HIST 1010 Top Hat Unit 2

The state of Magadha was able to expand in part due to a four-part army that consisted of cavalry, infantry, chariots, and A) elephants. B) navy. C) dirigibles. D) phalanxes.

A) elephants.

Which is true of the role of women in ancient north India? A) They were increasingly relegated to household duties over time. B) They were normally priestesses if they were not married. C) They performed religious rituals and funeral rites. D) They were often teachers and leaders in the community.

A) They were increasingly relegated to household duties over time.

What was the biggest constraint to the development of long-distance trade in African society? A) Geography. Africa's vast expanses and lack of large mammals made trade difficult to conduct outside of rivers. B) Culture. African societies were not as commercially focused as other societies in the Old World Web. C) Military. No African state had a powerful enough military to guarantee the safety of trade routes, and merchants were routinely subjected to attack. D) Religion. African religions actively encouraged people to stick to the land and not participate in trade.

A) Geography. Africa's vast expanses and lack of large mammals made trade difficult to conduct outside of rivers.

How did the Achaemenid army reflect the broader structure of the Achaemenid empire? A) It was innovative and multicultural, composed of new types of troops from many regions, but with Persians at the top. B) It was not hierarchical and relied on local military leaders to make their own decisions. C) Achaemenid rulers left the military to itself and did not participate in combat. D) The army was exclusively Persian and no others were allowed to serve.

A) It was innovative and multicultural, composed of new types of troops from many regions, but with Persians at the top.

Why was Meroë a distinctive city in early African civilization? A) Meroë developed hierarchies and monumental architecture, and had much shared culture with Egypt. B) Meroë was located near the coast and developed complex, long-distance trading routes and a merchant culture. C) Many independent nomadic tribes were united by Meroë leaders and were able to challenge the power of Egypt in Africa. D) Meroë developed a rich culture focused on the arts and sciences. Many scholars came to study in Meroë and it was a leader in technological innovation.

A) Meroë developed hierarchies and monumental architecture, and had much shared culture with Egypt.

Which of these is the Sanskrit term for the Hindu concept of release from the cycle of death and rebirth? A) Moksha B) Karma C) Dharma D) Kali

A) Moksha

How did Egyptians try to solve the problem of succession? A) Narmer and his successors invented the concept of hereditary kingship B) Narmer's successors waged war to determine the next king C) Narmer appointed a successor before he died from among his generals D) Narmer instituted regular elections to choose the next king

A) Narmer and his successors invented the concept of hereditary kingship

From 771 BCE to 256 BCE, China was wracked with violence and instability yet its economy grew tremendously at the same time. Why? A) Smaller states relied on trade between one another, resulting in dense trade networks between regions. B) All regions and states in China were able to use irrigation techniques to improve their agricultural production. C) States began to compete with one another economically as well as militarily. D) More people migrated from the fringes of China to its central heartland, increasing the economic capacity of that region.

A) Smaller states relied on trade between one another, resulting in dense trade networks between regions.

What was the typical Roman response to revolts throughout the empire? A) The Romans combined extremely brutal military action with financial incentives. B) The Romans typically acceded to the demands of local leaders and populations in order to keep the peace. C) Local mercenaries were hired to repress revolts. D) Most people who revolted were given Roman citizenship.

A) The Romans combined extremely brutal military action with financial incentives.

What were the greatest changes in the organization of the Roman army between the time of the Republic and the Empire? A) The army shifted from one based on the concept of citizen-soldiers to one based on professional soldiers who were often recruited from imperial territories outside Italy. B) Individual generals were tasked with raising armies themselves, creating a system where personal charisma was greatly valued. C) Mercenaries from other empires gradually replaced professional Roman soldiers. D) Soldiers shifted from being paid by salary to being paid only by plunder from successful campaigns.

A) The army shifted from one based on the concept of citizen-soldiers to one based on professional soldiers who were often recruited from imperial territories outside Italy.

Which of the following answers most accurately describes the relationship between the Hyksos people and the Egyptians? A) They ruled Egypt for about 200 years. B) They shared the Egyptian language, but had different gods. C) They brought trade from Nubia into Egypt. D) They had little influence on Egypt.

A) They ruled Egypt for about 200 years.

