History 111 - Final Terms

Peter Abelard

1079-1142; A scholastic whose goal was to use logic to help reconcile contradictions in theology. Wrote "Sic et Non"; was a controversial teacher. Eventually was banned from teaching on the grounds of the University of Paris, so he climbs into a tree and teaches; then rents a boat.

The First Crusade

1096-1099; Europeans capture Antioch, Syrian Coast, and Jerusalem. They massacred non-Christians.

Thomas Aquinas

1225-1274; a scholastic who used Aristotle and other philosophers to strengthen Christian theology. Wrote "Summa Theologica" and "Summa Contra Gentiles"; was at the height of medieval scholasticism and the basis of Catholic theology.

Little Ice Age

1250-1800; colder, wetter season, erratic/unstable climate. There was a declining productivity on the land which resulted in no surplus. Malnourishment increases whilst the economy declines.

Petrarch

1304-1374; the Father of Humanism, values the literature of Classical Rome and supports Secularism.

Great Famine

1315-1322; heavy rains and wet winters led to failed harvests with no surplus. Was the worst famine in European history; wipes out 10% of the European population in 7 years. Ergotis (black fungus that grows on wet grain that causes one to go insane) was rampant.

Papal schism

1378-1417; Rome Popes vs. Avignon Popes, excommunicate each other. Leads to Conciliarism, the theory that if all the important Church leaders got together in a big ecumenical council, then they could solve the problem. This resulted in the Council of Pisa in 1409, and they ended up having 3 popes! Result: the people are very disenchanted with the Papacy because the Popes cared more about politics and power than healing the rift in Christendom.

The Treaty of Verdun

843; divides the Carolingian Empire between Louis the Pious' sons: West Francia --> France; East Francia --> Germany; Middle Francia --> Italy and Central Europe. Known as the "Birth certificate of Europe"

Medieval Warm Period

900-1250; a period of warmer, stable weather in Europe. The growing season is extended, there are less intense storms, less drought years, warm dry summers, and temperate winters.

Chivalry

A code of court behavior. "Cheval" is French for horse; applies to both battle and behavior. Transformed knightly behavior; comes about to regulate the behavior of noblemen in regards to violence and to women

Ka'bah

A pilgrimage site in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is a large black box in which all Muslims are expected to pray facing it.

Anglo-Saxons

A type of germanic tribe inhabiting present-day England. Had a heptarchy of 7 kingdoms but also had a "Bretwalda," --> Britain ruler (overlord), most powerful king. Pagan King Aethelbert of Kent and his Frankish Catholic Queen Bertha convert their kingdom in 597.

Dhimmi treaties

Allowed a Muslim minority to rule over a conquered majority population by implementing general tolerance and a jizyah tax.

Zakat

Almsgiving

Avicenna

An Islamic philosopher/scientist who took an experimental and observational approach to medicine, which was unique for his time. He influenced medicine for centuries afterwards; wrote "Kanun fi Tibb" / "Canon of Medicine" which remained the standard medical textbook from the 900s to the 1700s. He also read all of Aristotle's work by age 18 and used these works to prove that God exists.

Norman Invasion

Anglo-Saxon England had Anglo-Saxon, Norman, and Danish/Norwegian noble heritage. In 1066, they had a weak king (Harold Godwinson). Duke William of Normandy invades in October 1066 and engages in the Battle of Hastings, where he defeats Harold and becomes King of Anglo-Saxon England and Normandy (present-day France).

The Five A's

Aristotle, Averroes, Avicenna, Abelard, Aquinas.

Urban Growth

Because populations were growing at a rapid rate, they wanted more protection. The kings built fortified cities (Burgs/Borough), which were cramped, dangerous, and dirty. This urban growth leads to the decline in power of the feudal, manorial system.

Clovis

Begins the Merovingian Dynasty in Gaul (France and Germany); this dynasty rules from 481-751. Converts from paganism to Catholicism due to the nagging of his Roman wife; views Catholicism as a "useful magic." Establishes a Franco-Papal alliance against Arian/Pagan Lombards in Italy.

Relics

Belongings or body parts of saints that were believed to have special powers of healing. Possession of one brings power to a Church and draws people on a sort of pilgrimage. The power and wealth associated with relics caused people to try to steal them and pawn them off for more money or power.

Monastic Reform Movement

Benedictine Monasteries became successful and wealthy which was against the main ideas of monasteries. Also, there were connections with the aristocracy (oblation), which didn't allow for people to choose the monastic life which led to problems.

Harun al-Rashid

Caliph from 786-809; had contact with the Frankish king Charlemagne. Sponsored a cultural and intellectual flowering of literature, poetry, and scholarship.

Reconquista

Christians worked to expand Christian territories in Spain and take advantage of the Muslim divides. Made use of "Contract Conquest"; early on was simply a political conquest, not religious violence.

