History 102 Final Exam
How is what happened in Egypt in the second half of the nineteenth century illustrative of the effects of imperialism?
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What events have led to the emergence of a truly interdependent world community?
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What factors promoted the collapse of the autocracy in Russia in February 1917?
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Why were Germany and England the major players in the drama of the summer of 1914?
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Gallipoli
"beautiful city" is located in Turkish Thrace (or East Thrace), the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles straits to the east.
Realpolitik
Political strategy based on advancing power for its own sake
Count Camillo Cavour
Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and founder of the Italian Liberal Party. He played a key role in the movement for Italian unification under the Piedmontese king, Victor Emmanuel II.
What was the Boer War?
Conflict between British and ethnically European Afrikaners in S. Africa, with terrible casualties on both sides. 1898-1902.
Spanish-American War
Conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Diplomatic stand off between the U.S. and Soviet Union that was provoked by the Soviet Union's attempt to base nuclear missiles in Cuba. It brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before or since.
Marshall Plan
Economic aid package given to Europe by the U.S. after WWII to promote reconstruction and economic development and to secure the countries from a feared communist takeover.
What were the crucial factors that enabled the allies to defeat Germany and Japan?
Germany spread the army too thin, fighting battles on the Russian front as well as in Europe. Japan caved in as soon as the atom bomb was dropped.
Great Depression
Global economic crisis following the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929, and ending with the onset of WWII.
Holocaust
Hitler's Final Solution; a genocide in which approximately eleven million people, including six million Jews, were killed by the German military, under the command of Adolf Hitler, and its collaborators. Killings took place throughout the German Reich and German-occupied territories
Why did nobody stop the rush to war in 1914?
In 1914 few dreamed that the war would last over four years, engulf the world, leave seven million dead.
How did Germany and Italy come into existence?
In 962 Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne in 800. Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty.The last Holy Roman Emperor was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was officially changed to Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
Rwanda
Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, but has since strengthened. The economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a civil war in 1990, which was followed by the 1994 genocide, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 1 million Tutsi and moderate Hutu. The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory.
Nikita Khrushev
Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev came to power after Stalin's death in 1953. His reforms and criticisms of the excesses of the Stalin regime led to his fall from power in 1964.
Iron Curtain
Term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to refer to the borders of E. European nations that lay within the zone of Soviet control.
Why were the Bolsheviks able to win the Russian Civil War?
The Bolsheviks were able to win the Russian Civil War because the Whites failed to secure the support of the different national groups, key foreign powers, and the peasantry, while Bolsheviks enjoyed much more authority within Russia and were therefore able to assert their power over the Whites.
How did the Cold War begin and how did it encompass the entire world?
The Cold War (often dated 1947-1991) was a sustained state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies. The United States forged NATO, a military alliance using containment of communism as a main strategy through the Truman Doctrine, in 1949, while the Soviet bloc formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of the two powers, while others chose to remain neutral with the Non-Aligned Movement.
Blitzkreig
The German lightning war strategy used during WWII, the Germans invaded Poland, France, Russia and other countries with fast moving and well coordinated attacks using aircraft, tanks and other armored vehicles, followed by infantry.
Nelson Mandela
The South African opponent of Apartheid who led the African National Congress and was imprisoned from 1962-1990. After his release from prison, he worked with Prime Minister Frederik Willem De Klerk to establish majority rule. Mandela became the first black president in S. Africa in 1994.
Appeasement
The policy pursued by Western governments in the face of German, Italian, and Japanese aggression leading up to WWII. The policy, which attempted to accomodate and negotiate peace with the aggregate nations, was based on the belief that another global war like WWI was unimaginable, a belief that Germany and its allies had been mistreated by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and a fear that fascist Germany and its allies protected the West from the spread of Soviet communism.
Risorgimento
The unification of Italy. Was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century
What was the point of the Crimean War?
was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula
Bolsheviks
"one of the majority"; were the majority faction in a crucial vote; They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922.