Why did the Assyrians spend so much effort in recording their cruel deeds? A)They understood that if they were seen as intimidating they could more easily control their subjects and prevent attacks and uprisings. B) They were simply evil people who were encouraged to be so by their religious leaders. C) Their early kings gained reputations as cruel and the rest felt compelled to live up to that reputation. D) They were not as intimidating as they depicted themselves to be in their artwork.

A) They understood that if they were seen as intimidating they could more easily control their subjects and prevent attacks and uprisings.

How did Egyptians view foreigners? (choose the most accurate statement) A) They would generally accept anyone who mastered their language and culture. B) They treated people differently based on which of the four colors they were seen as. C) They would overlook their dislike of others when marrying off daughters to form alliances. D) They allowed foreigners to marry Egyptians, but only within the lower classes.

A) They would generally accept anyone who mastered their language and culture.

Monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean reverse directions twice a year. A) True B) False

A) True

True or False: The Harappan writing system remains undeciphered. A) True B) False

A) True

How big was the Sumerian city Uruk at its largest? A) about the size of a small college campus B) roughly the same size as Alexandria, Egypt C) over two square miles D) The city never got very big, with only about 10,000 people living there.

A) about the size of a small college campus

Why did the Romans allow people to become citizens more easily and freely than did many of the major Greek city-states? A) because citizenship became a tool of Roman expansion and helped eliminate conflicts B) because Roman citizens were better informed than Greek citizens C) because Roman society was less reliant on slavery than Greek society was D) because the Greeks had higher qualifications that people needed to achieve in order to become citizens

A) because citizenship became a tool of Roman expansion and helped eliminate conflicts

The settlement of Jenne was a product of what? A) changes in the climate that made the Niger delta more habitable B) long-term migratory patterns C) the emergence of trans-Sahara camel caravans D) warring tribes battling for control of the Niger delta

A) changes in the climate that made the Niger delta more habitable

The Epic of Gilgamesh: A) is the world's oldest known epic poem. B) was written by Enkidu about his best friend. C) was likely true and written at the time the events occurred D) rarely mentions any aspects of regular life in the city of Uruk.

A) is the world's oldest known epic poem.

What was the key factor in the minimal development of states in early Africa? A) low population density B) lack of charismatic political leaders C) lack of weapons D) reliance on nomadic traders

A) low population density

The cities of the Indus valley probably imported __ from Mesopotamia. A) perishable goods B) lapis lazuli C) gold D) timber

A) perishable goods

The rise of the Japanese city of Yoshinogari indicated A) the emergence of complex societies and Chinese influence in Japan. B) a massive Chinese invasion and colonization effort in Japan. C) the continued prevalence and power of nomadic tribes. D) the importance of religion in early Japanese society.

A) the emergence of complex societies and Chinese influence in Japan.

Why did Augustus spend so much of his own money to build temples and theaters and sponsor athletic tournaments and religious festivals? A) to gain the trust and support of the common people B) to appease the religious and political elite C) to appease the Roman gods and ensure that he was considered a worthy emperor D) to prove to the Han Dynasty that Rome was the most powerful empire

A) to gain the trust and support of the common people

Farming in the Indus valley A) was probably brought to the area from the Fertile Crescent. B) focused primarily on rice and beans. C) relied on irrigation in the upper Indus River but not the lower Indus River. D) did not lead to complex societies as happened elsewhere.

A) was probably brought to the area from the Fertile Crescent.

What was the most important aspect of Shang agriculture? A) the irrigation system B) the production of beer for trading purposes C) the plantation system relying on gangs of laborers D) the growing of wheat to support the upper classes

C) the plantation system relying on gangs of laborers

How did Alexander the Great attempt to solidify his rule over the Achaemenid empire after he had overthrown its rulers? A He enforced strict Macedonian military rule over all of the Achaemenid empire. B He dissolved the Achaemenid empire into smaller regional parts. C He married Achaemenid wives and ruled over the empire as a Persian king. D He left the Achaemenid emperor on the throne to serve as a puppet while Alexander made all the decisions.

B He dissolved the Achaemenid empire into smaller regional parts.

How was the religion of Ahura Mazda linked to Achaemenid kingship? A) The Achaemenid kings built temples to Ahura Mazda throughout their empire in order to solidify their rule. B) Ahura Mazda was all-knowing and benevolent and purportedly chose the Achaemenid king to be his enforcer on Earth. C) The Achaemenid rulers launched holy wars throughout the region in an attempt to force people to convert to the worship of Ahura Mazda. D) Each Achaemenid king believed himself to be the god Ahura Mazda.

