HIS CH 22 Midterm Questions

MAP: Which cities contained one million or more people in 1900?

London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople

What was companionate marriage?

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to

Protestantism in northern Europe

MAP: The Boulevard Saint Michel

Required the razing of much of Paris's medieval core

MAP: the modernization of Paris......

The Tollhouse Wall

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

What characterized the middle-class single family home?

a special drawing room used to entertain guests

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin

What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?

always adhere to a strict moral code

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

an advocated of improved public sanitation

Realist writers fit within the late nineteenth century glorification of science because they

attempted to observe and record life in an objective matter

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing

What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women Who sought to work outside the home

found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?

having servants

EXCERPT: "The man had set out...."

hes unemployed

What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?

improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

EXCERPT: "This social mortality...."

it tacitly permitted sexual activity in young men, while at the same time pretending that young women were not sexual at all

Which of the following describes late nineteenth century prostitution?

it was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties based on marriage on sentiment and sexual attraction

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?

married women were not expected to work outside the home

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution

Which of the following characterizes early nineteenth century British cities?

nearly all land was used for building, which meant parks or open areas were almost non existent

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?

real wages rose for the mass of population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease

EXCERPT: "The man had set out..."

realism

What was George Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth century life?

rebuilding Paris

In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feeling of

rootlessness

EXCERPT: "But even in those moral times....."

that women had no innate sexual desires

What was the second industrial revolution?

the burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century

What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?

the family's desire to improve its economic and social positions

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote

the greatest good for the greatest number

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

the middle class established a range of new profession, which required specialized knowledge and advance education

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

the sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?

they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

they sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected

What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?

they were fiercely committed to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?

to maintain their unstable social and economic position

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was

viewed with horror

Which of the following caused marked changes in childrearing practices?

women had fewer children

In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received

50 percent to 60 percent of all national income

MAP: European cities.... largest increase in population

Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Vienna