Count Alfred von Schlieffen
A German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in the 1905-06 'Schlieffen Plan', then Aufmarsch I, a deployment plan and operational guide for a decisive initial offensive operation/campaign in a one-front war against the French Third Republic.
Lenin
A Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire disintegrated and was replaced by the Soviet Union, a single-party constitutionally socialist state; all wealth including land, industry and business were nationalized. Based in Marxism, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism.
Otto von Bismarck
A conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.
Dreyfus Affair
A political scandal that divided France from the affair's inception in 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice for reasons of state and remains one of the most striking examples of a complex miscarriage of justice where a major role was played by the press and public opinion.
Franz Ferdinand
An Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia.
Hitler
An Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Author of the Mein Kampf and leader of the Nazi's. Orchestrated the systematic murder of over five million Jews.
Benito Mussolini
An Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. Known as Il Duce ("the leader"), Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism.[
Imperialism
An unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.
What were some of the differences between fascism, national socialism and Bolshevism?
Fascism- a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government; very harsh control or authority National Socialism-the political ideology of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, NSDAP), existing in Germany between 1919 and 1945. The term "National Socialism" was used by a number of unrelated groups before the Nazis, but since their rise to prominence it has become associated almost exclusively with their ideas. Bolshevism- the doctrine or program of the Bolsheviks advocating violent overthrow of capitalism; Russian communism
Fascism
Fascists sought to unify their nation through an authoritarian state that promoted the mass mobilization of the national community and were characterized by having leadership that initiated a revolutionary political movement aiming to reorganize the nation along principles according to fascist ideology. Came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
Operation Barbarossa
The codename for Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Why was Europe unable to achieve political stability after the Great War?
The formation of many political parties in these countries led to unstable governments.The problems, the instability, the uncertainties, and the economic collapse created by the war were far more difficult to deal with than any situation that existed prior to the war.
Weimar Republic
The government of Germany between 1919 and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Scramble for Africa
The invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism between 1881 and 1914.
Stalin
The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "socialism in one country" became a central tenet of Soviet society. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin in the early 1920s with a highly centralised command economy, launching a period of industrialization and collectivization that resulted in the rapid transformation of the USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial power.
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
What caused the outbreak of hostilities in Korea?
War came to Korea in 1950-53 as both a civil war on the Korean peninsula and the first military clash of the Cold War between forces of the Soviet Union and its Communist clients and the United States and its allies. It was, therefore, potentially the most dangerous war in world history. Even before the war against Germany and Japan drew to a close in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union assumed competing roles in shaping the postwar world. As the two undisputed victorious powers, they influenced the course of every political problem emerging from the debris of war. Unfortunately, hostility between the two powers increased at the same time and threatened the outbreak of another war, which after 1949 risked the use of atomic weapons.
Opium Wars
War fought between the British and Qing China to protect British trade in opium. Resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer. One of the key tenets of his philosophy is the concept of "life-affirmation," which embraces the realities of the world in which we live over the idea of a world beyond. It further champions the creative powers of the individual to strive beyond social, cultural, and moral contexts. Denied the possibility of knowing absolute truth or reality since all knowledge comes filtered through linguistic, scientific or artistic systems of representation.
Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion)
Widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-58. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. In India it is often called the First War of Independence and other similar names.
How did World War II differ from the Great War of 1914-1918?
World War 1: Trench Warfare Masses assaults Anti-infantry gasses used on all fronts Largely relied on cavalry for quick transport away from industrial and residential centers Imperialistic doctrines in place to ignite the war Aircraft not used widely for bombing, but for balloon busting or anti-infantry World War 2: Mobile Warfare Strategic Assaults relying on armored division surrounded by infantry/light mobile divisions Reliance on roads/vehicles for quick transportation Eugenic and racial backgrounds for ignition of war, as well as historic Aircraft used heavily as anti-Armour and for bombing
What is globalization?
refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people, and economic activity. It is generally used to refer to economic globalization: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas and the reduction of restrictions on the movement of capital and on investment.