HGAD -- Chapters 2 - 5 Study Guide

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

(Gene-Linked Abnormality) ________ is an easily detected genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid. If left untreated, intellectual disability and hyperactivity result. It occurs about once in every 10,000-20,000 live births.

Sickle-cell anemia

(Gene-Linked Abnormality) _________, which occurs in 1 of 400 African Americans, is a genetic disorder affecting the red blood cells and often results in early death. Recent research strongly supports the use of hydroxyurea therapy for infants with sickle cell anemia beginning at 9 months of age.

Polygenically determined

(Polygenetic Inheritance) When a characteristic is the product of interaction of many different genes, it is said to be __________.

Down Syndrome

(Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormality) __________ is a chromosomally transmitted abnormality caused by the presence of an extra chromosome (approximately 1 out of 700 live births). An individual with ______________ typically has a round face, a flattened skull, an extra fold of skin over the eyelids, a protruding tongue, short limbs, and intellectual and motor disabilities. Maternal age may contribute to this syndrome.

Turner Syndrome

(Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormality) __________ is a chromosome disorder in which females are missing an X chromosome, making them XO instead of XX. These females (1 in 2,500 live births) are short in stature and have webbed necks. They may be infertile and have difficulty in mathematics, while their verbal ability is often quite good.

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)

(Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormality) ___________ is a genetic disorder that results from abnormality in the X chromosome (it becomes constricted and breaks). Mental deficiency is the primary outcome, including cognitive deficits in inhibition, memory, and planning. It is more common in males than in females.

Klinefelter Syndrome

(Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormality) _____________ is a genetic disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY (approximately 1 in 1,000 live births). Males with this disorder have undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts and are tall.

X-linked inheritance

(Sex-Linked Genes) Most mutated genes are recessive. When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called ____________.

Monozygotic

(of twins) derived from a single ovum, and are identical.

Dizygotic

(of twins) derived from two separate ova, and not identical.

Nutrition for up to 1 year old:

- At around 4 - 6 months you can start introducing baby food, like rice cereal, apple sauce, etc. - At 6 - 8 months, the baby can have bananas. - Should I monitor the fat in a baby's food? No. The AAP recommends that you don't restrict the amount of fat they have until they are 2 years old. Fat helps with their brain development. - Don't give them anything that has added sugar.

Types of prenatal testing

1. Ultrasound Sonography 2. Fetal MRI 3. Chorionic Villus Sampling 4. Amniocentesis 5. Maternal Blood Screening and Cell-Free Fetal DNA 6. Fetal Sex Determination

Teratogens

A _________ is any agent that causes a birth defect or negatively alters cognitive and behavioral outcomes. ________ include drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advanced maternal and paternal age, and environmental pollutants.

Neonate

A newborn.

Deaf newborns statistic

About 1 in 1,000 newborns are deaf, so screening is important.

Genotype

All of a person's genetic material.

Pruning

Brain function which removes unused or unimportant neural connections in order for brain to work efficiently.

Colors (bright/primary)

By 8 weeks, and possibly by even 4 weeks, infants can discriminate some colors. By 4 months of age, they have color preferences that mirror adults. Changes in vision reflect maturation and experience.

Look at picture

Changing Neurons The brain is 25% of its adult weight at birth. The brain reaches 75% of its adult weight by the second birthday. Two key developments during the first 2 years involve the increase in myelination and connections between dendrites.

Cons of breastfeeding

Cons: - If you're sick - If you have HIV - If you drink alcohol and/or take drugs - Breastfeeding is time consuming - Formula, a breastfeeding thing, is expensive - A lot of 1 Formula (or as a whole, a lot of different types of Formula) gives babies digestive issues. - There's no way to measure how much breastmilk the baby is having - Society sometimes is offended by seeing women breastfeed their baby(ies).

Fetus hearing and learning

DeCasper and Spence's research showed that fetuses can hear a couple of months before birth and have the ability to learn even before birth.

Zygote

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a _______.

Breast vs. Bottle Feeding

For the first 4-6 months of life, human milk or an alternative formula is the baby's source of nutrients and energy. The American Pediatric Association and the American Dietetic Association strongly endorse breast feeding throughout the first year of life.

