History 114B
Indian Councils Act (1909)
established elections to legislative councils for Indians AKA Morley Minto Reforms
swadesh
"own country"
Government of India Act (1858)
India office led by Secretary of state for India (viceroy), establishment of Indian Civil Service
subhas chandra bose
Indian nationalist who collaborated with Axis Powers in WWII
1911 Durbar
King George performs kingly rituals for subjects of princely states in India because the British had a weak hold on India, so they needed to demonstrate the rituals of empire to assert dominance
allan octavian hume
Supported nationalist ideas during the time of the Ilbert Bill
muslim league
f. 1906, wanted a voice in the campaign to reunite Bengal in order to better represent the Muslim minority in Bengal; Dhaka Resolution: feared Hindu rule in British absence
William Jones
Discovers similarities between Sanskrit and Greek
sepoy
Indian soldiers in EIC army
khilafat
Pan-Islamic movement (1919-22); political unrest campaign launched by Muslims from the British Raj to influence British govt. not to abolish Ottoman Empire
swadeshi
movement against Bengalis buying European exports
surat split (1907)
- Partition of Bengal created a split between the two groups in congress Extremists v moderates -- same end, different means - Extremists were led by Tilak, moderates by Gokhale - Marked a turning point in nationalist politics (nationalists burn British hats and clothes in a symbolic rejection of the British rule)
jyotiba phule
- Ran school for girls with his wife - Ran home for pregnant Brahmin women - Deliberately employed Brahmin woman to his house as way of mocking wealthy Brahmans
William Jones
Mastered Sanskrit and believed that India was a "wonderful land" (was an orientalist)
satyagraha
Originated when Gandhi refused to register in Transvaal(with his fingerprint and photograph)
ashrama
a concept relating to the grand order of life
hindutva
the elements that define "Hinduness": common race, nation, and culture. Hindu nationalism Manifesto written by Savarkar, while in Ratnagiri Jail (jail in Maharashtra where he stayed briefly after leaving Cellular Jail but before being released).
thomas munro
Idealized simple life of the peasant, wished to rule in Bengal without disruption of old ways
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Important nationalist that was a part of the 1885 Indian National Congress(non-political at the time of formation)
Annie Besant
Irish home rule activist who moved to India and befriended Gandhi, joins Theosophical Society, involved with Home Rule League
Behramji Malabari
Published descriptions of horrors from child marriage and forced widowhood, and pressed for legislative intervention.
Partition of Bengal
- In 1905, Lord Curzon wanted to split Bengal in order to more easily manage it. - Would create a Hindu majority in one part, and Muslim majority in the other. - Bengalis were VERY upset-started to boycott British goods - Spurred on Congress split of Moderated vs. Extremists
Ilbert Bill (1884)
- In the end, the Ilbert Bill was passed, but was severely modified. This reflected the deep racist sentiment that was present amongst Europeans against the Indians - Modified Ilbert Bill made it so that in the rural areas as well as presidential capitals, any European being tried could request a jury that was half European
varna ashrama dharma
1. Brahmācharya - the period of life where one is a student and is celibate 2. Grihasta - the period of life where one is occupied with the home. 3. Vanaprastha - the period of life where one leaves the family life and becomes an ascetic. Goes to think in the woods. 4. Sannyāsa - the period of life where one renounces material desires and prejudices.
permanent settlement
1793 Agreement between EIC (Cornwallis) and Landlords of Bengal to raise Land Revenue. 1793: Zamindars Armed Forces abolished
Arya Samaj
1874 socio-religious reform movement that promoted values and practices based on infallibility of the Vedas
lucknow pact
1916 Congress Session: Jinnah encourages the Muslim League and the Congress to unite against the British
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
1919 Government of India Act, establishing federalism in India with a dyarchy
warren hastings
British governor-general of EIC's territories in India; created ordered system of gov't in India
warren hastings
Established the colonial form of executive governance- with a "collector" in charge of a district. Allowed old Indian officials to remain in charge of the "diwani" revenue administration because of a lack of trained British personnel
morley minto reforms
AKA Indian Councils Act (1909) brought little empowerment for Indians but established elections at municipal level.