B) Ahura Mazda was all-knowing and benevolent and purportedly chose the Achaemenid king to be his enforcer on Earth.

Which caste stood at the "top" of the early Vedic caste system? A) Kshatriya (soldiers) B) Brahmins (priests) C) Vaishya (peasants and traders) D) Sudra (slaves and artisans)

B) Brahmins (priests)

Why is our knowledge about Rome much greater than our knowledge about Carthage? A) Roman historians and chroniclers were far superior and more thorough than those of Carthage. B) Carthaginian records have not survived and so we must rely on Roman accounts of Carthage. C) We have relied on archaeology to understand Carthage and not Rome D) Rome was more important than Carthage

B) Carthaginian records have not survived and so we must rely on Roman accounts of Carthage.

How was the creation of a standardized logographic script important for the development of East Asian states? A) It created a totally uniform spoken and written language across East Asia. B) It allowed different regions with different spoken languages to share the same written language, assisting in political unification. C)It gave more power to the Chinese bureaucrats who knew how to write and allowed states to increasingly centralize. D) It facilitated inter-regional trade and thus helped states accrue wealth much faster.

B) It allowed different regions with different spoken languages to share the same written language, assisting in political unification.

What is one reason bronze working diffused more slowly in the Korean Peninsula than in other places in East Asia? A) Bronze working was introduced from China far later than in other regions. B) Korean society tended to have less need of bronze tools. C) Bronze was less important to Korean burials, which focused instead on rocks and stones. D)There were fewer resources on the Korean Peninsula to support bronze working.

B) Korean society tended to have less need of bronze tools.

How did the later phases of the last ice age affect Africa's people and geography? A) Cooler temperatures led to more rain and an increase in fertile land and agriculture. B) More land was made uninhabitable and unproductive and people were forced to migrate. C) Changes in the temperatures made farming untenable and the population increasingly turned to hunting and gathering. D) People increasingly were forced to leave regions around rivers and forests and migrate toward savannas near the Sahara.

B) More land was made uninhabitable and unproductive and people were forced to migrate.

Why were the gods and goddesses of Mesopotamia roughly the same in the whole region? A) The gods and goddesses had made themselves known to the people of the region. B) Rulers could more easily govern if they embraced the known deities, which spread to newly conquered areas. C) The priests of the time developed the deities and spread knowledge of them through their teaching. D) Enlil decreed that all humans in Mesopotamia should follow the same gods and goddesses.

B) Rulers could more easily govern if they embraced the known deities, which spread to newly conquered areas.

Which is true of the connection between the Indus valley and Mesopotamia A) Scholars know little about the Indus valley language because the connection with Mesopotamia fell apart before writing could be developed. B) The connection was the beginning of the first large regional web in world history. C) The two areas were connected by trade only and for a very brief time. D) The connection was tenuous and broke down many times.

B) The connection was the beginning of the first large regional web in world history.

Which is true of religion and gods/goddesses in Egypt? A) The deities were very rigid and did not change over time. B) The only religious texts were essentially guidebooks or how-to manuals for rituals. C) Religion in Egypt focused on living an ethical life and following the rules given by the deities. D) Most of the deities were associated with violence, but a few were peaceful patrons of artists.

B) The only religious texts were essentially guidebooks or how-to manuals for rituals.

What similar function did both jade masks and cooking pots serve in early East Asian culture? A) They represented increasing trade relations with the rest of the world. B) They symbolically helped forge continuity between different generations of families. C) Both items were worth lots of money. D) They became important parts of civic rituals helping to create community within cities.

B) They symbolically helped forge continuity between different generations of families.

Despite being formally excluded from government jobs and education, how were some women able to exercise power in Han China? A) Women could work their way up in the social hierarchy through commercial activities and the accumulation of wealth. B) Wives, mothers, and daughters could participate in and help shape the high politics of their husbands, sons, and fathers. C) Women became increasingly involved the management of long-distance trade routes. D) Women were not excluded from landownership, and so some were able to become wealthy landlords.

B) Wives, mothers, and daughters could participate in and help shape the high politics of their husbands, sons, and fathers.

Sun Tzu and Confucius disagreed about the importance of honesty because they A) were bitter rivals in Chinese politics. B) advocated for different models of political and military leadership. C) had different beliefs about the place of women in Chinese society. D) both distrusted the merchant and commercial community.