Infant diet facts

From birth to 1 year of age, infants triple their weight and increase their length by 50%. Caregivers play a very important role in the development of eating patterns. For the first 4-6 months of life, human milk or an alternative formula is the baby's source of nutrients and energy. The American Pediatric Association and the American Dietetic Association strongly endorse breast feeding throughout the first year of life.

Dominant and recessive

If one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive.

(Methods of birth) Cesarean Delivery

In caesarean delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. This is usually done when the baby is having difficulty emerging through the birth canal because of its size, breech position, or other problem. The benefits and risks of cesarean deliveries continue to be debated in the United States and around the world.

Patterns for infants

Infants prefer patterned displays to nonpatterned ones.

Binge eating disorder (BED)

Information inside the picture.

plasticity

It means the capacity for change. The brain has ________ and is context dependent.

Stepping reflex

It's when a baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface.

Depth perception

Look at picture for information.

Fetal/newborn taste preferences

Look at the picture for more information.

Maternal Blood Screening (MBS) and Cell-Free Fetal DNA testing (C-FFDNAT)

MBS can identify the risk of some disorders such as spina bifida and Down syndrome. C-FFDNAT, a recent advance, has especially improved the accuracy of prenatal testing for fetal abnormalities such as Down syndrome as early as 10 weeks into the first trimester.

What are the methods of birth?

Medication, natural and prepared childbirth, other nonmedicated techniques to reduce pain, and cesarean delivery.

Gene-Linked Abnormalities

More than 7,000 genetic disorders are caused by harmful genes, although most are rare.

The first part of the nervous system to form is the _______, which develops from the ectoderm between 21 and 27 days after conception. Adequate amounts of ___________ help to prevent neural tube defects.

Neural tube, folic acid

(Methods of birth) Other Nonmedicated Techniques to Reduce Pain

Other nonmedicated techniques to reduce pain include waterbirth, massage, and acupuncture.

SUIDS AND SIDS

SUIDS -- The unexpected death of a seemingly healthy baby. This is before the investigation. If no cause is ever identified, it is ruled as SIDS. If a cause is located - it is ruled as SUIDS. SUIDS = Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Syndrome SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of infant death in the United States. The highest risk of SIDS is between 2 and 4 months of age. Sleeping on the back reduces the risk of SIDS.

Lanugo

Soft, thin, downy hair present on body of fetus and often still present on newborns. Disappears soon after birth.

Postpartum depression

Some women develop ______________, which involves a major depressive episode that may become worse and last for many months without treatment. Major risk factors for ______________ include depression during pregnancy, a history of physical abuse, migrant status, and postpartum physical complications. Fathers also undergo considerable adjustment during the postpartum period.

Secular trend

Statistical trend toward earlier ages for puberty to begin. Slight dropping yearly for decades.

XX

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in females.

XY

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in males.

Moro reflex

The _______ occurs in response to sudden noise or movement. Newborns will arch their back, fling out their arms and legs, and then return them in an embrace-like movement. It is thought to be a way of grabbing for support while falling.

Fetal period

The ________ begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months. Growth and development continue, and organ systems mature to the point at which life can be sustained outside of the womb.

Rooting reflex

The ________ occurs when an infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck.

Sucking reflex

The ________ occurs when newborns suck an object placed in their mouth. This reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It is also self-soothing.

(Patterns of Growth) Cephalocaudal

The ________ pattern of growth is from top to bottom.

Apgar Scale

The _________ is widely used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, evaluating an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability.

Germinal period

The _________ takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception, beginning with the creation of the zygote and ending with implantation—that is, attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Pincer Grip reflex

The __________ is the ability to hold something between the thumb and first finger.

Embryonic period

The __________ occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception. Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear. The inner layer of cells, called the endoderm, will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems. The outer layer of cells contains the ectoderm, which will become the nervous system, sensory receptors, and skin, and the mesoderm, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, and excretory and reproductive systems.

