HIS CH 22 Midterm Questions
MAP: Which cities contained one million or more people in 1900?
London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople
What was companionate marriage?
Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values
Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to
Protestantism in northern Europe
MAP: The Boulevard Saint Michel
Required the razing of much of Paris's medieval core
MAP: the modernization of Paris......
The Tollhouse Wall
Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?
The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers
What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?
The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest
What characterized the middle-class single family home?
a special drawing room used to entertain guests
After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that
all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin
What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?
always adhere to a strict moral code
In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as
an advocated of improved public sanitation
Realist writers fit within the late nineteenth century glorification of science because they
attempted to observe and record life in an objective matter
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing
What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?
diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from
electricity
What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?
excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women Who sought to work outside the home
found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work
What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?
having servants
EXCERPT: "The man had set out...."
hes unemployed
What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?
improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior
EXCERPT: "This social mortality...."
it tacitly permitted sexual activity in young men, while at the same time pretending that young women were not sexual at all
Which of the following describes late nineteenth century prostitution?
it was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families
How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?
married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties based on marriage on sentiment and sexual attraction
What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?
married women were not expected to work outside the home
How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution
Which of the following characterizes early nineteenth century British cities?
nearly all land was used for building, which meant parks or open areas were almost non existent
How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?
real wages rose for the mass of population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease
EXCERPT: "The man had set out..."
realism
What was George Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth century life?
rebuilding Paris
In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feeling of
rootlessness
EXCERPT: "But even in those moral times....."
that women had no innate sexual desires
What was the second industrial revolution?
the burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century
What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?
the family's desire to improve its economic and social positions
Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote
the greatest good for the greatest number
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?
the middle class established a range of new profession, which required specialized knowledge and advance education
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
the sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent
Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?
they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity
Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?
they sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected
What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?
they were fiercely committed to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility
What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?
to maintain their unstable social and economic position
In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was
viewed with horror
Which of the following caused marked changes in childrearing practices?
women had fewer children
In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received
50 percent to 60 percent of all national income
MAP: European cities.... largest increase in population
Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Vienna