B) advocated for different models of political and military leadership.

After 3000 BCE the primary population of Southeast Asia consisted of A) settlers from the Shang Dynasty. B) migrant farmers from South China. C) migrants who sailed from Papua New Guinea. D) migrants who sailed from the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagos.

B) migrant farmers from South China.

Who in Egypt was literate? A) most merchants and priests B) only 1-2 percent of the population, mostly males C) the pharaoh, his advisers, and his court servants D) only scribes

B) only 1-2 percent of the population, mostly males

What two technologies allowed the cities of the Indus valley to have a high level of cultural unity? A) sailboats and potters' wheels B) riverboats and oxcarts C) cuneiform and stele D) chariots and compound bows

B) riverboats and oxcarts

Romans outlawed the cult of Bacchus because A) they believed a god dedicated to wine and ecstasy was corrupt and decadent and threatened Roman morals. B) the cult met in secret, celebrated pleasure, and included mostly women; its meetings threatened Rome's social order and religion. C)Bacchus was too effeminate of a god and did not promote the martial culture of Rome. D) the cult was originally from Greece and represented the Greeks trying to undermine Roman religion.

B) the cult met in secret, celebrated pleasure, and included mostly women; its meetings threatened Rome's social order and religion.

What two things led to the prevalence of war in Mesopotamia? A) the use of saddles and iron weaponry B) the dominance of military leaders in society and the near-constant threat of attack by herder groups C) fears of yet another civil war and drought-fueled starvation D) There is little archaeological evidence to help explain why war was so common.

B) the dominance of military leaders in society and the near-constant threat of attack by herder groups

The spread of iron tools in Africa encouraged A) increased violence and warfare between tribes. B) the mass clearing of forests. C) trade with Europe, which had no iron. D) a rise to leadership roles for those who knew how to work iron ore.

B) the mass clearing of forests.

After Augustus, Roman emperors gradually began to staff the empire's bureaucracy with A) military officers with administrative skills. B) well-educated slaves and former slaves loyal to the emperor. C) foreign scholars with scientific knowledge. D) elite Romans who had performed well in battle or politics.

B) well-educated slaves and former slaves loyal to the emperor.

The prevalence of goddesses depicted performing daring and brave feats in surviving Minoan art and pottery suggests what about Minoan society? A) that they were a very religious people B) that Minoan women had unusually high social status C) that there were no male gods in Minoan religion D)that Minoan women were stronger than other women in ancient Greece

B)that Minoan women had unusually high social status

What was a key reason why market culture spread in ancient Greece? A. The Greeks possessed fertile land, which allowed them to export food to many different states and cities in exchange for money. B. A network of Greek colonies and shared culture allowed for thriving trade between different regions. C. The Greeks possessed the most money from their military exploits and could thus purchase many goods from elsewhere. D. The Greek people were naturally more commercial and cunning than others.

B. A network of Greek colonies and shared culture allowed for thriving trade between different regions.

Why was alphabetical language important to the spread of Greek culture? A Politicians and rulers used it to inform the people about their decisions. B It helped to facilitate trade between cities. C It required fewer symbols to be memorized and allowed for Greek myths, history, and philosophy to be written down and shared. D Priests used it to spread religion and standardize religious texts.

C It required fewer symbols to be memorized and allowed for Greek myths, history, and philosophy to be written down and shared.

Despite being the most democratic of the Greek city-states, what proportion of Athens's population was made up of slaves by the mid-fifth century BCE? A) 10% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%

C) 50%

Why is evidence about trade in early Africa sparse and difficult to come by? A) In reality, very little trade occurred. B) Most of the evidence was sent to other regions via trade routes. C) Africa has acidic soil and most trade artifacts decayed before they could be found by archeologists. D) Tomb raiders stole most early African artifacts.

C) Africa has acidic soil and most trade artifacts decayed before they could be found by archeologists.

How were political rights in Greek city-states related to military service? A) While not all soldiers were citizens, all soldiers had a say in military decisions. B) Soldiers were limited to the aristocracy and mostly engaged in small-scale combat. C) All citizens, rich and poor alike, were soldiers, and political rights came from performing military service. D) Soldiers were slaves and were forced to fight to protect the political rights of their masters.

C) All citizens, rich and poor alike, were soldiers, and political rights came from performing military service.

