Hist 222 Exam 2

Francis Ouimet

20-year-old former caddy at Brookline Country Club in Boston who won the 1913 U.S. Open at his home course in a playoff over great British champions Harry Vardon (winner of the British Open Championship a record of six times) and Ted Ray.

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

African-American track athletes who raised their fists in a "Black Power" salute during the medal ceremony in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. They were both kicked off the team and given 48 hours to leave Mexico City

Dead Ball Era

Also known as the "National Commission" era because prior to 1920 major league baseball was governed by a commission (committee) rather than a single commissioner. It got its name because the ball used during the time was less tightly wound and seemed softer than later years.

Flying Wedge

Also known as the mass-momentum play first used by Harvard. The five heaviest players would from a V-shaped wedge around the ball carrier and run over opponents. These plays caused the most injuries in the early days of football.

Bobby Jones

Amateur who was the first dominant force in American golf. Between 1923 and 1930 he won five U.S. Amateur Championships, four U.S. Opens, three British Opens and one British Amateur championship. In 1930 he captured all four of the championships in the same season which was known as the Grand Slam. He retired after that season and designed Augusta National which would play host the Masters Tournament.

Avery Brundage

American Olympic team member in 1912 who would later serve as president of the American Olympic Committee and IOC

1992 "Dream Team"

American basketball team during the 1922 Olympics that consisted of professional players for the first time. It is widely believed to be the greatest basketball team ever assembled and easily won the gold metal.

Johnny Weismuller

American swimmer who set Olympic and world records in 100 and 400 meter events in 1924 and 1928 and would later become famous portraying Tarzan in many Hollywood movies

Myth of Greek Amateurism

Ancient greeks were believed to be amateurs but they were actually mostly professionals in a sense

Babe Ruth

Began his professional career as a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and later would transform the game of baseball when he was sold to the Yankees in 1920 and started hitting home runs. Others are often thrown into the mix with him when the "greatest player of all time" discussions happen, but no one else changed the game like he did in the 1920s.

"Social Darwinism"

Belief that only the strongest cultures and nations will survive.

Pudge Heffelfinger

Believed to be the first professional football player in American history.

Arnold Palmer

Brought golf into the television age with his go-for-broke style and everyman persona. He was crowned the "King" by the golf fans and remains one of the most beloved figures in the sport.

Jack Nicklaus

Came along in the 1960s as a rival for Palmer. He was never embraced by the public the way Palmer was. He would go on to win more major championships than anyone (18) and is often considered the greatest player of all time.

Walter Camp

Captain for the Yale football team and advisor to the team after his graduation. Creator of many innovations in the game including separating the two teams with a line of scrimmage. Eventually would be known as the "Father of American Football because of his contributions to the game.

Notre Dame

Catholic school founded in South Bend, Indiana, in 1844. By the early 20th century, it was known for its academics and baseball team.

John McEnroe

Combustible "Bad Bou" of tennis who came on the scene in the late 70s as a rival for Connors. He would also have a tremendous rivalry with the Swede Bjorn Borg including denying Borg a sixth consecutive championship at Wimbledon in 1981. McEnroe would end his career with seven grand slam titles.

1922 Supreme Court Decision

Concerning MLB, the culmination of a lawsuit initiated by the Federal League, guy of FL couldn't buy into the NL, Supreme Court decision exempted MLB from anti-trust laws, applied only to baseball

Cardinals Farm System

Created by Branch Rickey, he purchased direct ownership of various minor league clubs, by the 1930s the Cardinals' system included 32 clubs and 700 players, get money or talent

Byron Nelson

Credited with creating the "modern swing" which involved more leg turn and power from the lower half of the body. In 1945 he won 18 tournaments including a PGA-record 11 in a row. He retired shortly after at the age of 34 to buy a ranch.

Dynasties

Domination by large cities in the game, the big market teams dominated, larger attendances = more money, ex. Boston, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles

College Football's Modern Age

Due to the violence of the game, the NCAA made many rule changes. These changes included recruiting players, increased yards from 5 to 10, implementation of a "neutral zone," a fourth official, legalization of the forward pass, passes could be thrown over 20 hard and over the goal line for a touchdown, number of downs from 3 to 4, touchdowns from 5 to 6 points, etc.

Age of the Homerun

During the 1920s, end of dead ball era, home runs increased, possible reasons include smaller parks, the new "jackrabbit ball," outlawing of spitball, and the use of more balls

Depression Effect on Baseball

During the 1930s, decline in popularity, people don't have the money, Babe Ruth's career declines and he retires in 1935, FDR tells baseball to keep going because it would be a diversion

Mark Spitz

During the 1972 games he set a swimming record with seven gold medals that stood until Michael Phelps received eight in 2008

Ted Williams

During the same season that DiMaggio was batting in 56 consecutive games (1941), the Red Sox outfielder batted .406. No player since has batted over .400. Many consider Williams the greatest pure hitter of all time.