diwani
After the defeat of Mir Kasim, Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal emperor in Bengal in 1765(by the EIC), they created a Treaty. In return for peace, the British EIC demanded an annual tribute, and in order to fulfill this, the Emperor gave them "revenue collecting rights," known as a diwani, for the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
warren hastings
Appointed as first governor general of the EIC's Indian territories-set about to create an ordered system of government for British India
William Jones
Beginning idea of Indology
evangelicals
Charter Renewal of 1813 allowed missionaries to preach in India
permanent settlement
Completely changed the pre-existing structure of land ownership, which had distributed land rights amongst 3 groups- peasant cultivator, zamindar, and government. IE a new class of land lords was created
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Consisted of British scholars working closely with Sanskrit pundits to create a written consolidated history of India
coolie
Contrasted with "Arabs" (Muslims) and "Persians" (Zoroastrians)
savarkar
English educated Brahman, like Tilak and Gokhale Participated in revolutionary politics and was jailed for many years
thomas munro
Established "ryotwari" settlement
motilal nehru
Father of Jawaharlal Nehru.
dayanand saraswati
Founded Arya Samaj and cow protection society Helped to further divide Hindus and muslims
nawwab salimullah
Founder of Muslim league. Pro partition of Bengal.
kheda
Gandhi encourages peasants who actually own their own land not to pay farming revenues to colonial government; onion thief
hind swaraj
Gandhi's written work asserting that villages are at the core of India
james mill
He is a British historian and a philosopher of Utilitarianism. James Mills is the east India company officials, he writes on the history of India despite of the fact that he had never been to India and he had no knowledge of any Indian Language.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
His specialty was religious nationalism that surrounded Hinduism Brought back many Hindu festivals, like Ganpati puja
1857
In 1856, discontent amongst Bengali soldiers(sepoys) began with the General Services Enlistment Act
Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
Led campaign for widow remarriage act of 1856 - Act legitimized remarriage of widows in higher caste and children born in them. - Championed status of women in India
permanent settlement
Meant that peasants were reduced to tenant status but without rights, and that zamindar could lose rights to entire estate if he defaulted on taxes
gopal krishna gokhale
Moderate member of the 1885 Indian National Congress Wanted to work with the institution(the British) to bring about whatever changes that needed to happen
Congress Moderates v. Extremists
Moderates want policy settlements (Gokhale) Extremists want agitation, boycotts, strikes (Tilak) Split up in this way when it was time to decide what to do after the Partition of Bengal.
Congress Moderates v. Extremists
Morley(new Secretary of State) had promised many constitutional reforms. Gokhale wanted to follow him and Tilak did not. Moderates won out at this time-Tilak was imprisoned for 6 years starting in 1905 due to something else, so that made Moderate takeover of Congress easier
abu'l kalam azad
Muslim leader in the Indian National Congress. Supporter of Gandhi's non-cooperation and non-violent movement. Supporter of the Hindu-Muslim unity. One of the organizers of Dharasana Satyagraha.
orientalists
Objects of knowledge: 1. Translation, find core texts; 2. Grammar, how to apprehend foreign languages; 3. Hindu Law: Mughals have set up regional court, 4. Muslim Law: used by both
Indian Councils Act of 1861
Parliamentary act that changed Viceroy's executive council into cabinet run on the portfolio system
Jallianwallah Bagh
Site of Amritsar Massacre in 1919
allan octavian hume
Retired British ICS officer when he catalyzed the formation of the Indian Congress
clive
Retook Calcutta in 1757 and secured restoration of the EIC's free trade privileges(granted to them in 1717 by emperor Farrukhsiyar). The privileges had been lost when Nawab Siraj-ud-daula had marched on Calcutta in 1756, and ended up causing the death of 40 British people in prison(this was not his fault entirely)
ryotwari
This was basically a taxation agreement individually with each cultivator instead of with the zamindar overseeing the cultivators(as is was with the Permanent Settlement)
natal indian congress
Was created in response to the fact that the right to vote was to be taken away from the Indians in the South African colony
savarkar
Wrote the Hindutva and was the first to define Hindu nationalism as Indian nationalism - "Hindus" were all the people who considered India to be their holy land - Sikhs and Jains are considered part of Hindutva - Muslims were a part of this as long as they considered India to be their holy land. (Muslims have Mecca as holy land, complicating things)
doctrine of lapse
any princely state or territory under EIC would be annexed if ruler was incompetent or died w/o male heir
India Act (1784)
brought EIC rule in India under control of British gov't -> joint gov't of British India by the Company and the Crown (gov't has most authority). The Act breaks the EIC monopoly and allows missionaries in the country.