How was Egypt different from other regions in 3000 BCE? A) Egypt had a lush river valley and fertile banks. B) Egypt was near a sea for easy trade routes. C) Egypt was often unified as a single state. D) There were few differences between civilizations in 3000 BCE.

C) Egypt was often unified as a single state.

What did Sargon do to expand trade that was different from other rulers? A) He expanded trade networks by sending emissaries to regions far outside known trading areas. B) He had artisans develop new types of goods to increase demand for his empire's products. C) He took control of regions with goods he wanted, demanding his subjects provide them to him. D) He used his military to coerce regions into doing trade with Sargon instead of with other rulers.

C) He took control of regions with goods he wanted, demanding his subjects provide them to him.

Who was primarily responsible for the early spread of Christianity within the Roman Empire? A) Jesus B) Peter C) Paul D) Augustus

C) Paul

What was the major effect of the Roman conquest of the Greek peninsula after the Second Punic War? A) Rome wasted money and men on an ultimately inconclusive military campaign. B) The addition of Greek lands and cities created much more wealth for all Romans. C) Roman elites studied Greek culture and became Hellenized. D) Greek gods became more favored than Roman gods.

C) Roman elites studied Greek culture and became Hellenized.

Though marriage in ancient Rome remained a patriarchal institution, how did some Roman women exercise their own freedom and power? A) Roman women could, in limited circumstances, run for political office. B) Particularly strong Roman women could be recruited to serve in the military. C) Roman women could endorse political candidates and were free to move about in public space outside of their homes. D) Roman women conducted trade and were key to forging long-distance trading networks.

C) Roman women could endorse political candidates and were free to move about in public space outside of their homes.

Which direction is Nubia from Egypt? A)North B) East C) South D) West

C) South

What was the major difference between the Zhou's Mandate of Heaven and the religions of other early civilizations, like those in Mesopotamia or Egypt? A)Ancestor worship was more important to the Mandate of Heaven than the religions of other civilizations. B) The Mandate of Heaven was monotheistic and focused on one particularly powerful god. C) The Mandate of Heaven was not permanent and so Zhou rulers had to constantly convince the people that they had the favor of heaven. D) Even peasants could be considered holy under the Mandate of Heaven and so Zhou rulers constantly had to work for the favor of the peasants.

C) The Mandate of Heaven was not permanent and so Zhou rulers had to constantly convince the people that they had the favor of heaven.

Why is the Nile delta area known as Lower Egypt and the southern part Upper Egypt? A) Egyptians did not understand the concepts of north and south, so they named their land based on which part was settled first. B) Upper Egypt is in the south because the river is much wider there. C) The Nile flows northward, so to go upriver, one travels south D) The southern part of Egypt is much more influential, so it is named accordingly.

C) The Nile flows northward, so to go upriver, one travels south

How were the Upanishads different from the Rig Veda? A) The Upanishads were originally oral traditions, while the Rig Veda were dense philosophical writings B) The Upanishads are older than the Rig Veda C) The Upanishads outlined the principles of early Hinduism, while the Rig Veda was more closely related to early Vedic religions. D) The Upanishads were mostly songs about gods and their exploits, while the Rig Veda describes a moral code for living one's life.

C) The Upanishads outlined the principles of early Hinduism, while the Rig Veda was more closely related to early Vedic religions.

What was unique about the Carthaginian form of oligarchy? A) It was made up of magistrates selected from wealthy families. B) The magistrates did not have sole power and had to work with a council of other leaders. C) The magistrates and oligarchs were primarily composed of merchants, not landowners. D) Service in the navy was a prerequisite to serving as a magistrate.

C) The magistrates and oligarchs were primarily composed of merchants, not landowners.

What was one way Roman emperors began to ensure that their successors were capable of fulfilling the duties of the office? A) They began to have elections. B) Tests were administered to search for the smartest person to rule the empire. C) They adopted men they believed would make good emperors. D) They made the office of emperor something that could only be passed on within a family.

C) They adopted men they believed would make good emperors.

In what way was Hinduism like the world's other enduring religions? A) They all shared the same concept of reincarnation and karma. B) They all provided their followers with reasons to respect their elders. C) They all provided reasons to endure the hardships of life. D) They all shared the same gods and goddesses.

C) They all provided reasons to endure the hardships of life.

