history 101 final

madhyamika buddism

According to Madhyamaka all phenomena (dharmas) are empty of "nature,"a "substance" or "essence" which gives them "solid and independent existence,"because they are dependently co-arisen. But this "emptiness" itself is also "empty": it does not have an existence on its own, nor does it refer to a transcendental reality beyond or above phenomenal reality

sharaia

Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists.

sharia

Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists.

justinian

Justinian I, traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

paul of tarsus

Paul the Apostle - (New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles; author of several Epistles in the New Testament; even though Paul was not present at the Last Supper he is considered an Apostle; "Paul's name was Saul prior to his conversion to Christianity"

res republica

Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word 'republic', and the word 'commonwealth' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it

Shi Huangdi

Shi Huangdi (259-210 BCE, also known as Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shih Huandi, Shi Huangti or Shih Huan-ti) was the first emperor of a unified China. The name `Shi Huangdi' means `First Emperor' and is a title, not a proper name. The Qin Dynasty he founded (pronounced `Chin') gave its name to China and it was he who first initiated the building of the Great Wall and construction of the Grand Canal.

teotihuancan

Teotihuacan, also written Teotihuacán, is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, located in the State of Mexico 40 kilometres northeast of modern-day Mexico City,

charlemage

Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages.

emperor wu

Emperor Wu of Han (30 July 157 BC - 29 March 87 BC), born Liu Che, courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141-87 BC.

empress wu

Empress Wu was a Chinese Empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Gaozong of Song. She played an influential part in politics of the Southern Song dynasty, having caused the abdication of three monarchs:

goths

The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.

mayans

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

nicene creed

The Nicene Creed is a statement of belief widely used in Christian liturgy. It is called Nicene /ˈnaɪsiːn/ because it was originally adopted in the city of Nicaea (present day İznik, Turkey) by the First Council of Nicaea in 325. means i believe is suposed to be a profession of faith

pax romana

The Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace") was a long period of relative peace and minimal expansion experienced by the Roman Empire During this period, the Roman empire achieved its greatest territorial extent, and its population reached a maximum of up to 70 million people.[1] Since it was inaugurated by Augustus, it is sometimes called the Pax Augusta.

quran

The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature

patron/client

The roots of the patron-client relationship have been traced by some to the dependence of plebians on patricians in the Roman Empire. However the relationship is perhaps more obvious in the system of servitude known as serfdom that was widespread in Europe in the Middle Ages. . They were tied to both land and landlord by bonds of service.

code of manu

The text presents itself as a discourse given by Manu, the progenitor of mankind, to a group of seers, or rishis, who beseech him to tell them the "law of all the social classes" (1.2). Manu became the standard point of reference for all future Dharmaśāstras that followed it. According to Hindu tradition, the Manu smriti records the words of Brahma.[2]

pax sinica

a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, applied to the period of peace in East Asia, maintained by Chinese hegemony. During this period, long-distance trade flourished, cities ballooned, standards of living rose, and the population surged.[1] It is usually the period of rule by the Western Zhou, Western Han, Eastern Han, Tang, Ming, and Qing dynasties.[2] During these periods, China maintained the dominant civilization in the region, due to its political, economic, military and cultural power.

eunuchs

a man who has been castrated, especially (in the past) one employed to guard the women's living areas at an oriental court.

grand canal

a series of waterways in eastern China that extend south from Beijing to Hangzhou, a distance of 1,060 miles (1,700 km). Built in stages between 486 bc and ad 1327, its original purpose was to transport rice from the river valleys to the cities.

sanakrit

an ancient Indo-Aryan language that is the classical language of India and of Hinduism

hinayana buddism

earlier of the two great schools of Buddhism, still prevalent in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, and Cambodia, emphasizing personal salvation through one's own efforts.

caliphate

he rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler: