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How does a high quality protein differ from a low-quality protein?

High quality protein contains ample amounts of nine essential amino acids. Low quality protein contains low amounts of amino acids.

which of the following substances is a provitamin or a precursor vitamin?

beta-carotene

what is the function of calcium in the body?

blood clotting, muscle contraction

how is water lost in the body?

breathing, sweating, digestion

Adding a small amount of ____ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-solubl​e vitamins they contain

butter

How do antioxidants protect our cells from free radicals?

by giving up electrons to radicals

What is vitamin d's function in the body?

regulating neuromuscular and immune function

Why is milk fortified with vitamin d?

to reduce the risk of rickets

How does the body process unneeded amino acids?

unnecessary amino acids are deaminated in the liver

water soluble

thiamin, niacin, vitamina c

How much water should a person consume each day? What contributes to total water intake?

11 cups for young women and 15.5 for young men. Other sources such as soup or milk

Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, cameron has

PKU

Which of the following statements is true? a) vitamins are classifed as being soluble in either alcohol or fat b) the first vitamin was discovered in 1960 c) biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans d) Scientists think all vitamins have been discovered

Scientists think all vitamins have been discovered

How do ADH and aldosterone participate in water conservation?

The posterior pituitary gland in the brain secretes ADH which signals the kidneys to conserve water.

Why did the blood cell in the beaker shrink in size?

The solution in beaker B has an excess of sodium ions compared to beaker a. Water moves out of the red blood cell placed in beaker b, shrinking the blood cell.

How do vitamins help neutralize free radicals?

They reduce the toxic effects

How are calcium levels regulated in the body?

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Which of the following statements is true? a) application of heat, alcohol, or acid can kill proteins b) a protein molecule loses its natural folded and coiled shape as well as its usual functions when it undergoes hydrogenation c) Transamination is the process of removing the nitrogen group from an amino acid and transferring it to another substance d) the human digestive tract cannot digest the peptide bonds that hold amino acids together

Transamination is the process of removing the nitrogen group from an amino acid and transferring it to another substance

What is water intoxication?

When an excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time or the kidney's have trouble filtering water from blood

what is a vitamin?

a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body

What is a mineral?

a group of elements in earth's rocks, soils, and natural water sources

to conserve the vitamin content of foods,

a stir fry instead of boil

What is a free radical?

a substance with an unpaired electron

how does caffeine and alcohol act as diuretics?

alcohol inhibits ADH secretion from the pituitary gland in the brain, enabling the kidneys to eliminate more urine.

which of the following compounds is a hormone that helps the body maintain fluid balance?

aldosterone

How do vegans make sure they receive all required amino acids in their diets?

amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Vegans can attain protein through nuts, seeds, grains

A researcher has isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from roses. After performing in-vivo tests, the scientist determines that the chemical supplies no energy for cells, but protects cell membranes from being damaged by certain environmental factors. Based on this information, the researcher may have been discovered a

antioxidant

an ____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals

antioxidant

Proteins

are comprised of amino acids

diastolic pressure

arrows point in

Systolic pressure

arrows point out

Explain how a deficiency in vitamin a can lead to night blindness?

associated with the vision process. Rod and cones need vitamin a to function properly.

which of the following substances is a mild diuretic?

caffeine

What hormones and cells regulate calcium in the body?

calcitriol, calcitonin and parathyroid

What is celiac disease?

cannot tolerate foods that contain gluten

What is xerophthalmia?

condition affecting the eyes that is due to vitamin A deficiency

which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?

d

dehydration can cause

death

The nutrition facts panel on a food label

does not include information about the product's protein quality

Parathyroid hormone

enhances the body's ability to retain calcium

How does enrichment differ from fortification?

enrichment program has specified amounts that manufacturers must add to their milled grain products. Fortification is the addition of any nutrient to food

exogenous

external

Which of the following food supplies the most bioavailable calcium per 1 cup serving?

fat-free milk

How do the kidney's regulate water in the body?

filtering excess ions from blood as it flows through the kidney's tissues

endogenous

internal

Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?

leaf lettuce

Osteoporosis is characterized by

loss of bone mass and structure

what are the functions of water in the body?

major solvent, removing waster products

Which of the following statements is true? a) the body stores vitamins in the liver, spleen and bones b) most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body c) the body excretes fat-soluable vitamins more easily than water-solua​ble d) vitamins supply about 2 kcal per gram

most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body

diffusion

movement of substances from a region of higher to lower concentration

Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure

nitrogen

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

pepsin

What enzymes are used to digest proteins?

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrysin

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a

peptide bond

What is the bond called that joins two amino acids? What two components are joined to form a peptide bond?

polypeptide. acid group and amino group

Three year old Jamie is a healthy, active child. Based on this information, his body is in _________ nitrogen balance

positive

maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely on the intracellular concentration of _____ions

potassium

Why is fluoride added to water?

preventing tooth decay

What are some pros and cons of being a vegetarian?

pro- more fiber in diet, con- no meat

deamination

process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid

_____is the most biologically active form of vitamin a in the body.

retinol

maintenance of normal extracellular fluid volume depends largely on the extracellular concentration of _____ions

sodium and chloride

what is rickets?

soft bones, depressed growth, reduced immune system functioning

hyperthermia occurs when the body's

temperature is too high

Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch". Her ingredients include fat-free milk, cornstarch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?

the acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins

Why is vitamin d considered the sunshine vitamin?

the body can make vitamin d when skin cells are exposed to the sun's radiation

osmosis

the diffusion of a solvent

transamination

the transfer of an amino group to amino acid to a receiving compound

why are free radicals dangerous?

they are highly reactive

fat soluble

vitamins A, D, E, and k

how does a vitamin differ from a mineral?

vitamins are organic and minerals are inorganic

__________ are fat- soluble vitamins

vitamins e, k and d

How can a protein be denatured?

when it is exposed to various conditions that alter the macronutrient's natural folded and coiled shape

what are factors that effect the bioavailability of calcium?

xalate and phytate present in plant-based foods.

which of the following statements is true? a) most food labels include information about the bioavailability of protein in the product. b) you can judge a packaged food's protein quality by reviewing the ingredients list c) the nutrition facts panel provides information about a product's essential amino acid content d) nutrient labels are not required to include information about the grams of protein in a serving of the food.

you can judge a packaged food's protein quality by reviewing the ingredients list


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