How did the development of irrigation and the adoption of iron tools impact the early Zhou Dynasty? A) They allowed individual peasant families to farm successfully without the aid of the state. B) They caused increased conflict between local tribes over agricultural resources. C) They created a surplus of food in the region and allowed the population to grow. D) Iron tools were used to trade for more lucrative goods on the Silk Road and irrigation facilitated better transport.

C) They created a surplus of food in the region and allowed the population to grow.

What key innovation helped the Romans prevent disease among their growing population? A) a network of roads B) standardized coins C) aqueducts D) irrigation

C) aqueducts

Successful military campaigns increasingly led to A) the enrichment of generals and the dominance of Roman politics by charismatic figures. B) the enrichment of the common soldiers and equally distributed prosperity throughout Rome. C) deepening networks of trade and commerce, as Roman generals had to spend money in the places they fought on food and mercenaries. D) the weakening of the Roman army as more and more soldiers died in distant campaigns.

C) deepening networks of trade and commerce, as Roman generals had to spend money in the places they fought on food and mercenaries.

According to Buddhism, all suffering is a result of __ and a person who lets that go can reach enlightenment. A) love. B) death. C) desire. D) Satan.

C) desire.

The cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa: A) developed haphazardly and with no real design. B) traded widely in order to obtain copper to make bronze. C) had populations of perhaps 20,000-50,000 at their height. D) had populations of perhaps 200,000-500,000 at their height.

C) had populations of perhaps 20,000-50,000 at their height.

The underlying goal of many of Augustus's administrative reforms was to A) cut waste and make the Roman administration more effective. B) make the Roman army and its generals the center of the administration of the empire. C) limit the independence of officeholders and generals and make them dependent on the emperor. D) use scientific advances from Egypt to turn the administration into one based on scientific principles.

C) limit the independence of officeholders and generals and make them dependent on the emperor.

The various reforms made under the reign of Shi Huangdi influenced the development of Chinese society by A) creating political institutions that sustained the Qin Dynasty for generations. B) strengthening the military enough so that it could conquer all of China. C) standardizing numerous aspects of Chinese culture. D) strengthening trade routes and commercial networks with other empires in the Mediterranean.

C) standardizing numerous aspects of Chinese culture.

Slaves probably did not build the pyramids at Giza because A) Egypt never used slaves throughout its long history. B) slaves would not have been allowed to touch the buildings intended for pharaohs. C) the pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom, when slavery was not common. D) slaves were kept for work in the fields and could not be spared for anything else.

C) the pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom, when slavery was not common.

What was the key aspect to the prosperity and power of the Phoenicians? A) a strong military that helped them resist pressure from other empires, like the Assyrians B) a close cultural affiliation with the Greeks and other Hellenistic civilizations C) their capacity for trade and seaborne navigation D) their monopoly on precious metals

C) their capacity for trade and seaborne navigation

The earliest surviving Shang writing on oracle bone inscriptions was primarily used for what purpose? A) to document family histories and genealogies B) to mark military accomplishments and great moments in Shang history C) to ask the gods questions about life D) to make political announcements to the people

C) to ask the gods questions about life

Cuneiform: A) was a relatively simple writing style that anyone could learn. B) was so fragile that very few examples of the writing exist to this day. C) writing systems included as many as 1,200 symbols. D) was not used for long, quickly replaced by easier-to-understand forms of writing.

C) writing systems included as many as 1,200 symbols.

What was the most important river in Northern China. A) The Red River B) The Yangzi River C)The Huang He River D) The Mekong River

C)The Huang He River

In addition to the flourishing trade on the Silk Road, how else did the Han Dynasty work to promote economic success? A) The Han Dynasty waged wars on its largest economic competitors and its economy focused on plundered loot. B) The state retreated from economic production and encouraged private industries and merchants. C)The state assumed monopolies over key industries like salt and iron and kept prices stable. D) Complex systems of banking and finance were developed to fuel trade and industry.

C)The state assumed monopolies over key industries like salt and iron and kept prices stable.

What is one reason why rational argument was so important to Greek philosophy? A The Greek philosophers wished the people to become atheists and overthrow the priests. B Trade was important and merchants needed to know how to argue with other traders. C The Greeks wished to prove their intelligence and defeat the Achaemenids in debates. D Since political citizenship was more widespread in Greece, effective argument was central to public life.

D Since political citizenship was more widespread in Greece, effective argument was central to public life.