Pete Sampras

Emerged as the greatest of these American players of the decade. He held the number one ranking in the world for most of the decade and retired in 2003 with 14 grand slam titles-most of all time.

Sam Snead

Enjoyed one of the longest careers in golf history with 46 years separating his first victories from his last. He still holds the records for most total wins in his career (165) and most on the PGA Tour (52).

Merkle Boner

Error made by New York Giant Fred Merkle against the Chicago Cubs in a late season game in 1908 that ultimately cost the Giants the pennant.

Winter Games

Established by Coubertin to handle the controversy between Paris and Rome hosting the 1924 games, both games held the same year until 1992

United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA)

Established in 1881 and began hosting the United States championships at James Gordon Bennett's Casino Club in Newport, RI for 34 years until the tournament was moved to Forest Hills, NY, in 1915.

Bert Bell

First Owner of the Philadelphia Eagles and would also serve as NFL commissioner

Lou Gehrig

First baseman of the Yankees, batted after Ruth, Ruth says he contributed to his success, part of the "Murders Row"

Jimmy Connors

First great American champion of the "Open Era." He won eight grand slam events in the 1970s and 80s and played competitive tennis well into his forties becoming somewhat of an elder-statesman in the game in to 1990s.

Bill Tilden

First great American champion who won six consecutive U.S. championships between 1920 and 1926. He was the number one player in the world for most of the 1920s. He would also win two Wimbledon titles before turning professional in 1930.

Wimbledon

First major tennis championship established at the All England Croquet Club near the Wimbledon train station in 1877.

Red Grange

First modern football hero who fit perfectly into the new middle class. He was an explosive player who played at Illinois and then in the brand-new National Football League. His ability to slip through tackler's hands earned him the nickname the "Galloping Ghost."

Paul Brown

Football coach who achieved success on three levels: High School (Massillon, OH), College (Ohio State), and professional (Cleveland Browns). His Browns team was one of three that the NFL absorbed in 1949. Innovative coach who was the first to call plays from the sideline and put assistant coaches in the press box for a better view of the game.

Curly Lambeau

Football player who was expelled from Notre Dame after it was discovered he played professionally. He then founded a professional team in his hometown of Green Bay, Wisconsin, known as the Packers on which he played for ten years and coached for 30 years.

Canton Bulldogs

Football team that reemerged in 1912 with the assistance of Jim Thorpe as a star player. Led to the creation of the APFA thanks to the owner of this team.

Charles "Cash and Carry" Pyle

Former theatre promoter who would gain fame as a sports promoter - most notably as Red Grange's agent.

Pierre de Coubertin

French nobleman who made it his mission to revive the Olympic Games and formed and served as the president of the IOC, which governed the games, for thirty years

Connie Mack

Full name was Cornelius McGillicuddy and he was the manager and part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics. He was Ban Johnson's idea of the perfect manager for the American League-he was sober, well dressed, and never argued with the umpires. His teams would embody the first dynasty of the American League.

1968 Games in Mexico City

Games faced problems of race, religion, and inequality

1972 Olympic Games

Games held in Munich that were marred by a terrorist hostage-taking of Israeli. All the athletes were killed but the games were allowed to go on

Branch Rickey

General manager of the St. Louis Cardinals who can be credited with the birth of the Farm System when he began purchasing minor league clubs. By the 1930s the Cardinals' system included 32 clubs and 700 players.

Ty Cobb

Georgia native who played for the Detroit Tigers for 24 seasons and established the highest batting average of all time (.367). Although not well liked due to his abrasive personality, his abilities were always well-respected and he is often referred to as the greatest player ever.

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Governed the olympic game for thirty years, made up of representatives from seven different nations, formed by Coubertin in 1894

Ben Hogan

Great rival of Snead's who was very different from him-much smaller and more serious. He was almost killed in a car accident in 1949 but came back to win the U.S. Open in 1950 and winning six of his nine major championships after the accident.

Roger Hornsby

Greatest right-handed batter of all time, coached the St. Louis Cardinals, did not drink smoke or go to movies, national league

John McGraw

Hard-nosed former player for the Baltimore Orioles who took over as manager of the New York Giants in 1902 where he remained for 30 years.

Ban Johnson

He was a former sportswriter and editor in Cincinnati who would go on to take over the struggling minor Western Baseball League. After improving the status of the league immensely he decided to make it a major league to with the National League in 1899-he renamed it the American League.

