Healthy communities midterm review
Transit oriented development
(TOD) Focus dense residential and retail development. - Became popular in early 1990s - Principles include: walkable design with the pedestrian as the highest priority, high quality and high density mixed land use development, ten minute walk to a transit station, reduced and managed parking inside the ten-minute walking area. - TOD guidelines prepared for Sacramento, San Diego and Portland.
Types of recommended amounts of physical activity
150-300 minutes of moderate. 75-150 minutes of vigorous.
Farm bill? History and the current farm bill
First farm bill: the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, this was made after WW1 to reduce surplus and raise crop prices. Current: the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018: crop insurance, nutrition assistance, put authority towards funds.
Green development
LEED-ND: Us green building council created the leadership in energy and environmental design LEED certification system to define and measure buildings. pilot program introduced in 2007 by USGBC called LEED for neighborhood development. This system integrated the principles of new urbanism, green building and smart growth for neighborhood design. Neighborhood pattern and design requires walkable streets, compact development and a connected and open community. Expands LEED's scope beyond individual buildings to a more holistic context.
Community gardens? Benefits?
access to free, healthy food in a nearby location.
Epidemiology of obesity rates by race, gender and age groups
black and hispanic women, increasing with age.
Policies to promote healthy communities
change the rules of developent: communities are starting to address health issues associated with built environment. Land development ordinances should be amended to support community health. Use of model codes to encourage local changes. Adoption of form-based zone codes and smart codes. Provision of regional and state assistance to support projects from funding transit stations to land development.
Leading causes of death in the US
heart disease, cancer, injury
How are food stores distribution correlated and/or associated with health problems? Common findings from several studies.
lack of healthy and affordable foods can lead to health problems
Environmental justice movement
promotes the fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice, regardless of their income, race, or ethnicity
Public water systems, federal safe drinking water act
public water systems: those that provide water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or serves an average of at least 25 people for at least 60 days a year. federal safe drinking water act: applies to systems that provide piped water to 25 or more people 60 days or more out of the year, or have 15 or more service connections.
Regional plan, metropolitan planning organizations
regional strategies are motivated by principles of sustainability and connects to health outcomes. Metropolitan transportation planning in cities.
How are restaurants distribution correlated with health problems?
restaurants do not focus on healthy choices, they focus on flavor
Local government involvement in urban development?
through zoning ordinances, provides urban infrastructure, initiates specific development projects.
Problems with too little water? Too much water? Water quality?
too little: low energy, brain fog, dehydration. too much: swelling and low salt levels.
How is climate changes related to water and health?
warmer weather causes water to evaporate, allowing the air to hold more water. This sets the stage for heavier rainfall and flooding, which decreases the quality of our water and increases health risks.
What are the various types of food environments?
wild, built (informal and formal) and cultivated
Xeriscapes? Rain gardens?
xeriscapes: landscape in a style which requires little to no irrigation. rain gardens: a garden that lies below the level of its surroundings, designed to absorb rainwater that runs off of a surface such as a patio or roof.
Environmental design modifications to prevent falls, promote playground safety and prevent sports injury, prevent drowning, fire and burnt related injury.
· Fall prevention by design - Falls are among the leading causes of fatal intentional injuries in the home - Fall related injuries in the elderly have been rising but declining among children - Strategies to reduce home falls: approved window guards in units housing children and home modifications for elderly. · Playground safety by design - Play equipment modifications such as spacing between climbing cars, limiting maximum playground heights to 1.5 mts above ground, using impact absorbing surfaces have reduced injuries by 50-75%. · Sports injury prevention by design - Sport related injuries result from: striking basketball backboards and poles, colliding with inanimate objects on football or soccer fields and in parking lots, falling on glass metal sticks or stone, etc. - Strategies to reduce sports related injuries include modifications in built environment, making changes in school policies to get tested and screened from concussion. · Drowning prevention by design - 600 children between the ages of 1-9 years die as a result of drowning - Injuries occur in a wide range of settings from homes to irrigation ditches - Strategies to reduce water-related injuries: installing pool fencing and tailoring the built environment to reduce water0related injuries. - More research needed on water hazards and environmental designs that prevent water-related injuries. · Fire and burn related injury by design - Residential fires and burns are a leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries - Other burn related fatalities include hot water scalds, thermal and electrical burns
Healthy cities movement
- A healthy city is defined as "one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources that enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing their maximum potential." - The Healthy Cities movement paved way to several other movements.
New urbanism
- New urbanism movement began in the late 1980s - The movement is a return to traditional planning principles before automobiles became common. - Focuses on: neighborhood centers, locates needs of daily life within a five-minute walk, connects narrow streets in a gridded network, provides sites for special buildings.
Contemporary practice of public health; -Evidence based practice -Precautionary principle -Surveillance -Epidemiology and studies -Mortality and morbidity -Heath disparities -Levels of prevention -Sustainability
-Evidence based practice: the idea that empirical evidence should be systemically collected, evaluated, and used as the basis for decisions (surveillance, epidemiological studies, levels of prevention, health disparities). -Precautionary principle: a policy of protecting the public from harm even when full scientific understanding of the hazard is not available. -Sustainability: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Smart Growth Principles
1. Mixed land 2. Range of housing 3. Walkable neighborhoods 4. Community and stakeholder collaboration 5. Compact building design 6. Communities with a strong sense of place 7. Preservation of land 8. Transportation 9. Development of existing communities 10. Predictable and cost effective development decisions
New developments in planning: new urbanism, LEED
Began in the late 1980s, the movement is a return to traditional planning principles before automobiles became common. Focuses on: neighborhood centers, locates needs of daily life within a five-minute walk, connects narrow streets in a gridded network, provides sites for special buildings. LEED: leadership in energy and environmental design, a certification system to define and measure green buildings.