Though the Seleucid Empire had mostly crumbled by 100 BCE, what were the most important aspects and legacies of its rule? A the complete Hellenization of Persia and the former Achaemenid empire B the combination of Greek phalanx warfare with heavy cavalry and Indian war elephants C the merging of Ahura Mazda with Zeus D the adoption of a uniform currency and the establishment of long-distance trade routes

D the adoption of a uniform currency and the establishment of long-distance trade routes

What were the main effects of the fall of Tyre on Carthage? A) Carthage lost Tyre's protection and lost much trade to pirates. B) Carthage shifted its economy toward agricultural production to feed a greater population of immigrants from Tyre. C) There was a large pool of recently enslaved people from Tyre that were forced to serve in the Carthaginian navy. D) Carthage gained many of the advantages of trade from Tyre's former empire, especially through the trade of precious metals from Spain and the Western Mediterranean.

D) Carthage gained many of the advantages of trade from Tyre's former empire, especially through the trade of precious metals from Spain and the Western Mediterranean.

Which Chinese philosophy was defined largely by compassion, moderation, and humility? A) Stoicism B) Legalism C) Confucianism D) Daoism

D) Daoism

Which is true of the tripartite social structure found in ancient Mesopotamia? A)The top of the landowning class were farmers. B) Artisans were highly respected for their skill and were usually in the top class. C) Middle-class people were normally free and wealthy. D) Individuals could change their status within a class or move to another.

D) Individuals could change their status within a class or move to another.

Why were slavery and citizenship the two main reasons for the early rise and expansion of Rome? A) Romans were able to sell slaves for great sums of money, which enriched their citizens and gave them money to engage in trade. B). The line between slavery and citizenship in Rome was thin, and it encouraged citizens to fight as hard as possible to avoid becoming slaves. C) The Romans established concrete qualifications for citizenship that, if slaves worked hard enough, they could meet and eventually earn their freedom. D) Slaves won in battle were not sold but put to work farming, freeing up Roman citizens to join the army and fight, creating a cycle of enslavement and expansion.

D) Slaves won in battle were not sold but put to work farming, freeing up Roman citizens to join the army and fight, creating a cycle of enslavement and expansion.

What geographical factor enabled the growth and spread of pastoralism in Africa? A) Ice from Lake Victoria melted and provided the water necessary for raising animals. B) There was a prevalence of rocks that could be turned into rock art and forms of communication between pastoral tribes. C) New types of grain to feed animals were introduced from Mesopotamia and Central Asia. D) The Sahara was fertile and resembled a grassland more than a desert.

D) The Sahara was fertile and resembled a grassland more than a desert.

Which role did the pharaoh's play in the economy of Egypt? A) The pharaoh personally oversaw shipping and the markets, taking a salary for doing so. B) The pharaoh had no role in the economy of Egypt and acted solely as a figurehead and religious leader. C) Pharaohs acted selflessly, making sure the people had what they needed before ever taking any agricultural products for themselves. D) The pharaohs owned all the land, took their share of what was produced, and made sure there was a surplus to guard against lean years.

D) The pharaohs owned all the land, took their share of what was produced, and made sure there was a surplus to guard against lean years.

What two things led to the pattern in Mesopotamian politics of repeated fragmentation and unity? A) weak internal kings and weaker external rulers B) war and peace C) periods of high trade mixed with periods of low trade D) threats from outside invaders and local rulers creating their own states

D) threats from outside invaders and local rulers creating their own states

What is the most likely explanation for the development of the earliest East Asian states in Northern China? A) Northern China had far greater agricultural capabilities than any other region. B) There was great access to rivers and trade routes, allowing commerce to flourish. C) The tribes of Northern China were more militaristic and managed to conquer the regions around them. D) The region was prone to flooding and small villages were forced to cooperate to build a complex system of dams and irrigation.

D) The region was prone to flooding and small villages were forced to cooperate to build a complex system of dams and irrigation.

How did the stability of the Roman Empire actually hinder its economic performance? A) The regularity of Roman trading routes meant they were more susceptible to attacks from pirates and nomadic raiders. B) There was no longer any incentive for merchants to find new trading routes or economically productive activities. C) Roman agriculture suffered as its soil became overworked. D) The stability of Rome's borders decreased the amount of plunder and glory that Roman soldiers could obtain.

D) The stability of Rome's borders decreased the amount of plunder and glory that Roman soldiers could obtain.

