Hisotry quarterly
Regulating foods and drugs
- Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, unsanitary conditions in meatpacking - Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair's account - Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act (dictates sanitary requirements) (creates federal meat inspection program)
Who invented the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell impacted office work and created new jobs for women
Union Pacific Railroad emplyed?
Irish immagreants to lay train tracks and killed many of them by accidents
Pendleton Civil Service Act
authorized bipartisan civil services commison to make appointments to deferal jobs though merrit systems bases on candidates preformance on an examination
Initiative
bill origniated by the people rather than lawmakers
The Bessemer Process (Steel)
developed by henry bessemer involved injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities
meat inspection act
dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal mean inspection
recall
enabled votes to remove public officals from elected postions by forcing them to face another election before end of thier term
election reforms
gave americans more of a voice in electing thier legislators and creating laws increased # of women in public life and renewed attention on issue of woman suffrage
urbanization
growth of cities, mostly in the reagions of hte northeast and midwest
Plessy vs. Ferguson
half white half black man named homer plessy, sitting on white section and what told by the police that he had to get the white people train cart but he refused, took it to supreme court, faught it but they said, furguson had the right to dictate rules on thier property therefore he could not sit there, strengthened jim crow laws allowed segregation in public areas
pure food and drug act
halted teh sale of contaminated foods and medicinces and called for truth in labeling
Poll taxes and literacy tests
how southern states "tried" to get african americans not to vote because they knew that they could not read nor pay the poll tax fee
17th Amendment
provides for the election of us senetors by the people rather than by state legistatures
because of thomas edison what else was able to be invnented
street cars made urban traval cheap allowed manufacters to locate thier plantswhere they wanted
mass transit
system designed to move large numebers of people through large urban cities
Patronage
the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected
Referendum
vote on the initiatve
Graft
when political leaders take advantage of their office powers by illegaly using their politcal influence for personal gain by using taxpayers money to enerich themselves and freinds of their in fraud construction vid schemes
Who invented electricity
Thomas Edison made the incandecant light bulb made electricity safer adn less expensive
assembly lines
arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled
Central Pacific Railroad emplyed?
Chinese immagrants to build railroads and disabled them, accidents
Nativism
anti-immigrant group of americans born citizens that watned immigration restrictions insitiuted around the end of the
political machines and what are the different job positions on the politcal pyramid
-oragnized group that controlled the activies of a political party in a city - offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for poltical and financial support
Political machine pyramid
1. City bos- controlled activies of politcal party 2. ward bosses- worked to scure votes in all precincts in the ward/helped poor and gained votes by doung favors of provide services 2.precint captains- tried to gain votes suppport on the block
The 6 problems growing cities faces
1. Housing- unsanitary condition (tenements, dirty) 2. Transportation- cities struggled to provide transportation to large amounds of people 3. water- no safe drinking water (chlorea, typhoid)) had to provide chlroinationed piped water to building 4. Sanitation- creat full time sanitaion departments (transh on streets, feces) 5. Crime- full time police departments (pickpockets) 6. Fire- created full time fire departments
4 goals of progressive movement
1. Protecting social welfare (worked to soften harsh conditions of idustrialization - YMCA, opened libraries sponsered clases - salvation army fed poor people) 2.Promoting moral improvements (reformers watned immigrartns to uplift themselves by imporivng thieri personal behaviors -Prohibtion was one program -WTCY spead crusade for prohibiton) 3.Creating economic reform (Severe economic panic prompted americans to quesion the capitalist economic system - helped organize american socialist party ) 4. Foster efficiency (put faith in experts and scientifitc prinicpals to make sociaty and the workplace more efficient -loering worjt day to 8 hrs and paying workers 5$/day)
process immigrants went throught to obtain U.S Citizenship
1.Pass physical examination 2.pass to a gover inspector who checks documents and questions to determine wether they met legal requirements for entering the united states 2. proving they have never been convicted of a felony, are able to work and showed they they had atleast 25$
Debt Peonage
A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer
Horizontal Integration
Attempt to buy ot competting produceres companies producing similar products merge
J.P. Morgan
Banker and finance bought out andrew carnigie steel company
conservation of natural resources
During roosevelts presidency he set aside 147 million acres of forest reserves and 1.5 million acres of wather power sites and another 80 million acres of land appointed us forest service concervation meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good. National parks
Jim Crow laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Ellis Island
Located in New york harbor processing of immigreants took 5 hrs or more 17 million immigreants passed
Boss tweed
Politcal machine leader of Nyc Tammany Hall (powerful democratic politcal machine) -led tweed ring - sacmmed people with tammany hall graft served 12 years
Monopoly: Pros and cons
Pros: -can charge higher prices and make more profit -only competitor meaning they make a lot of money Cons: • Higher prices lower -bad qualitiy products • Lazy monopolists - lack of incentive to innovate (to thier employees )
Creation of time zones
Rail road companies divided the country into 4 time zones. Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time zones
Use of bully pulpit
Rosevelt saw the precidency as a "Bully Pulpit" from which he could influence the new media and shape legistation
Angle island
San Francisco bay immigration station on the wasy coast where asian immigrants mostly chinese/japanees gained admision immigrants endured harsh questioning and a long detention in fility buildings while they waited to find out wehter they would be admited or rejected
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil controlled 90% of business paid emplyees Richest man in history controlled market extemely lowe gave away 500 million
Andrew carnigie
Steel industry sucess was due to vertical inegration and horizontal integration philantropist
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Trustbusting
Was Rosevelts Nicknmae Trusts lowerd prices to drive competition out of the market and then took advantage of lack of competition to rise prices roosevelt did not belive that all trusts were harmful but sought to curb the actions of those that hurt the publich interest Roosevelt concerned his efforts on filing suits under the sherman antitrust act roosevelt made headlines as a trustbuster when he ordered justice department to sue northern securities company
Grandfather clause
a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices. A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Tenements
a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments. Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived
Vertical inegration
acquiring one or more important parts of a company production process of supply chain
Chinese Exclusion Act
act banned entry to chinese except for students, teachers.merchants, tourists and government officals
Gentlement's agreement act
japans government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled worjers to the untied states in exhange for the repeal of the san franciso segrigation order
Muckrakers
journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in mass ciruclation magazines
Transcontinental Railroad
linked east coast with the west coast union pacific central pacific connected at promontory utah
Sherman Antitrust Act
made it illegal to form a trsut that interfered with free trade between states or other countries
Melting pot
mixture of people of different races and cultures who blended together by abandoning thier native languages and customes