HIS 187

Korean War

1950, proxy war between US supported Rhee and Soviet Union (Kim). US pulls finances from Rhee bc just as bad as Kim. Stalemate The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Katanga Secession

1960, Belgium tries to get Katanga to secede, Congo asks UN for help, they say no On 11 July 1960, with the support of Belgian business interests and over 6000 Belgian troops, the province of Katanga in the southeast declared independence as the State of Katanga under the leadership of Moise Tshombe, leader of the local CONAKAT party.

Gulf War

A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq 1990-91 persian gulf war. Iraqi invasion of kuwait is clear violation of UN accords. US-lead, UN coalition force Iraqis out

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam

Killing Fields

A number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society economic in nature. Loosening stalinist ways for modern ways.

SALT I

A series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two. Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the ABM Treaty and interim SALT agreement on May 26, 1972, in Moscow. For the first time during the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union had agreed to limit the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals.

plausible deniability

CIA went about this as an agency. Plausible deniability is the ability of people to deny knowledge of or responsibility for any damnable actions committed by others in an organizational hierarchy because of a lack of evidence that can confirm their participation, even if they were personally involved in or at least willfully ignorant of the actions.

Trans-Arabian pipeline

Construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline began in 1947 and was mainly managed by the American company. Made it so movement of oil was quick

"Joe from Paris"

Devlin became chief of station in Congo in July 1960, a mere 10 days after the country's independence from Belgium and shortly before Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba's two-month term in office, dismissal from power and ultimate execution. In his memoir, Devlin reveals that late in 1960, he received instructions from an agent ("Joe from Paris") who was relaying instructions from CIA headquarters that he (Devlin) was to effect the assassination of Lumumba. Various poisons, including one secreted in a tube of toothpaste, were proffered.

"new world order"

HW Bush said he could see a new world coming into view which will fulfill US founders vision.

Kent State shootings

Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.

Mohammad Mossadegh

Iranian nationalist leader; established a state owned company created to take control of Anglo-Iranian assets, he was anti-British and was a nationalist. When he went to world market, he couldn't sell any of the oil. There was a worldwide boy cot on Iranian oil. Eventually fled when US stepped in, kicked out to contain communism. otes to nationalize Anglo-oil company (now BP). On 1 May, Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, canceling its oil concession (expired in 1993) and expropriating its assets. Mossadegh saw the AIOC as an arm of the British government controlling much of the oil in Iran, pushing him to seize what the British had built for Iran. The next month, a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalization. Mosaddegh tried to justify his nationalization policy by claiming Iran was "the rightful owner..." of all the oil in Iran, and also pointing out Iran could use the money, in a 21 June 1951 speech

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

It was originally claimed by the National Security Agency that a Second Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on August 4, 1964, as another sea battle, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. The United States Congress overwhelming approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson nearly unlimited powers to oppose "communist aggression" in Southeast Asia.

Nuremberg trials, 1945-1946

Japan and Germany are held accountable for WWII under Kellogg-Briand. Demonstrate that "just following orders" does not make you innocent of war crimes. Geopolitical interests change during course of trial

Chilean coup, 9/11/73

Kissinger approves of CIA intervention on Chile. Wants to destabilize Allende. Worry that if Allende stays in office, he will lose the next election to a Marxist candidate. Put Pinochet in place of Allende.

madman theory

Nixon's foreign policy technique in which other countries were led to believe that Nixon was insane and would do things unpredictably, such as press "the button" at any moment.

Patrice Lumumba

Patrice Émery Lumumba was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo from June until September 1960. He played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. He as an agitator. Promoter of economic development. Want french-style government, close to communism. Positive neutrality.

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign. elected president of russia 1991. emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. A drunk.

"Evil Empire"

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression. Reagan says cold war is good versus evil. This upsets a lot of people.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. peace policy in USSR. wants to buy wheat from US. wants to reduce arms expenditure

Operation Ajax

The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۲۸ مرداد‎), was the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name "Operation Boot") and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project[5] or "Operation Ajax"), and the first United States covert action to overthrow a foreign government during peacetime.

Israeli statehood, 1948

The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization, Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and soon to be first Prime Minister of Israel

US-Philippines Military Bases Agreement, 1947

The Military Bases Agreement was the greatest single cause of friction in relations between the United States and the Philippines. Beginning in 1965, however, a series of agreements between the two countries reduced the size and number of the U.S. bases and shortened base leases.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere.

OSS

The Office of Strategic Services was a wartime intelligence agency of the United States during World War II, and a predecessor of the modern Central Intelligence Agency.

Indian partition, 1947

The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan

Suez crisis

The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab-Israeli War, also named the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and Operation Kadesh or Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. Sham war

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

The TTPI entered UN trusteeship pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21 on July 18, 1947, and was designated a "strategic area" in its 1947 trusteeship agreement. Article 83 of the UN Charter provided that, as such, its formal status as a UN trust territory could be terminated only by the Security Council, and not by the General Assembly as with other trust territories. The United States Navy controlled the TTPI from a headquarters in Guam until 1951, when the United States Department of the Interior took over control, administering the territory from a base in Saipan.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (US ratification, 1992)

The covenant commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. US ratifies 1992, years after.

domino theory

The domino theory was a theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s that posited that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s). scholar in arms control. Real politik- turn toward dealing w nations with interests similar to ours. Works with NIxon to ramp up Cold War once elected as an attempt to break the Vietnamese into surrendering

INF Treaty of 1987

The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges verification program to make sure the other has done what they've been asked to do.

