HIS 131 Midterm
The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the
Columbian exchange
Which New England church was supported by taxes paid by all residents in the eighteenth century?
Congregational Church
Which problem did the Halfway Covenant address?
Declining church membership
Which of these led to the failure of the first Spanish attempt to establish a settlement in present-day United States?
Disease
Approximately how long did it take Paleo-Indians to migrate throughout the Western Hemisphere after their initial arrival?
1,000 years
When did corn become a signature food crop in southwestern cultures?
3500 BP
Although the three regions of British North America became more distinct in the latter part of the eighteenth century, they still shared which unifying experience?
A decreasing reliance on religion
Which definition describes the Great Awakening?
A religious revival movement
In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were Scots-Irish or
African
Who was responsible for kidnapping Olaudah Equiano and selling him into slavery?
Africans in present-day Nigeria
Eastern Woodland peoples around the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492 clustered into which three major groups?
Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean peoples
Which ancient North American culture is responsible for the spectacular multistory cliff dwellings, like Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico?
Anasazi
Prominent colonists in the plantation South and in cities such as Charleston, New York, and Philadelphia belonged to which church?
Anglican Church
How does Calef characterize those who were accused of witchcraft?
As virtuous and religious individuals who were persecuted unjustly
The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from
Barbados
Which British colony brought in the greatest profit in 1700?
Barbados
Who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in order to find a sea route from Europe to Asia?
Bartolomeu Dias
How did the Boston church punish Anne Hutchinson?
Excommunication
Archaic Northwest peoples took advantage of which plentiful resource for sustenance and for trade?
Fish
Which industry accounted for three-fourths of the exports from the middle colonies?
Flour milling
Which environmental factor shaped the cultures of the Archaic peoples of the Eastern Woodland?
Forests
The largest number of immigrants to the middle colonies were
German
How did Powhatan help the English stave off starvation?
He brought corn to the colony for barter.
Which action taken by King Charles I in 1629 convinced many Puritans their only hope of avoiding religious oppression in England was to emigrate?
He dissolved Parliament, in which many Puritans served.
Which statement describes the result of Martin Frobisher's expedition to northern Canada?
He returned to England with worthless ore.
Who held the largest treasure found in the New World before 1540?
Incas
Whom did Cortés enlist to help defeat the Mexicans in 1521?
Indians who resented Mexican rule
Why was corn an attractive crop in the ancient Americas?
It could be grown in a variety of conditions and had a high nutritional value.
Until the fifteenth century, cities in which European nation dominated trade with the Far East?
Italy
Who established an unsuccessful colony along the St. Lawrence River in 1541?
Jacques Cartier
Who argued that the Puritans should be "a city upon a hill" that would inspire the rest of the world?
John Winthrop
Who was responsible for granting the land necessary for England to begin colonization in North America?
King James
By the 1670s, the Chesapeake social structure was polarized along which lines?
Land ownership
Which statement describes the primary reason immigrants generally settled in the middle colonies, specifically in Pennsylvania?
Land was abundantly available to purchase.
Which group dominated the commercial economy of New England in the eighteenth century?
Merchants
Which major change occurred in New Netherland in 1664?
New Netherland became New York.
Which area did John Cabot claim for England in his search for a Northwest Passage?
Newfoundland
Which European group first crossed the Atlantic in 1000 AD to build a short-lived fishing outpost in Newfoundland?
Norsemen
The majority of people who were accused of being witches were part of which demographic?
Older women
Which definition describes a yeoman farmer?
One whose small plot of land is worked by himself and his family
Who served as leaders of Quaker congregations?
Ordinary men and women
Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"?
Pennsylvania
Most indentured servants in the Chesapeake came from which group?
Poor men from England
In terms of wealth and political power, the dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society was
Quaker merchants
Which profitable export crop depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina?
Rice
In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?
South Carolina
Which country's government sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?
Spain
Which European power dominated the New World during the 1500s?
Spain, because it had the most colonial possessions
Who were the "Indians" that Columbus met at San Salvador?
Tainos
Which technological advance aided European explorers by 1400?
The compass
Why did Europeans initially resist eating corn?
