History 122 Chapter 31-Societies at Crossroads

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when (A) the dowager empress imprisoned the emperor and ended the Hundred Days reforms (B) Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers (C) the dowager empress died, leaving a two-year-old child as emperor (D) the British seized the Grand Canal and cut off north-south trade in the empire (E) all these answers are correct

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because (A) the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry (B) the samurai were in debt to the merchant class (C) the emperor had failed in his obligations to protect the Japanese people (D) the daimyo led a tax revolt (E) Japanese merchants wanted more access to western goods and technology

land taxes

The capital for the early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from (A) the export of textile products (B) land taxes (C) commercial taxes (D) private investors (E) foreign investors

Taiping tainguo

"Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"

Meiji

"enlightened rule" period that turned Japan into the political, military, and economic powerhouse of east Asia

Tsar Alexander II

"it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below", issued the Emancipation Manifesto

Tanzimat

"reorganization"

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

American commander, trained his guns on the bakufu capital of Edo and demanded that the shogun open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they (A) were all dealing with the challenges of rapid industrialization (B) discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers (C) were all forced to grant equal rights and political freedom to their people (D) were all competing for the same colonies and resources (E) all these answers are correct

Treaty of Nanjing

Britain forces China to accept at the conclusion of the Opium War in 1842

Anatolia

By 1913, all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control (A) Anatolia (B) Egypt (C) Greece (D) Serbia (E) none of these are correct, because all gained either independence or autonomy

Hundred Days Reform

Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power

Taipings

Hong's followers, quickly grew from a ragtag band to a disciplined and zealous army of over one million men and women who pushed the Qing dynasty to the brink of extinction

district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a (A) city designated for trade between Chinese and European merchants (B) Christian mission where Chinese converts could live free of state persecution (C) district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights (D) tributary state beyond the borders of the empire that paid taxes to the Qing dynasty in exchange for protection (E) state-sponsored academy based on European science

samurai

Japanese warrior

Duma

Russia's first parliamentary institution

Mahmud II

Selim's cousin, the only male left to be sultan after rampaging Janissaries killed all male members of the dynasty because Selim's successor trying to revive the new military force

women's right to sue for divorce

Tanzimat legal reforms included all of the following rights EXCEPT (A) equality before the law for all subjects (B) public trials in civil courts (C) the right to privacy (D) women's right to sue for divorce (E) none of these are correct, because all were among the Tanzimat legal reforms

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that (A) allowed western powers to establish spheres of influence within Ottoman territory (B) forbade the manufacture of cotton cloth and obliged Ottomans to buy textiles from Britain (C) held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes (D) restricted the exchange of technology and prevented the emergence of domestic industry in the Ottoman empire (E) permitted unrestricted traffic in and out of the Black Sea

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because (A) they were unaware of the social and health risks of opium addiction (B) it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit (C) they planned to weaken the Chinese people with opium and then take over the Chinese economy (D) they argued that opium was only a fraction of the volume of trade delivered to China (E) the Chinese government had welcomed the opium trade in earlier times

all these answers are correct

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because (A) the Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training (B) the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army (C) many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies (D) Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment (E) all these answers are correct

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian experience into the Ottoman empire

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because (A) the Ottoman army was superior in arms and training (B) Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire (C) Russian troops mutinied and demanded a new constitution (D) the people of the Balkan peninsula resisted Russian advances (E) the Russian troops were inadequately trained

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because (A) their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities (B) Tsar Alexander II refused to consider any reform measures (C) many were anarchists who believed that individual freedom could not be realized until all government was abolished (D) they were affiliated with Zionists, who advocated the use of terrorism when necessary (E) all these answers are correct

all these answers are correct

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861 (A) was achieved at the tsar's insistence (B) was intended to avert a revolution (C) brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants (D) did not significantly increase agricultural production (E) all these answers are correct

creation of a modern army

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the (A) creation of a system of primary education (B) legal emancipation of women (C) creation of a modern army (D) creation of a legislative assembly (E) reconquest of Egypt

the daimyo and samurai classes

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of (A) the daimyo and samurai classes (B) the emperor and his court (C) the Japanese military (D) independent merchants (E) all these answers are correct