Le Duc Tho

Vietnamese revolutionary. Kissinger wanted to negotiate, vietnam had no intention of negotiating. Kissinger said talking w him was brutal. he was the first Vietnamese person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973

Violeta Chamorro

Violeta Chamorro is a Nicaraguan politician, former president and publisher, known for ending the Contra War, the final chapter of the Nicaraguan Revolution, and bringing peace to the country. She was the first and, to date, only woman to hold the position of president in Nicaragua 1990.

Viet Minh

Việt Minh was a national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on May 19, 1941. Occupied northern vietnam near burma Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during Word War II and the French afterward

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems openness to modern ideas

Iran-contra

a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras. US aircraft parts and missiles through israel to iran for cash. Cash goes through panama and honduras to help aid the contras. US replenishment of weapons to israel.

Shinkolobwe Mine

a radium and uranium mine in the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located 20 km west of Likasi, 20 km south of Kambove, and about 145 km northwest of Lubumbashi. The mine produced uranium ore for the Manhattan Project.

M.A.D Mutually Assured Destruction

agreement to not use weapons on the other bc theyll just fire right back at you too a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender

Kennan "long telegram," 1946

american diplomat sent a telegram with his assumptions of what soviets must be thinking. Says USSR believes there can be no peaceful existence w capitalism. Things must be done to advance relative USSR strength

Joseph Mobutu

army chief. Encouraged by a Belgian government intent on maintaining its access to rich Congolese mines, secessionist violence erupted in the south. Concerned that the United Nations force sent to help restore order was not helping to crush the secessionists, Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union for assistance. He received massive military aid and about a thousand Soviet technical advisers within six weeks. As this was during the Cold War, the US government feared that the Soviet activity was a maneuver to spread communist influence in Central Africa. Kasa-Vubu was encouraged by the US and Belgium to dismiss Lumumba, which he did on 5 September. An outraged Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu deposed. Parliament refused to recognise the dismissals and urged reconciliation, but no agreement was reached. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu each ordered Mobutu to arrest the other. As Army Chief of Staff, Mobutu came under great pressure from multiple sources.

Fulgencio Batista

authoritarian leader in Cuba. given US support. Son of a bitch. Overthrown in revolution He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.

United Fruit Company

bananas as big business Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954

Test Ban Treaty, 1963

bans testing in atmosphere/space/ocean by any nation result of Cuban Missile Crisis; between US and Soviet Union to stop testing nuclear bombs

Bengal famine, 1943

british empire leaves people to starve bc they couldn't make their colonial population a priority. Roughly 3 million people die in bengal alone

"Quit India" movement

british experience in India during the war was a good indicator that they would be unable to retain it after the war. Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Berlin wall falls, 1989

communist regimes begin to fall. Travel restrictions lessened and lifted.

Brazzaville conference, 1944

congo, give semi-autonomous control to colonial population should they win WWII. Charles de Gaulle opening the Brazzaville Conference, 1944 The Brazzaville Conference (French: Conference de Brazzaville) was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the then-capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II. After the Fall of France in 1940, and the subsequent alignment of most of France's colonial empire with the Allies; Charles de Gaulle recognized the need to revise the relationship between France and its colonies in Africa. In January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville in the modern-day Republic of the Congo. The conference recommended political, social, and economic reforms and led to the signature of the Brazzaville Declaration.

Truman doctrine speech, 1947

declare political war on Soviet Russia. US will influence European affairs. Direct result of dissolution of british empire. Truman says that if the US fails to help, our own nation will be dragged down with the other failing countries. Claims it will be strictly economic aid

Allen Dulles

director of CIA. See John Foster Dulles for more on Iranian coup worked in CIA with brother. Worried about Britain's other interests in Iran, and (thanks to the Tudeh party)[14] believing that Iran's nationalism was really a Soviet-backed plot, Britain persuaded US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that Iran was falling to the Soviets—effectively exploiting the American Cold War mindset. Since President Harry S. Truman was busy fighting a war in Korea, he did not agree to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. However, in 1953, when Dwight D. Eisenhower became president, the UK convinced the U.S. to undertake a joint coup d'état

Abdul Aziz ibn Saud

first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia, the "third Saudi state". He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons,[5] and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia.

Marshall plan speech, 1947

george marshall sec of state. If US loans money to europe, european nations will be able to rebuild and hopefully buy things from US in process. Give aid to nations with similar ideologies in order to promote them.