varna
caste, or some idealized notion of caste (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra)
diwani
central finance administration of in Islamic societies
deoband
city where Islamic learning center (revolutionary) was established in 1866; taught to fight against oppression
separate electorates
consequence of the Morley Minto reforms. Muslims could vote only their representatives in reserved seat and to protect their interest.
anglicists
enforce English in India and don't think India has a history or anything good (Cornwallis, Macaulay)
clive
essentially came in and supported Mir Jafar in overthrowing Nawab Siraj. This allowed the EIC to have immense trading rights in Bengal, which is key because it is when these trading rights are threatened that the British rise up in arms against local authorities, as they had done in this case where Clive was the one driving the attack.
Local Self Government (1883)
form of municipal self government introduced by viceroy Lord Ripon with the purpose to train Indians in managing their affairs.
Indian Congress (1885)
formed by Dadabhai Naoroji and Allan Octavian Hume
Asiatic Society of Bengal
founded by Hastings under leadership of William Jones; study the religious and cosmological texts of Indian antiquity
evangelicals
fundamental problem with india is lack of jesus
William Jones
judge who proposed relationship among Euro and Indian languages; founded Asiatic Society of Bengal; established modern philology
bahadur shah zafar
last Mughal emperor, ended after the mutiny; limited to Delhi; figurehead of mutiny. Convicted of conspiracy.
wajid ali shah
last ruler of Awadh that ended ruling in 1856 before East India Company came
India Councils Act (1861)
liberal state in Britain, Indians could now rarely advise in legislation
barelvis
movement emphasizing personal devotion to Muhammad and a synthesis of Sharia with Sufi practices
varna ashrama dharma
natural classification/division of humans the need to undergo the 4 different periods of life
dadabhai naoroji
one of three founders of the Indian Congress
ram mohan roy
part of Brahmo Samaj; wanted to abolish Sati; introduced "Hinduism" to English language
coolie
people of lower class (working class) and colored. When Gandhi went to South Africa he was considered one.
subsidiary alliance
princely rulers weren't allowed to have independent armed forced and they were protected by EIC, but they had to pay for the protection
oudh
princely state of Awadh, which British annexed 1856; revolt against British 1858 w/ other states
Thomas babbington macauley
pushed for English/western concepts into Indian education; Macaulay Minute; supported official language to change from Persian to English
brahmo samaj
religious movement against Hinduism in Calcutta; discards Hindu rituals and is influenced by Christian and Islam (Hindu reform movement)
sir sayyid ahmed khan
served in EIC and became judge at Small Causes Court; loyal to British in Indian Rebellion of 1857 (saved Euro lives)
rowlatt bills
set of legislations that limited liberty during war time. Judge Rowlatt decided to extend the emergency measures even after the end of WWI - 1919 bills extending the wartime restrictions, not the restrictions themselves
diwani
something that grants "revenue collecting rights" (pg. 52) to whoever holds it.
jawaharlal nehru
son of Motilal Nehru, Kashmiri pundit family, well-educated, follower of Gandhi, more extreme Indian nationalist/ criticizer of the British than his father, had socialist/pro-USSR sympathies
evangelicals
spread Christian beliefs throughout India; missionary -> John Stone, Charles Grant
khadi
term for handspun yarn, part of Gandhi's boycott for foreign textiles
charkha
term for spinning wheel, the symbol of Gandhi's program
Vernacular Press Act (1878)
the law that limited the publication in Indian language. Intended to prevent criticism to the British Raj - Censorship of native language newspapers in India -Repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882
Ilbert Bill (1884)
the measure that would allowed senior Indian magistrates to judge even British citizens. Furiously opposed by British planters, the Bill produced a compromise where Europeans could be judge by courts half Indian and half British
dyarchy
two branches of government in British India, central and provincial legislature
champaran
village where Gandhi demonstrated resistance to British authority, Gandhi is arrested then accidentally released after encouraging the village people to protest the unfair farming system (sharecropping; indigo farming)
sati
widow throws herself on husband's funeral pyre; abolished by William Bentinck 1828fnatal
1857
year of Indian Rebellion that began as mutiny of sepoys in EIC