Life expectancy at birth 2.) Free of activity limitation 3.) Free of disability 4.) Respondent-assessed health status - in good or better health

mortality and health (OHMs)

chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - dietary supplements, vitamins, minerals, myotherapies, essential oils, and probiotics

natural product

tobacco is chewed or snuffed

smokeless tobacco

don't contain nicotine 1.) verniciline tartrate (Chantix) 2.) buproprion hydrochloride (Zyban)

smoking cessation medication

socioeconomic conditions that affect the quality of life and health outcomes 1.) food insecurity 2.) lack of affordable housing 3.) high medical costs 4.) acute and chronic health problems 5.) low wages

social determinants of health