They did not like the way it tasted
Although experts debate the exact time people began migrating to North America, the first migrants probably arrived
between 20,000 BP and 15,000 BP
Experts believe that the Cahokians used woodhenges for
celestial observations
Indentured servants in the Chesapeake could have their servitude extended by years if they
committed to a crime
The fact that the Taino Indians Christopher Columbus encountered referred to corn as "life-giver" is evidence that
corn was an extremely important source of nutrition for ancient Americans.
Most of the Scots-Irish who came to the colonies were farm laborers or tenant farmers who were leaving behind
crop failures caused by numerous droughts.
Upon arriving on the Mexican mainland, Cortés decided to
destroy the ships that had brought him and his crew to the New World.
Which factor contributed to the high mortality rate of the Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia?
disease
In the 1460s, the Portuguese started a new system of plantation labor that would be carried into the New World by staffing the Cape Verde Islands with
enslaved Africans
The largest group of non-Christians in eighteenth-century North America was made up of
enslaved people
Portugal's early interest in exploration and expansion stemmed from its desire to
expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula.
Members of the eighteenth-century southern gentry set a cultural standard of
extravagant leisure
Seventeenth-century New England's most important export was
fish
Which of these is a prudent estimate of the population of Native Americans in North America at the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World?
four million
After a servant completed an indenture, the employer was required to give that servant
freedom dues
The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were
gentlemen and their servants
Early Woodland Indians obtained food by
hunting deer
Most of the immigrants to the Chesapeake region in the seventeenth century were
indentured servants
Under royal government in Virginia, the colony's inhabitants could vote for
local burgesses
According to Puritanism, dissent was a result of
mistaken beliefs
Archaic Indians who hunted the bison herds of the Great Plains were
nomads who moved constantly to track their prey.
The main source of food for Archaic peoples inhabiting the Great Basin was
plants
During the 1500s, the most valuable export from New Spain was
precious metals.
During the seventeenth century, colonists called Native Americans either Indians or
savages
How often did most eighteenth-century colonists go to church?
seldom or not at all
The Pilgrims who migrated to Plymouth colony were part of which religious following?
seperatists
Seventeenth-century Chesapeake society was essentially a society of
servants and free workers
The Athapascan tribes—mainly Apache and Navajo—were
skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary Pueblo Indians.
By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly fifty million pounds of
sugar
The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to natural increase and
the Atlantic slave trade.
Following the settlement at Plymouth, larger Puritan settlements in New England were sponsored by
the Massachusetts Bay Company
When Francisco Vásquez de Coronado ventured into the Southwest and Great Plains of North America, he was searching for
the Seven Cities of Cíbola.
The Mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from
the poor to the rich
While the eighteenth-century southern gentry privately looked down on poor whites, they publicly acknowledged them as
their equals by virtue of belonging to the white race.
Seventeenth-century colonists' view of nature was largely shaped by
their understanding of God and Satan.
Most Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay colony were either farmers or
tradesmen
During most of the seventeenth century, New Netherland was
under the control of the Dutch.
After Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691, the defining characteristic of Massachusetts citizenship became
wealth
Seventeenth-century scientists believed their discoveries of laws of nature
were a part of God's creation of the universe.
Most slaves brought to the southern colonies were
young men from Africa.
The Chaco people lived in a hot and dry climate at the intersection of present-day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. What do the objects shown here suggest about how they took advantage of the region's harsh environment to maximize food production?
They relied on hunting, gathering, and agriculture to feed themselves.
Why did Columbus think that the inhabitants of the Caribbean islands would make good servants?
They were unarmed, friendly, and of good physical health.
Who left Massachusetts for Connecticut in 1636 after clashing with church leaders over the requirements for church membership?
Thomas Hooker
Which export crop drove the drastic demographic change in the Chesapeake between 1670 and 1700?
Tobacco
Virginia tobacco farmers confronted which major obstacle in the 1600s?
Too few workers
Which action did Opechancanough take only four years after the death of his brother, Powhatan?
Waged an attack on the English
Which group held the most exalted position in Mexican society?
Warriors
Which statement describes the significance of zemis to the Taino?
Zemis were sculpted idols the Taino worshipped as their gods.
Unlike most other immigrant groups in American history, the migration to Puritan New England included
a great number of complete families
By 1676, King Philip's War left New England settlers with
an enduring hatred of Indians.