Cerebral cortex

The ___________ is responsible for about 80% of the brain's volume and is critical in perception, thinking, language, and other important functions. Each hemisphere of the __________ has four major areas called lobes. The four lobes include the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes.

(Patterns of Growth) Proximodistal

The ____________ pattern of growth is from the center of the body toward the extremities.

23rd pair

The __rd pair of chromosomes differs in males and females. In males, the __rd pair is XY, whereas in females it is XX.

Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and corpus callosum in adolescents

The corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and the limbic system all show important growth during adolescence. The amygdala develops faster than the prefrontal cortex, causing adolescents to feel very strong emotions without the ability to control these emotions. This can increase risk-taking behavior.

Phenotype

The external, observable characteristics

palmar grasp reflex

The grasping reflex occurs when something touches the infant's palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly. By the end of the third month, the reflex diminishes and the infant shows a more voluntary grasp.

(Methods of birth) Natural and Prepared Childbirth

The mother's pain can be reduced by decreasing fear through education in the use of breathing and relaxation techniques.

Fetal Sex Determination

The sex can be determined between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation using chorionic villus sampling. Recently, though, some noninvasive techniques have been able to detect the sex of the fetus at an earlier point, as early as 4.5 weeks.

Benefits of breastfeeding

These are also benefits: - There are fewer infections for the baby because breastmilk has antibodies built into it. - One of the infections a child can get is an ear infection. - Less likely to develop diabetes. - It protects them from illnesses. - Species specific: Breastmilk is made perfectly for the human body. - Breastmilk doesn't have vitamin D - It's cheap - It's clean - It's always available - It creates a bonding experience with your child. - It's easy to digest

(Methods of birth) Medication

Three basic kinds of drugs that are used for labor are analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin/Pitocin. Predicting how a drug will affect an individual woman and her fetus is difficult.

Boys usually outperform girls in gross motor skill activities.

True

Girls outperform boys in fine motor skills.

True.

The newborn's vision is estimated to be 20/240. By 6 months, the average vision is 20/40.

True.

Vernix

Waxy covering often present on skin of newborns. Protective function.

Bulimia Nervosa

What I wrote in class: It's when you binge (eating large amounts of food) and purging it. Causes: - Exercise a lot - Their eating is hidden - They go to the bathroom immediately after they eat (they might use laxatives) - They withdraw from social activities. - Obsessed with their looks Treatments: - Medications - Psychotherapy - Support groups - Meditation

Aneroxia Nervosa

What I wrote in class: It's one of the most deadly illnesses. -- Females have it more than men. -- Young people have it more than old. -- They are well educated usually. -- White people usually have it. Causes: 1. Inappropriate use of food in childhood. 2. Beauty standards (can't be too thin or too rich). 3. Influence of your peers. 4. Gastrointestinal problems and problems with the esophagus. 5. Perfectionist values 6. Malnutrition (this causes you to be underweight and it causes your brain to shrink in size) 7. Trauma 8. It delays development, which, if your anorexic habits get worse, puberty will not develop.

Babinski reflex

When the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out.

Swaddling

Wrapping body arms and legs of infant with thin cloth to induce relaxation and sleep. Must be stopped as soon as infant attempts to roll over. Must always be placed on back to sleep.

DNA

______ is a complex molecule that contains genetic information. The double helix shape looks like a spiral staircase.

Infants and faces

_______ are possibly the most important visual stimuli in children's social environment. Infants spend more time looking at their mother's face than a stranger's face as early as 12 hours after being born. By 3 months of age, infants match voices to faces, distinguish between male and female faces, and discriminate between faces of their own ethnic group and those of other ethnic groups. In perceptual narrowing, infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before.

menopause

_______ is the term for when menstruation ceases.

(The Transition From Fetus to Newborn) Anoxia

_______, which can cause brain damage, can occur when the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen as a result of the delivery taking too long.

Genes

________ are short segments composed of DNA. Genes act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture proteins that maintain life.

Puberty

________ is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take place during this period of development.

Fetal MRI

________ is a tool that can be used to diagnose fetal malformations and provides more detailed images than an ultrasound can provide.