Ex-comm

group created by Kennedy to help him decide on a response to the Cuban missile crisis JFKs executive committee. No decisions actually made there bc they were recorded. Convincing members on how to vote outside of the metting. This committee decided to set up the Cuba Embargo

Ernesto "Che" Guevara de la Serna

if you want to take over, you must be properly armed and revolutionary

ICBM

intercontinental ballistic missile

Italian elections, 1948

intervention on election by US. determines whether communists will take over or not. Truman give OK to CIA to funnel money to the christian democrats

mujahideen of Afghanistan

islamist guerrilla fighters. On 25 April 1992, a civil war had ignited between three, later five or six, mujahideen armies, when Hezbi Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and supported by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence refused to form a coalition government with other mujahideen groups and tried to conquer Kabul for themselves.

British War in Vietnam

japanese soldiers fought under british rule against Viet Minh. british and US agree that reestablishing French as main power is the best idea. Ordered to use maximum force.

B-52 bombing of Cambodia

kissinger advised but destoryed all evidence of plans bc its illegal. Told pilots one thing then 'diverted' them to cambodia/laos. bombing cambodia was meant to disrupt events and HO CHi Mihn supply trail in Vietnam. Did nothing to vietnam. derails/destabilizes the regime of Prince Sihanouk which leads to a coup to put Lon Nol in charge. Many dont like him bc hes US friendly and sympathizer. Leads to creation of Khmer Rouge. Nixon wants to expand the war into Cambodia, leads to demonstrations at Kent State.

Paris Peace Accords, 1973

meeting between US and Vietnam. US ultimately accepts north vietnamese terms

Iranian revolution, 1979

muslim radical revolution overthrows US backed Shah (more like a puppet than leader). Americans held hostage until reagan election (argo)

Potsdam conference, 1945

near berlin, discuss post-war relationships, soviets agree to enter war against Japan, discuss how to deal with Germany

Just Cause

not UN approved. december 1989. Operation just cause. US invasion of panama seeking drug corrupt pres. Noriega. Noriega used as instrument of US foreign policy, was time for him to go. Noriega declared asylum in vatican embassy. Surrendered and sent to jail.

Aramco

officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian national petroleum and natural gas company. Trans-arabian pipeline

Gamal Abdel Nasser

pan-muslimism. If muslim people are so large in number, why not make them the next large force next to US and Soviet Union

Jacobo Arbenz

platform of land reform. Buy land from those who have much and give it to those in need

Sandinista revolution, 1979

sandinistas overthrow US backed leader in Nicaragua. Start of Nicaraguan revolution. US secretly involved bc they should not be- illegal

Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

september 2, 1945. Takes words directly from US declaration of independence Declaration that Ho Chi minh made to get rid of the French and become an independent nation

Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949

soviets blockade berlin in hopes of starving out the people, US airlifts supplies to ppl bc only ground blockade. US does not label it as act of war bc they dont wanna make it a big thing and they know that they can work around it

Operation Success

spreading of pro-american, anti-arbenz messages. Radio, leaflets, in church. Inform of evils of communism

Kermit Roosevelt

teddy roosevelt son. Kermit Roosevelt played a highly critical role in Operation Ajax as the ground operational planner, especially in getting the Shah to issue the firmans, or decrees, dismissing Mossadegh. He established networks of anglophiles and Shah sympathizers in Iran that were willing to take part in various aspects of the coup.[3] These tactics aided in dividing and dissolving Mossadegh's political power base within the National Front, the Tudeh, and the Clerics. However, the first attempt at the coup failed, likely because Mossadegh had learned of the impending overthrow. Despite the CIA sending Roosevelt a telegram to flee Iran immediately, he began work on the second coup. He circulated a false account that Mossadegh attempted to seize the throne and bribed Iranian agents. The coup was a success and hence was adapted for use in other third world countries during the Cold War. Eisenhower secretly awarded Roosevelt the National Security Medal in 1954 for his work.[13] In 2014, the National Security Archive released telegrams and accounts of the CIA operation, many of which are revealing as to the part he played in the operation.

"The Bear"

the bear is reagan's representation of Russia and USSR in political campaigns. Should be ready for 'the bear'

Chennault Affair

told the vietnamese to not negotiate with President bc Nixon will have a better deal when he comes into office. FBI tells Johnson and he says its treason but cant for sure pin it in Nixon—we now know that it was Nixon bc of a diary years later.

cluster bombs

used in cambodia and vetnam. Bambs with smaller bombs and schrapnel inside to do most damage possible. Roughly 700,000 dropped.

Ho Chi Minh

vietnamese patriot and american enthusiast. Works with the OSS to find and save downed pilots. Agent 19. Leninist, war in vietnam was a war of oppressors over the oppressed.

German reunification, 1990

wall falls 1989. The German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz Article 23

German partition, 1945

want to ensure germany does not fall into depression again. Sec of state Burns says to just leave germany divided w the powers still occupying designated areas. Allied powers are fragmented in their relationship

John Foster Dulles

worked in CIA with brother. Worried about Britain's other interests in Iran, and (thanks to the Tudeh party)[14] believing that Iran's nationalism was really a Soviet-backed plot, Britain persuaded US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that Iran was falling to the Soviets—effectively exploiting the American Cold War mindset. Since President Harry S. Truman was busy fighting a war in Korea, he did not agree to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. However, in 1953, when Dwight D. Eisenhower became president, the UK convinced the U.S. to undertake a joint coup d'état