"Scientific Management"

Idea of Fredrick Taylor to treat workers in the new industrialized economy as cogs in a machine to increase productivity. Walter Camp transferred the idea over to football and the idea of organized play and emphasis on the team as opposed to the individual was born.

NCAA

In 1911 the ICAA was successful in getting the original rule committee of the "Big 3" to work with them and create drastic rule changes to football. Changed the name to National Collegiate Athletic Association and would be the governing body of all intercollegiate sports. The combination of it founding and the new rules changes brought college football in the modern age in 1912.

1961 Sports Broadcasting Act

Included in Rozelle's "think league" ideology was the ability for the league to negotiate its own broadcasting rights. He was instrumental in advocating that this act be passed by congress to give the NFL and other sports leagues that power.

Olympics and the Cold War

Issues between the US and Soviet Union

Rod Laver

Jack Kramer convinced Australian Rod Laver to go pro in 1962 and when many of the other great players did likewise it forced the grand slam tournaments to open up. Laver would win 200 titles including 11 grand slam victories and was ranked number one for seven consecutive seasons (1964-1970).

Abandonment of Amateurism

Juan Antonio Samaranch became the president of the IOC in 1980, he opened the games to all, by the Seoul games in 1988 the only athletes ineligible were professional boxers, soccor players over 23, and NBA players, After the Seoul games each countries committee was allowed to decide eligibility

Joe Car

Leader of modernization of the NFL

Modern NFL

Led by Joe Carr, he made changes such as establishing uniform contracts for all players, can't play on other teams territory, Car implemented the rule changes, this led to a more wide-open, exciting style of play and more scoring, Car split the league into 2 divisions

"Strenuous Life"

Men were becoming soft in the absence of war. Used football as a metaphor when describing his idea of the strenuous life. Football was also seen as a way to change the image of youth men at the time.

"Royal and Ancient" Golf

Most popular in Scotland, St. Andrews Club was the most dominant force behind the game, gutty ball, players of this time were "Old" Tom Morris, Allan Robertson, and Willie Park Sr.

Pete Rozelle

NFL Commissioner who served for nearly 30 years and led the league into its "Golden Age" by encouraging owners to "think league" first.

Knute Rockne

Norwegian immigrant who played and then coached for the Notre Dame football team. It was his innovations as both a player and a coach that put Notre Dame football on the map by the second decade of the 20th Century.

New York Yankees

Originally called the "Highlanders" the team name was officially changed to the "Yankees" in 1913. The original Yankee dynasty of the 1920s can be credited to the team being purchased by Jacob Rupert and Tillinghast Huston in 1915 and Red Sox owner Harry Frzee selling off most of his team to the Yankees (including Babe Ruth).

Harry Frazee

Owner of the MLB Boston Red Sox from 1916 to 1923, well known for selling Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees for rights to a broadway show (more interested in theater), started the Curse of the Bambino

Hones Wagner

Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop who is considered the first star player of the 20th century. He was a great hitter but also an excellent fielder and could play any position.

Association Football

Played and the first intercollegiate football game. More closely resembled soccer than modern-day football.

George Halas

Played football for the University of Illinois prior to WWI, joined armed forces, played baseball as an outfielder for the New York Yankees during the 1919 season, started the football team in Decatur, Illinois called the Chicago Staleys (later Bears)

Theodore Roosevelt

President of the US that supported football. Believed in the "Strenuous life." Believed football supported the strenuous life. However, he was concerned with violent the game was becoming (his son suffered a broken nose). Assembled the "Big 3" to discuss this. Was not very successful.

The American League

Previously the struggling minor western league, Ban Johnson took it over and changed it to this name and a major league to compete with the National League in 1899.

First Intercollegiate Football game

Princeton vs. Rutgers in New Brunswick, NJ, on November 6, 1869. What was played was "Association Football." Rutgers won.

American Professional Football Association (APFA)

Professional league that began in Canton, Ohio, which would eventually change its name to the National Football League (NFL).

Walter Hagan

Professional who was known for his style-he would help open up the clubhouses to the professional players. He was also quite skilled as he was the first American to win the British Open Championship in 1922 and win it three more times in the decade. He also won two U.S. Open titles.

Jack Kramer

Protege of Tilden who looked up to him and wanted to play him. He emerged a great champion in the immediate post-war years but was forced to retire because of an arthritic back in 1954. After that he made his mission opening up the major (grand slam) championships to both professionals and amateurs.

Carnegie Report

Report in the late 1920s that said colleges were putting too much emphasis on money and winning in college football than on academics.