Estradiol

________ is a type of estrogen that dominates in female pubertal development.

Testosterone

________ is the main hormone that dominates in male pubertal development.

neurotransmitters

_________ are the chemical messengers in the brain.

gross motor skills

_________ involve large muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking. Infants must be able to maintain their posture (e.g., control the head; strength and balance in the legs) before they can demonstrate gross motor skills.

FIne Motor Skills

_________ involve movements that are more finely tuned than gross motor skills.

Ultrasound Sonography

_________ is a prenatal medical procedure that allows one to see the fetus's inner structures. It can be used to detect many structural abnormalities and the baby's sex.

Mitosis

_________ is the process by which each chromosome in the cell's nucleus duplicates itself.

Climacteric

_________ is the term for decreasing fertility.

Sex-linked chromosome abnormalities

_________ occur when there is a deviation from the typical XX or XY combination of sex chromosomes.

Malnutrition

__________ and starvation continue to be major threats to millions during the childhood years. Poor nutrition is a special concern for children from low-income families.

Neurons

__________ are nerve cells that process information at the cellular level.

Chromosomes

__________ are threadlike structures that contain the genetic substance deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Amniocentesis

__________ can detect chromosome and metabolic disorders by testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

Meiosis

__________ is the process by which cells divide into gametes (testes/sperm in males, ovaries/eggs in females), which have half the genetic material of the parent cell.

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

___________ can detect genetic defects and chromosome abnormalities by testing a small sample from the placenta.

Kangaroo care

____________ is a way of holding a preterm infant, so that there is skin-to-skin contact, 2-3 hr per day, over an extended time in early infancy. ____________ helps preterm infants to stabilize their heartbeat, temperature, and breathing. Preterm infants who experience ____________ have more stable heartbeat, temperature, and breathing, as well as reduced infant mortality and other benefits. ____________ is increasingly being recommended for all infants. There are long-term positive benefits through as much as 20 years of age for children who were exposed to newborn ____________.

Obesity

_____________ is linked with increased risk of early death, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and mental health problems. What I wrote in class: _________ is an eating disorder. The American Medical Association defines the 95 percentile as obese and the 85 percentile as high risk. If your BMI is ≥ 30%, you are considered obese. Causes: 1. Genetics in your family. 2. Being around your family. 3. Not being active / inactivity. 4. Screen time (commercials on TV promote unhealthy eating) 5. Depression and anxiety. 6. Sociological factors. 7. Poverty (a cause) leads to poor diet (a cause). 8. Food deserts. 9. A lack of nutritional education. Treatments / Solutions: Do the opposite of all of the causes.

Menarche

https://quizlet.com/510727354/chapter-2-biological-beginning-and-dep2004-flash-cards/ The onset of a girl's first menstrual period is commonly referred to as a _________. The age of _______ has decreased in the last century, most likely due to better nutrition and health. For most boys, the pubertal sequence may begin as early as age 10 or as late as 13½, and may end as early as age 13 or as late as 17. For girls, ________ is considered within the normal range if it appears between the age of 9 and 15.

Context dependent

https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Context+Dependent+Memory _____________ memory refers to the phenomenon of how much easier it is to retrieve certain memories when the "context," or circumstances around the memory are same for both the original encoding and retrieval.

SGA (I'm assuming that this means Small for Gestational Age, since I couldn't find it in the notes.) I think this is aka small for date.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563247/ "Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as a birth weight of less than 10th percentile for gestational age." (This is in the notes) --> Small for date infants are those whose birth weight is below normal when considering the length of pregnancy.

Primary sex characteristics

https://www.tutor2u.net/hsc/topics/primary-sexual-characteristics _________ sexual characteristics in males include the enlarging of the penis, testicles growing and sperm production. In females, the uterus and vagina start to grow, ovulation and menstruation begins.

Secondary sexual characteristics

https://www.tutor2u.net/hsc/topics/secondary-sexual-characteristics _______ sexual characteristics develop during puberty. Secondary sexual characteristics in males include the growth of pubic hair, and facial hair and the voice deepens. Female secondary sexual characteristics include breasts develop, hips widen, and pubic hair begins to grow.

Gametes

testes/sperm in males, ovaries/eggs in females