Heritage of Brazil Mid-Term

What was the motto of the schools in which the Indians learned Catechism and Portuguese?

"kill the Indian, save the man"

The Cabanos War

(1832-1835) in Pernambuco- a rural movement of small landowners, rural workers, Indians, and slaves- fought about religion and for the emperor's return

What were the 3 social movements in the early 20th century?

1. Combining religion with social need 2. Combining religion with demands for social justice 3. Social justice with no religious content i.e. Workers rights/ labor conditions, unions

What is the Regency?

Brazilians wanted king born in Brazil, not Portugal. So Dom Pedro I gives the throne to his 5 yr. old son, Dom Pedro II, in 1831 who was born in Brazil.

stereotypes of Brazil

Carnival, soccer, beautiful women

What were the religious groups in colonial Brazil?

Catholics & new Christians (less Catholic or secret Jews)

What became a really big export during the 1800's?

Coffee

What happens when King Dom Joao VI goes back to Portugal?

He goes back to Portugal after Napoleon's reign for fear of losing his kingdom, but leaves his son--Dom Pedro I--in Brazil as Emperor

Belindia

a small minority live in the 1st world with a standard of living like Belgium while the rest of the population live in the 3rd world like India

maroon communities or Quilombos

communities of run-away slaves

What were prevalent in the 1800's in Brazil after its declaration of independence from Portugal?

factions, uprisings, and rebellions about who would lead the new country

aldeias

fortified villages where Portuguese priests moved natives to teach them about and convert them to Christianity

prehistoric Portugal

fought over by Celts, Romans, Germanic peoples, Moors, etc. Established as independent kingdom by 1139

Darker skin of slaves correlated to what?

harsher work and harsher treatment

Iberian Union

historical political union of the Iberian Peninsula--Spain and Portugal

How did women have more independence in colonial Brazil?

if they had no husband or male companion

Ganga Zumba

important king of Palmares

miscegenation

interracial sex; intense in beginning of Brazil b/c white women were rare in colonization of Brazil

natural resources

iron ore, nickel, tin, uranium, gold, semiprecious stones, diamonds, rubber

Who were the Conservatives?

landowners, magistrates, wealthy merchants

Amerindians of Brazil

more than 200 Indigenous groups who were nomadic hunter-gatherers

What was one of the results of all the rebellions?

political parties began to form (Conservatives and Liberals)

bandeirantes

ranchers or ranches run like feudal land systems: a head rancher defended his land and the people living on or around his land; essentially plantations

What does "Brazil" mean?

red wood (b/c it was full of red wood and manioc flour)

What did Portugal do to maintain control and possession over their territory in Brazil?

sent 600 colonists or so to occupy the land- mostly males

Who were the Liberals?

small urban middle class, priests, less wealthy

Production of what good in the 1530's and 40's led to slaves becoming the main labor force in the country?

sugar

What were Brazil's products in the late 17th-early 18th century?

sugar, manioc, cattle, tobacco (2nd most important export), African slaves

What was the nucleus of socioeconomic activity?

sugarcane

What increased in Sao Paulo with the discovery of gold?

the use of African slaves

How did the agricultural commerce thrive in Brazil?

through the use of slavery of the Indigenous people and Africans

How is Dom Pedro's stay in Brazil when his father leaves viewed?

viewed as breaking away from Portuguese throne; Pedro begins to build Brazil up as independent nation

Zumbi

warrior chief

fate of Father Manoel de Nobrega

was called back to Portugal but was captured and eaten by natives before he could leave

Dandara

woman warrior who fought alongside Zumbi

The Portuguese began exploration as early as the 1400's b/c...

1. P was tiny but forward thinking--quite visionary. 2. P had a lot of experience w/ long distance trade w/ Genoa, Italy, Islamic world, and w/ use of paper money. 3. P was located close to islands in Atlantic & west coast of Africa. 4. P was a consolidated monarchy--a steady gov't. 5. All social groups of P benefited in some way from intntl trade. 6. Lure of sea travel: adventure, mermaids, sea creatures, treasure, spices--sugar. 7. African slaves

4 Language Groups of Indigenous People of Brazil

1. Tupi-Guarani 2. Ge 3. Carib 4. Arawak

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 (from 1493 Papal decree) resolved claims over who owned what in Brazil: Portugal got the eastern portion and Spain the west

Percentage of slave work force being Africans: 1574, 1591, 1638?

