Hisotry quarterly

Regulating foods and drugs

- Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, unsanitary conditions in meatpacking - Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair's account - Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act (dictates sanitary requirements) (creates federal meat inspection program)

Who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell impacted office work and created new jobs for women

Union Pacific Railroad emplyed?

Irish immagreants to lay train tracks and killed many of them by accidents

Pendleton Civil Service Act

authorized bipartisan civil services commison to make appointments to deferal jobs though merrit systems bases on candidates preformance on an examination

Initiative

bill origniated by the people rather than lawmakers

The Bessemer Process (Steel)

developed by henry bessemer involved injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities

meat inspection act

dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal mean inspection

recall

enabled votes to remove public officals from elected postions by forcing them to face another election before end of thier term

election reforms

gave americans more of a voice in electing thier legislators and creating laws increased # of women in public life and renewed attention on issue of woman suffrage

urbanization

growth of cities, mostly in the reagions of hte northeast and midwest

Plessy vs. Ferguson

half white half black man named homer plessy, sitting on white section and what told by the police that he had to get the white people train cart but he refused, took it to supreme court, faught it but they said, furguson had the right to dictate rules on thier property therefore he could not sit there, strengthened jim crow laws allowed segregation in public areas

pure food and drug act

halted teh sale of contaminated foods and medicinces and called for truth in labeling

Poll taxes and literacy tests

how southern states "tried" to get african americans not to vote because they knew that they could not read nor pay the poll tax fee

17th Amendment

provides for the election of us senetors by the people rather than by state legistatures

because of thomas edison what else was able to be invnented

street cars made urban traval cheap allowed manufacters to locate thier plantswhere they wanted

mass transit

system designed to move large numebers of people through large urban cities

Patronage

the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected

Referendum

vote on the initiatve

Graft

when political leaders take advantage of their office powers by illegaly using their politcal influence for personal gain by using taxpayers money to enerich themselves and freinds of their in fraud construction vid schemes

Who invented electricity

Thomas Edison made the incandecant light bulb made electricity safer adn less expensive

assembly lines

arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled

Central Pacific Railroad emplyed?

Chinese immagrants to build railroads and disabled them, accidents

Nativism

anti-immigrant group of americans born citizens that watned immigration restrictions insitiuted around the end of the

political machines and what are the different job positions on the politcal pyramid

-oragnized group that controlled the activies of a political party in a city - offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for poltical and financial support

Political machine pyramid

1. City bos- controlled activies of politcal party 2. ward bosses- worked to scure votes in all precincts in the ward/helped poor and gained votes by doung favors of provide services 2.precint captains- tried to gain votes suppport on the block

The 6 problems growing cities faces

1. Housing- unsanitary condition (tenements, dirty) 2. Transportation- cities struggled to provide transportation to large amounds of people 3. water- no safe drinking water (chlorea, typhoid)) had to provide chlroinationed piped water to building 4. Sanitation- creat full time sanitaion departments (transh on streets, feces) 5. Crime- full time police departments (pickpockets) 6. Fire- created full time fire departments

4 goals of progressive movement

1. Protecting social welfare (worked to soften harsh conditions of idustrialization - YMCA, opened libraries sponsered clases - salvation army fed poor people) 2.Promoting moral improvements (reformers watned immigrartns to uplift themselves by imporivng thieri personal behaviors -Prohibtion was one program -WTCY spead crusade for prohibiton) 3.Creating economic reform (Severe economic panic prompted americans to quesion the capitalist economic system - helped organize american socialist party ) 4. Foster efficiency (put faith in experts and scientifitc prinicpals to make sociaty and the workplace more efficient -loering worjt day to 8 hrs and paying workers 5$/day)

process immigrants went throught to obtain U.S Citizenship

1.Pass physical examination 2.pass to a gover inspector who checks documents and questions to determine wether they met legal requirements for entering the united states 2. proving they have never been convicted of a felony, are able to work and showed they they had atleast 25$

Debt Peonage

A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Horizontal Integration

Attempt to buy ot competting produceres companies producing similar products merge

J.P. Morgan

Banker and finance bought out andrew carnigie steel company

conservation of natural resources

During roosevelts presidency he set aside 147 million acres of forest reserves and 1.5 million acres of wather power sites and another 80 million acres of land appointed us forest service concervation meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good. National parks

Jim Crow laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Ellis Island

Located in New york harbor processing of immigreants took 5 hrs or more 17 million immigreants passed

Boss tweed

Politcal machine leader of Nyc Tammany Hall (powerful democratic politcal machine) -led tweed ring - sacmmed people with tammany hall graft served 12 years

Monopoly: Pros and cons

Pros: -can charge higher prices and make more profit -only competitor meaning they make a lot of money Cons: • Higher prices lower -bad qualitiy products • Lazy monopolists - lack of incentive to innovate (to thier employees )

Creation of time zones

Rail road companies divided the country into 4 time zones. Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time zones

Use of bully pulpit

Rosevelt saw the precidency as a "Bully Pulpit" from which he could influence the new media and shape legistation

Angle island

San Francisco bay immigration station on the wasy coast where asian immigrants mostly chinese/japanees gained admision immigrants endured harsh questioning and a long detention in fility buildings while they waited to find out wehter they would be admited or rejected

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil controlled 90% of business paid emplyees Richest man in history controlled market extemely lowe gave away 500 million

Andrew carnigie

Steel industry sucess was due to vertical inegration and horizontal integration philantropist

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Trustbusting

Was Rosevelts Nicknmae Trusts lowerd prices to drive competition out of the market and then took advantage of lack of competition to rise prices roosevelt did not belive that all trusts were harmful but sought to curb the actions of those that hurt the publich interest Roosevelt concerned his efforts on filing suits under the sherman antitrust act roosevelt made headlines as a trustbuster when he ordered justice department to sue northern securities company

Grandfather clause

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices. A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Tenements

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments. Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Vertical inegration

acquiring one or more important parts of a company production process of supply chain

Chinese Exclusion Act

act banned entry to chinese except for students, teachers.merchants, tourists and government officals

Gentlement's agreement act

japans government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled worjers to the untied states in exhange for the repeal of the san franciso segrigation order

Muckrakers

journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in mass ciruclation magazines

Transcontinental Railroad

linked east coast with the west coast union pacific central pacific connected at promontory utah

Sherman Antitrust Act

made it illegal to form a trsut that interfered with free trade between states or other countries

Melting pot

mixture of people of different races and cultures who blended together by abandoning thier native languages and customes