Age of the Boycott

Starting with the 1976 games in Montreal boycotts over political issues dominated the next three games

Green Bay Packers

Team formed by Earl Lambeau, one of the original teams of the NFL

"Miracle on Ice"

The "Miracle on Ice" refers to a medal-round game during the men's ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, played between the hosting United States, and the defending gold medalists, the Soviet Union.

NFL's "Golden Age"

The "league think" mentality by Rozelle led to this. Gave American men something else to do on Summer days, new technologies also advanced the league

Games Between World Wars

The 1916 games did not take place, Pierre de Coubertin moved himself and the Olympic headquarters to Lausanne, Switzerland were it remains today, he then tried to revive the games

1958 NFL Championship

The Baltimore Colts played the New York Giants. The Colts tied the game in the last few seconds. First time the sudden death overtime rule was implemented. The Colts ended up winning. Referred to as NFL's arrival in the modern age.

1936 Olympics

The Berlin Games are best remembered for Adolf Hitler's failed attempt to use them to prove his theories of Aryan racial superiority. As it turned out, the most popular hero of the Games was the African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals in the 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and long jump, first games to be aired on TV

AFL-NFL Merger

The NFL and the AFL announced in 1966 that the two leagues would merge and there would be a common draft, a common commissioner (Pete Rozelle), and a chapionship game between the two leagues at the end of the season (Super Bowl).

National Football League (NFL)

The NFL was founded in 1902 when the owners of major league baseball got together to form a football league. The league only lasted one season but the second NFL that emerged in the 1920s is still in existence today.

Apartheid

The South African policy of racial segregation that would cause their Olympic teams to be banned from competition beginning in the 1960s

The "Open" Era of Tennis

The end of the amateur era of tennis. The amateur and professional joined in the Open Championships. This can be contributed to Kramer.

Super Bowl

The game played by the winner of the two merger leagues

First World Series

The name of the championship series held at the end of the season between the pennant winners of the American and National Leagues. The first of these series occurred in 1903. The Giants defeated the Philly Athletics four games to one. (G=NL & A= AL)

First Modern Olympics

The revived games were first held in Athens, Greece, in 1896 as a tribute to the ancient Greeks who had originally held the games

Inside Game

The type of baseball employed by managers during the dead-ball era. The strategy was predicted on the fact very few runs were going to be scored so every run was important. Managers would do whatever it took to score those runs (bunting, stealing, hit and runs). The manager who seemed to most embody this game was John McGraw.

1927 Yankees (Murders Row)

This was in the late 1920s, widely considered one of the best teams in history. The nickname is in particular describing the first six hitters in the 1927 team lineup: Earle Combs, Mark Koenig, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Bob Meusel, and Tony Lazzeri. They also rarely lost.

Vince Lombardi

Took over as the Green Bay Packers head coach in 1959 and led the team to five NFL titles in the 1960s and victories in the first two Super Bowls (1967 and 1968).

Joe DiMaggio

Took over as the star player for the Yankee dynasty after Ruth retired. The centerfielder set the major league record 56-game hitting streak in 1941.

Jesse Owens

Track and field athlete who was the star of the Berlin Olympics in 1936 winning four gold medals and setting both Olympic and world records much to the dismay of Hitler

Conferences

When Camp refused Staggs request to create a uniform set of rules, Staggs created the Western Conference in 1896. This was made up of Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Purdue, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, and Ohio State known as the Big 10.

Babe Didrikson

Winner of three medal in track and field at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics

"New Middle Class"

With Victorianism officially dead by the late 1920s, a new middle class emerged that searched for more excitement and were much more tolerant and even embracing of sports.

Harry Vardon

Won the British Open a record five times along with the U.S. Open in 1900. Safe to say he was golf's first international superstar. Lost the 1913 U.S. Open to amateur Francis Ouimet.

Tiger Woods

Would become world number one in 1999 and hold that position for most of the next decade. He won his first major (The Masters) in 1997 becoming the youngest to win that tournament at 21. He would win 13 more majors by 2008 trailing only his idol Jack Nicklaus by four. Arguably his best year was 2000, winning three majors in a row starting with the U.S. Open. When he won the 2001 Masters he held all four majors at once and although it was not officially the Grand Slam it became know as the "Tiger Slam." Tiger's fall from grace began in 2009 when it was discovered he had had multiple extramarital affairs. He lost most of his sponsorships, fell as low as 58th in the world rankings and has not won a major tournament since.

Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc. (ICAA)

formed by 62 schools in 1905 not including Western Coast schools and the "Big 3." Its primary duty was to establish football rules for play by its member schools. Goal was to persuade the current rule committee to work with them.