1574: 7% 1591: 37% 1638: 100%

blur of Treaty of Tordillas

1580- Spanish king on Portuguese throne- Portuguese explorers went into Spanish side of the line

When is a new constitution for Brazil created under Dom Pedro?

1824

When was Canudos finally defeated?

1897

When did Vargas become president by popular vote?

1950

How many times did it take the government to finally defeat Canudos?

3

size of Brazil

3,286,426 square miles; nearly half of South America; 5th largest nation in the world

How big did Canudos grow to be?

30,000 inhabitants

How many immigrants from other parts of Europe came to Brazil in search of gold?

600,000

What is the verdict on slaves in Brazil under Dom Pedro's new constitution?

Africans remain slaves. Slaves remain slaves and are excluded from all new constitutional guarantees in Brazil. Africans are not emancipated.

Who was the leader of Canudos?

Antonio Vincent Mendes Maciel or "The Counselor"

When did the Portuguese discover Brazil?

April 22, 1500

What is the current capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

What is the Golden Law of 1888?

Declared by Princess Isabel; emancipated slaves in Brazil

What is "I Shall Stay Day"?

Dom Pedro declares this day on Jan. 9, 1822 as the beginning of independence for Brazil from Portugal

What was NE Brazil like?

Droughts, poverty, landless people; vidas secas

What other people group were present in colonization of Brazil (other than Spanish & Portuguese)?

Dutch- Dutch invasions were common; missionary activity was spreading

When was the War of Independence between Brazil and Portugal?

Feb. 1822-Nov. 1823

Who was the first President of Brazil?

General Deodora da Fonseca in 1891

What was Vargas like as president?

He was an advocate for safe but bold change. He got programs like free milk for infants, water projects, inspection of meats, childcare centers. But Brazilian life remained the same--the rich stayed rich and the poor stayed poor--really distinct and drastic separation of wealth classes. Vargas didn't view this as a problem.

What ended Vargas' presidency?

He was ousted in 1954-- believed to lead to his suicide

Father Manoel de Nobrega

Him and Jesuit priests sought to convert natives to Christianity

Who assumed the throne after Dom Pedro II died?

His daughter, Princess Isabel (older brothers died as children)

What was the result of the Golden Law?

In 1889 Princess Isabel and family were removed from the throne

What was Canudos?

In the northern backlands of Bahia on an abandoned ranch Canudos was formed by the charismatic preacher, Maciel. His preaching competed with the local church and really gained a following.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian navigator who would sail to Brazil claiming it as part of the new world

What people groups migrated to Brazil between 1887 and 1930?

Italians (largest group), Portuguese, Spaniards, Japanese (1908), Germans, Syrians, Lebanese, Jews

When and where was gold discovered in Brazil?

Mid-1690's in the state of Minas Gerais

What happened in 1808?

Napoleon invaded Portugal. King of Portugal--King Dom Joao VI--flees to Brazil & establishes royal court in Rio de Janeiro

most important quilombo

Palmares- 1600-1695; withstood attacks from Portuguese and Dutch; finally fell to Dutch in 1695

Colonial family structure

Patriarchal model- men were the head of the household

Who was the captain of the ship that discovered Brazil?

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Where did the Portuguese first land in Brazil?

Porto Seguro off the coast of Bahia

one of the first European countries to set sail

Portugal

How did the Portuguese discover Brazil?

Portuguese sailors were looking for India (after Vasco da Gama landed in 1497) and accidentally landed on Brazil

What was the second capital of Brazil and from when to when?

Rio de Janeiro 1763-1960

What was the first capital of Brazil and until when was it the capital?

Salvador and until 1763

What was the name of Brazil under Fonseca?

The Republic of the US of Brazil (stayed until 1967)

What was the difference between the colonies Portugal established in Brazil vs. other countries?

The colonizers shifted from an easy-going mercantile way of life to an organized agricultural existence.

What would the Liberals make happen in 1840?

They would hasten Dom Pedro II to the throne at age 14

How did President Getulio Vargas come into reign for the first time?

Through a military coup

2 Groups of Amerindians

Tupi-Guarani (Tupinamba) & non-Tupi (Tauia)

Where did the Indigenous peoples live?

Tupi-Guarani: Atlantic coast Ge: open central plateau Carib & Arawak: Amazon basin Kayapo: S of Amazon Basin, Eastern part of Amazon rainforest Yanomami: Amazon Rainforest

What were some early names for Brazil?

Vera Cruz Santa Cruz