William the Conqueror

Conquers England and becomes King. Maintains the government, as they had a good tax system, good courts, jury, and solid laws and customs. Utilized the Shire Reeve ("Sheriff") already in place to supervise shires (little country towns) and collect taxes and organize the military. Implements a kingdom-wide census and the Domesday book.

Vikings

Consisted of Danes, Norse, and Swedes; followed a pattern: sail, raid, trade, and settle. Are superb ship builders and have a strong warrior culture. Settle in Normandy, North Atlantic, Sicily, Kievan Rus (Russia), England, Coastal Colonies. After settling, they "go native" culturally and assimilate to the cultures that already exist there.

Abbasid Caliphate

Consisted of Persians and had an eastern focus on Persian and newly conquered regions. Overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate (Arab and Western-focused on Byzantium) except for one in Islamic Spain.

Qur'an

Consists of Suras, or a collection of revelations. These revelations began as Oral Tradition, but were written down towards the end of Muhammad's death. Is organized by length, not thematically.

Guild system

Consists of apprentice, journeyman, and master; guilds were a type of labor union/insurance policy that provided: quality standards, set prices, fair wages, and insurance.

Ottomans

Develop the Muslim Ottoman Empire and conquer Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul. They cut off Silk Road trade and are somewhat violent towards the Europeans. Cause the Europeans to seek new paths to Asia to get spices and such.

Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

Drafted the "Alhambra Decree" in March of 1492 (after Ferdinand and Isabella kicked the Muslims out of La Alhambra palace) which stated that Jews had to either: Convert, leave the country, or be killed. Most choose to leave the country, (about 200,000).

Sawm

Fasting during Ramadan

Hundred Years' War

Fought between England and France; was a war over the French throne, territory, and also money. Between Edward III of England and Philip VI of France. Lasts for 116 years. The English are victorious in the first part of the war, but France eventually wins with the help of Joan of Arc. Results in nationalistic identities of England and France and a civil war in England. The War of the Roses; Lancasters (red) and Yorks (white).

Franciscans

Founded in 1210 by St. Francis of Assisi; emphasized poverty, love, and charity. Preached out in the world, loved nature and creation.

Dominicans

Founded in 1216 by St. Dominic; aimed to spread the Church's true message to people and to show what a life of Christ truly looks like. Emphasized preaching Church doctrine and combated heresy and false beliefs.

Francis of Assisi

Founder of the Franciscan order in 1210; was the son of a successful Italian cloth merchant. Gave up a life of wealth for a life of doing good works in a city. Valued nature and creation. Was the first recorded person to receive the stigmata.

Quadrivium

Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Music

Trivium

Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic

Angevin Empire

Henry II is Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and King of England. Very powerful because of his birth. Has two sons: Richard I "The Lionhearted" and John I "Lack-land" "Soft-sword".

Feudalism

Informal system structuring medieval power in hierarchical relationships between lords and vassals. Political power gained through personal property, reinforced by ties of loyalty.

Portuguese exploration

Is sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460); finances Navigation Aids, Better Maps, and Better Boats. They sail around Africa to get to India. In the process, they enslave the natives, end up dominating the spice trade and the African sea routes.

Pilgrimage sites

Jerusalem (best pilgrimage site, very difficult); Rome (Saints Peter and Paul); Santiago de Compostela (Saint James); Canterbury (Saint Thomas Beckett).

Justinian

King of the Byzantine Empire in the 500s; marries Theodora (an actress) and respects her very much. She was influential in his rule. He implemented "Corpus Iuris Civilis", aka the Justinian Code of Roman Law; can be equated to Hammurabi's Law.

Italian Renaissance

Late 1300s to late 1500s; ends with the Reformation. Is a rebirth of classical culture; takes place in Italy because: it is a trade hub, wealthy families can finance the pursuit of art, there are ruins of classical Rome, and it is fragmented and competitive.

Muhammad

Lived 570-632 CE; experienced revelations from the angel Gabriel in 610. The Qur'an consists of Suras, or collections of Muhammad's revelations. Is considered the founder of Islam.

Courtier

Middle class participating in warfare; cause a transformation of warfare. There are opportunities for advancement at king's court and as a result, they begin to care about being a gentleman.

Carolingian Renaissance

Occurs during Charlemagne's reign. Monks copy a lot of Greek and Roman classics; most of the classic texts that we have today come from this time period. Had Court Schools in which Trivium and Quadrivium curriculums were taught.

The 1204 Conquest of Constantinople

Occurs during the Fourth Crusade; Venetian crusaders siege and sack Constantinople and implemented the Latin Empire of Constantinople from 1204-1261.

Cistercians

Order founded in 1098; had a strict lifestyle, popular large order. Known for their monastic silence and simplistic lifestyle. Resisted corruption because they do have a leader --> Abbot St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).

Al-Andalus

Part of the Islamic Empire in Spain; the southern part of the country; the capital was in Cordoba.