How were Jainism and Buddhism different from Hinduism? A) They did not share a belief in a cycle of death and rebirth. B) They expected animal sacrifice, unlike Hindus. C) They rejected all concepts of a soul or karma. D) They did not accept the idea of castes in society.

D) They did not accept the idea of castes in society.

In what way were the Harappans more advanced than most other cities until modern times? A) They were known to be avid swimmers. B) Their homes were much larger. C) Every home had its own well. D) They had separate systems for waste and drinking water.

D) They had separate systems for waste and drinking water.

What did the Harappan culture appear to lack that has been found in almost all other societies? A) a system of writing, agriculture, and class divisions B) an understanding of seasons, astrology, and education C) irrigation agriculture, herding, and metal tools D) a ruling class, organized religion, and warfare

D) a ruling class, organized religion, and warfare

What changes in East Asian burial practices indicated the emergence of a more stratified and complex society? A) the burial of larger families together B) larger skeletons C) grave sites specifically designed for warriors D) a small number of people were buried with a large number of objects

D) a small number of people were buried with a large number of objects

What was the major source of power in early African societies? A) the ownership of land B) wealth derived from trade C) religious rituals and the favor of the gods D) control over people and livestock

D) control over people and livestock

What were the two inventive ways Mesopotamians irrigated their land A) building canals to bring water from the ocean and desalinization to remove the salt from that water B) building dams to hold water in place until it was needed and diverting rivers from their natural beds to where fields were C) cutting tunnels to carry water from rivers and building aqueducts to move water to where it was needed D) cutting channels to allow gravity to move water, and using a bucket-and-pulley system to take water to land that is higher than the water source

D) cutting channels to allow gravity to move water, and using a bucket-and-pulley system to take water to land that is higher than the water source

What do experts think are the most likely causes of the disappearance of the cities of the Indus valley? A) invaders from the north, flooding, and migration to better land B) collapse of agriculture, change in trade routes, and animal attacks C) foodborne illness, infertility, and warfare D) disease, changes in the river's flow, and climate change

D) disease, changes in the river's flow, and climate change

Despite the political turmoil that surrounded succession to the imperial throne, what was one of the main ways Rome maintained stability throughout its empire? A) creating a federation of independently governed territories only loosely connected to Rome B) investing heavily in new agricultural techniques C) fostering and promoting the arts, especially in the provinces of the empire D) investing in durable infrastructure, like roads, aqueducts, and standardized coins

D) investing in durable infrastructure, like roads, aqueducts, and standardized coins

The Vedic people, or Indo-Aryans, appear to have been A) invaders from the Levant intent on conquering northern India. B) a mix of people fleeing Indus valley cities and migrants coming from central Asia and Iran. C) migrants and herders from the Fertile Crescent. D) nobles of the Punjab region who fled climate change.

D) nobles of the Punjab region who fled climate change.

The increased turmoil in the Zhou Dynasty during the eighth century BCE, ultimately ending with the Zhou being overrun by nomads in 771 BCE, can best be explained by what? A) a vicious and incompetent ruling elite that responded to crises with ever-harsher punishments B) the rise in power of distant nomadic tribes and local clan chiefs C) the Zhou military's inability to combat cavalry D) overexpansion, which made new resources and land more difficult to procure and stretched the military too thin

D) overexpansion, which made new resources and land more difficult to procure and stretched the military too thin

Ancestor worship was prevalent in the Shang Dynasty because A) ancestors were thought to still haunt their living family members on Earth. B) ancestors were the primary gods of the Shang. C) the only way to ensure military success was through the help of ancestors. D) people believed they could only access the gods through their ancestors in heaven.

D) people believed they could only access the gods through their ancestors in heaven.

Aside from the goods it produced, what was the key factor that explained Aksum's rise and prosperity? A) military might that allowed Aksum to defeat competitors B) standardized coinage that allowed Aksum to conduct trade over long distances C) the political skill of Aksum's leaders D) the prosperity of Egypt and India and Aksum's position between them on the Red Sea

D) the prosperity of Egypt and India and Aksum's position between them on the Red Sea

Some people were not part of any caste because A) they chose not to participate in the rigors of the system. B) they had converted to Hinduism and were rejected by those born into the religion. C) they had intermarried with someone from another caste and then were rejected. D) they were perpetually unclean and were not able to be part of the system.

D) they were perpetually unclean and were not able to be part of the system.