What is crime prevention through environmental design? Three basis environmental design approaches to prevent crime.
CPTED is a crime prevention theory focusing on tactical design and the effective use of the built environment. 3: territoriality, natural surveillance, and access control.
Air pollution, what is it? Why is it difficult to conduct exposure studies?
Definition: gases and contaminants that get into the air. Difficult b/c of low exposure levels in US, and they vary so much throughout the nation.
Walkable communities: what are they and studies that have linked characteristics of communities to PA
Definition: neighborhoods in which residents can walk to nearby destinations and such neighborhoods encourage walking as a means of transportation.
Benefits of land use and transportation designs that promote health:
Increase in physical activity Obesity prevention Air quality and climate mitigation Water quality and quantity Urban heat abatement Traffic safety Social capital and mental health
Attributes of the built environment that are related to physical activity
Mixed land use: destinations such as shops and restaurants are within walking distance. Street connectivity: creates shorter routes to destinations. Residential density: supports local retail, provide modeling, social transport, perceived safety to encourage PA.
Wastewater: SSOs, CSO, OWTSs
SSOs: sanitary sewer overflows CSO: combined sewer overflows OWTSs: onsite wastewater treatment systems
Birth of modern city planning
Sanitary engineering. Progressive era. Settlement house movement, Alice Hamilton. Chicago's world fair. First National Conference of City Planning and the Problems of Congestion-1909. American Planning Association.
Birth of modern public health
The beginnings of epidemiology: John Snow, William Farr, Edwin Chadwick. The rise of environmental justice. Formation of departments of health at the municipal and state levels. Formation of American Public Health Transition.
Limitations of studies that associate built environments to physical activity
access to bicycle lanes or green spaces, and other road safety precautions.
What are intentional versus unintentional injuries?
accidental vs on purpose
What is active transportation? Pedestrian safety zones?
active transportation: human-powered mobility, such as biking, walking, or rolling. pedestrian safety zones: crosswalks and bike lanes
Direct and indirect benefits of urban air quality management
air quality monitoring can help to identify area where the air is polluted and take action to protect public health.
Anthropogenic versus biogenic air pollutants
anthropogenic: man-made sources of pollution. biogenic: emissions that come from natural sources.
What is active living by design? Some examples of such places.
bringing active design to planning projects and neighborhoods encourages more active lifestyles such as walking, biking, or stair climbing. Active living incorporates physical activity into activities of daily life while reducing automobile dependence.
5 D's of development
density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, distance to transit
What is zoning?
dividing community to residential, industrialization, etc. Communities became to leaving their zones and traveling longer to work once automobiles became available.
Risk for improper storm management: what are the risks and who are at risk?
eroded soil in runoff leads to sediment deposits that can destroy aquatic habitat. Runoff containing chemical, metals, or oil can harm or kill fish and other wildlife.
List policy solutions on food environment: fair food program, fresh food financing initiative
fair food program: collaborates with farmers and retail workers to create fair pay and working conditions. fresh food financing initiative: provides loans, grants and assistance resources to improve access to fresh and healthy food.
What are food deserts?
geographic areas where residents access to affordable, healthy food options.
What is a built environment?
human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity
Environmental disparities
individuals in poor neighborhoods reside in high walkability areas but still report their neighborhoods to be high in crime, heavy in traffics, aesthetically unpleasant and low in social cohesion.
What is gray water?
leftover water; it has already been used domestically, commercially and industrially.
What are activity supportive built environments?
mixed land use, residential density, and street connectivity.
Which factor accounts for most injuries?
motor vehicle crashes
Total personal exposure and microenvironments
personal exposure was estimated by microenvironmental concentrations and time spent at each microenvironment.
Benefits of physical activity
physical, mental, social, spiritual
Primary versus secondary air pollutants
primary: air pollutant emitted directly from a source. secondary: not directly emitted, but forms when other pollutants react in the atmosphere.
Issues with water in developing nations?
scarcity of drinking water, poor infrastructure for water and sanitation access, water pollution, and low levels of water security.
Recreational physical activity: evidence of recreational physical activity to built environment attributes, social and economic factors related to active recreation
social and economic factors: diversity in individual or neighborhood specific financial resources.
Drinking water sources?
surface water- lakes and rivers ground water- located in aquifers "rocks"
Policy approaches to clean, ample water.
the Clean Water Initiative aims to reduce wastage of water, make clean and potable water affordable in areas it is inaccessible, and improve levels of sanitation and hygiene there.
Socioecological model and its ability to explain obesity problems and solutions
the individual starts at the first level, relating to relationship that can help encourage healthier habits, community that can create a walkable and more active environment, and societal that can help motivate with social and cultural norms
Initiatives to preserve water quality and water management: rain gardens initiatives in Kansas City
the initiatives primary goal was the install thousands of natural water filtration and absorption systems, like rain gardens, in order to soak up storm runoff and filter out pollutants without the help of the city's low-energy efficiency water-treatment plants.
Environmental health
the study of how environmental factors affect human health and quality of life
Injury epidemiology
the study of the occurrence, causes, and prevention of injury. 3rd leading cause of death in the US.
Urban sprawl
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