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca (if it is possible)

Salat

Prayer

Shahadah

Profession of Faith

Renaissance Art

Realistic, natural figures that mirror the artistic style of Rome. Painted ease and movement: "Contrapposto". Had dimensional landscape, linear perspective, light and shadows, and "cool" art; subjects were graceful and calm.

Beguines

Religious women, laypeople. Were not regulated by the Church, therefore are accused of heresy and oppressed by the Pope.

People of the Book

Representatives of earlier people who had a covenant with God.

Golden Age of Labor

Result of The Plague because there was a surplus of land and not enough people to work it, so there were high wages and low rent.

Philip II Augustus of France

Ruled France from 1180-1223; conquered John's Angevin lands (Normandy). He improves Paris by chartering the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the University of Paris.

Gregory the Great

Sent Augustine (of Canterbury) to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj

Universities

Students studied the Liberal Arts (Trivium and Quadrivium) and received either: Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Doctor of Law, Medicine, or Philosophy. Was not a place or a set of buildings in the Middle Ages, but instead a guild of people.

Canute

The Danish King of England from 1016-1035; conquers all of England in 1016 and adds it to his Scandanavian Empire. He is a pious, good king with a peaceful reign. Marries both a Norse woman and an Anglo-Saxon woman to make sure both lands are connected to him politically.

Mendicant Orders

The Franciscans, The Dominicans, Beguines

Constantinople

The capital city of the Byzantine Empire; is the present-day city of Istanbul in Turkey. Was the largest city in the middle ages, with close to 1 million people at its height. Continued Roman traditions and values but maintained trade connections with Persia and the Middle East.

Scholasticism

The goal was to harmonize various authorities and sources of knowledge and truth into one organized system. Also used logic and debate to support and serve Theology.

Sprezzatura

The idea that a courtier is good at everything without even trying. Must be an expert but be very nonchalant about it.

Manorialism

The main economic structure of the Middle Ages; consisted of a Manor House and surrounding rural countryside. The wealthy man who lived in the Manor took care of the people surrounding his home.

Tripartite society

The three medieval social orders: Warrior Nobility, Agricultural Peasantry, and Religious Clergy. In order to have a successful society, it required fighting, work (for food), and prayer.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Their marriage basically unites all of Spain. Are known as the "Catholic Monarchs" because they work to expel the Muslims and the Jews living there; forced conversions to Catholicism.

Agricultural Revolution

There was a dramatic increase in agricultural production due to warmer weather and extended growing seasons. People were also able to cultivate newly available farmland that was farther north and at higher elevations. In the South, they drink wine and cook with olive oil. In the North, they drink beer and cook with butter.

Toledo Translations

Toledo was a cultural contact point between Muslims and Europe. Latin scholars traveled to Toledo and worked in conjunction win bilingual Christians and Jews living with the locals to translate texts from Arabic-->Romance-->Latin.

Sunnis and Shiites

Two "sects" of Islam; Sunnis were logical/traditional in their beliefs. Shiites reject Sunni customs, and instead believe the interpretation of the Qur'an is open to Imams, are very emotional. Make up 10% of Islam.

Pilgrimages

Vacations one undertakes to visit important shrines or cathedrals to see full bodies of saints or other major relics. Could be assigned as penances.

Humanism

Values man's past achievements and future potential. Thinks that mankind is absolutely incredible, the pinnacle of God's creation; and embraces mind, body, spirit, etc. Encouraged the study of classical languages, history, literature, and the arts.

Rule of St. Benedict

Work, Prayer, Reading. Very moderate, gentle form of discipline, flexible rules.

John of England

aka "Lack-land" or "Soft-sword"; ruled 1199-1216. Was very unlikeable, but very smart. He loses Normandy and is the King forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, which limits the power of the king and gave more power to nobility, not to people in general.

Averroes

aka "The Commentator," comments on every work of Aristotle. Values Philosophy over all else, even Theology. Gets banished to Morocco.

The Plague

aka The Black Death; caused by Yersinia Pestis. Three forms: Bubonic (lymph) with a 60% mortality rate and takes 2-5 days to die; pneumonic (lungs) very few survive; and septicemic (blood), the worst one to get and you die almost the same day you contract it, almost 100% fatal. Caused 25-50 million deaths, and in Italy and Spain, about 75-80% of the population dies.

HRE Frederick II

ruled 1220-1250; was HRE and King of Sicily. Very familiar with many different cultures and religions which allows him to be a more effective and fair ruler. Known as "The Great" / "The Antichrist" because he did not support the Crusades. He was intellectual and multilingual, spoke Arabic, Italian, Latin, Greek, German, and French.

Charlemagne

ruled the Carolingian Empire from 742-814; had two main goals: Rebuild the Roman Empire in the West and Restore Christian piety and learning in his realm. Supports the Carolingian Renaissance.

Charles Martel

ruled the Franks from 715-741; was a strong warrior that was able to defeat the Arab armies and drive Muslims out of France and Germany. Through the Battle of Tours-Poitiers in 732.