Turkish as the official language of the empire

Which of the Yong Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire? (A) Turkish as the official language of the empire (B) equality before the law (C) free public education (D) freedom of religion (E) universal suffrage

all these answers are correct

Which of the following could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revolution of 1905? (A) the lack of a representative legislative body (B) the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (C) the Bloody Sunday Massacre (D) the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership (E) all these answers are correct

the lower classes were represented in the lower chamber of the Diet

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Meiji constitution? (A) Japan became a constitutional monarchy (B) the right to vote was based on property qualifications (C) the emperor could disregard the recommendations of the Diet (D) the lower classes were represented in the lower chamber of the Diet (E) individual rights were affirmed but made secondary to the needs of the state

Japan gained control of the island of Taiwan

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842? (A) Britain gained control of the island of Hong Kong (B) British merchants gained the right to conduct the opium trade unimpeded (C) Chinese ports were open to foreign trade and residence (D) Christian missionaries were permitted to come into China (E) Japan gained control of the island of Taiwan

nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel

Which of the following was NOT part of Witte's policy of industrialization? (A) construction of the trans-Siberian railroad (B) banking reform to encourage domestic savings and investment (C) protective tariffs to support emerging Russian industries (D) nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel (E) promotion of foreign investment in Russian industry

Diet

a constitutional monarchy with a legislature

Society of God Worshipers

a religious group recently founded by disgruntled peasants and miners

unequal treaties

a series of pacts collectively known in China

Boxer Rebellion

a violent movement spearheaded by militia units calling themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

Emancipation Manifesto

abolished the institution of serfdom and granted liberty to some twenty-three million serfs- this new freedom encompassed the right to full citizenship, the right to marry without consent, and the right to own property

capitulations

agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality--the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws

pogroms

anti-Jewish riots

Fukuzawa Yukichi

began to study English soon after Perry's arrival in Japan, and in 1860 he was a member of the first Japanese mission to the United States

Young Turks

called for universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, and the emancipation of women

Abdul Hamid II

despotic rule that generated many liberal opposition groups

zemstovs

district assemblies

Sultan Selim II

embarked on a program to remodel his army along the lines of European forces

Muhammad Ali

energetic general who built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt, drafted peasants to serve as infantry, and hired French and Italian officers to train his troops

Tokugawa bakaufu

feudal style of government that ruled Japan under the direction of shoguns from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868 restoration of imperial rule

zaibatsu

financial cliques

Lin Zexu

had the task of destroying opium trade

Hong Xiuquan

made a village teacher so he could study and prepare for the civil service examinations, failed four times, began studying the works of a Chinese missionary who explained the basic elements of Christianity, believed that he was the younger brother of Jesus

Opium War

made known the difference of political power between Europe and China

Count Sergei Witte

minister of finance

Self-Strengthening Movement

most imaginative of the reform programs, leaders sought to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology empowered with imperial grants of authority that permitted them to raise troops, levy taxes, and run bureaucracies, several local leaders promoted military and economic reform

Janissaries

powerful political force within the Ottoman state, neglected their military training and turned a blind eye to advances in weapons technology

Mehmed V Rashid

puppet sultan

Taiping Rebellion

raged throughout most of China and brought the Qing dynasty to the brink of collapse

Mutsuhito

reigned during a most eventful period in Japan's history

Meiji restoration

restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan

Crimean War

revealed the weaknesses of the Russian empire, which could hold its own against Ottoman and Qing forces, but not against the industrial powers of western Europe

cohong

special licensed Chinese firms that bought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established by the government

Dowager Empress Cixi

the rise of this woman politically was destined to be part of the Taipings' downfall- helped institute changes, put Chinese in charge of the armies

Tanzimat era

the tempo of reform increased rapidly during this time

Ito Hirobumi

ventured abroad on four occasions, drew inspiration from the German constitution in drafting a governing document for Japan

Nicholas II

weak ruler, championed oppression and police control