History 1301 Exam 1 Quizzes 1 and 2

The Thirteen Original colonies included Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and:

New Hampshire, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, and Maryland.

One factor that influenced the British colonists' move toward slave labor in British North America during the 1600s included the following:

enslaved people did not compete with planters for land, as did newly freed indentured servants.

According to the online lecture notes, before Columbus arrived in 1492, Native Americans experienced several major cultural shifts that transformed their societies, including the __, which enabled population growth and fostered the development of complex civilizations and the emergence of urban centers.

Agriculture Revolution

The Spanish people were motivated to settle in the Americas for various reasons, some to exploit America's gold and silver mines, others to create agricultural enterprises, and others to Christianize the indigenous populations. However, some Spaniards began to challenge the Spanish settlers' inhumane treatment of Native Americans, including _, a Catholic priest who devoted his life to aiding the Indians and advocating for their better treatment.

Bartolomé de las Casas

In 1492, Italian Navigator Christopher Columbus became the first European to establish a presence in the "New World," which has long been celebrated in American history. According to the online lecture notes, which of the following is an accurate statement about Christopher Columbus?

Despite being an extraordinary navigator, Columbus held an unusual idea about the circumference of the earth that was far less accurate than other thinkers of his age.

The Spanish conquest of the Americas led to the fall of major Native American civilizations, including this conquistador's successful conquest of the Incas and the acquisition of millions of dollars of Inca gold and silver for Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

The charismatic Awakener from England who preached to thousands in the British colonies was:

George Whitefield.

John Calvin, a Swiss theologian, was another prominent figure in the Protestant Revolution. Calvin and his followers promoted which of the following religious ideals:

God is all-powerful and all-knowing, and an individual's salvation has been per-ordained by God since time immemorial.

What role did Richard Hakluyt play in English colonization?

He wrote the influential pamphlet, "Discourse on Western Planting, which offered England practical reasons to colonize North America.

Not all colonies along the Atlantic Seaboard were established by England. In 1609, this English ship captain was hired by Dutch merchants to find a route to Asia. Sailing along the coast of North America, he sailed up the river that was eventually named for him in modern-day Albany, New York, claiming the region for the Netherlands.

Henry Hudson

During the Age of Exploration, several key figures played crucial roles in advancing overseas exploration and navigation, even if they did not personally participate in the voyages, including _____, who sponsored overseas expeditions and supported the development of maritime technology, which contributed to the development of navigational techniques, shipbuilding, and the expansion of Portuguese exploration along the African coast.

Henry the Navigator

servants agreed to work for a stated period in return for their transportation to America.

Indentured

Which of the following statements best describes King Philip's War?

It was a brutal, disastrous conflict that pitted a coalition of New England tribes, led by the Wampanoag tribal chief, against New England settlers.

According to the online lecture notes, eighteenth-century Europe witnessed the rise of a major intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. English political theorist John Locke was a significant contributor to Enlightenment thinking, and in his revolutionary work, Two Treatises of Government:

Locke rejected the "Divine Right of Kings" notion to argue that all men are born with certain inalienable rights and societies (not God) form governments to protect those natural rights.

In 1517, Europe's religious world was upended with the advent of the Protestant Reformation. This religious revolution challenged the authority and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately reshaped Europe's religious, social, and political landscape. The Protestant Reformation was initiated by ==_=_-_-=_--_-_________, a German Monk who sought to reform the Catholic Church by posting his "Ninety-five Theses," his critique of various practices of the Catholic Church, most notably:

Martin Luther: the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church.

The phase in the forced migration and enslavement of people from Africa to the Americas is known as the:

Middle Passage.

Before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492, North America was home to advanced societies with rich histories, complex social structures, sophisticated agricultural practices, and significant cultural achievements. This included the -__, A thriving Native American civilization known for its large earthwork mounds and had an extensive trade network. Their major hub WaS located --9 near modern-day St. Louis.

Mississippian Culture; Cahokia

According to the online lecture notes, although the Paleo-Indians, the Americas' earliest known inhabitants, migration to the Americas is still a subject of ongoing research and debate among archaeologists and anthropologists, a recent theory known as the Three-migration Model suggests:

Paleo Indians may have come to the Americas as long as 40,000 years ago, migrating from Asia in three or more waves.

This European explorer discovered Florida in 1513.

Ponce De Leon

At twenty-six, Ben Franklin's now-famous publication entitled, ___, included an assortment of helpful information for the common folk, including seasonal weather forecasts, household tips, and witty sayings.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Which of the following statements best describes the Puritans?

Protestants who sought to rid the Church of England of any vestiges of Roman Catholic tradition still incorporated into the Church's liturgy and religious practices.

This company was charted by the British government, which granted the company exclusive trading privileges to supply the British colonies with enslaved people.

Royal African Company

According to the online lecture notes, which of the following statements best describes Queen Elizabeth's approach to ending the religious strife that plagued her nation in the wake of the English Reformation?

She created a Protestant Church unique to England, which established the supremacy of the Monarchy over the Church and combined both Catholic and Protestant traditions as a middle way to preserve unity among both groups.

Although England had failed to establish a permanent foothold in the New World by the time of Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603, one notable early attempt at colonization included the short-lived Roanoke Colony, which mysteriously vanished after it was established in 1587 after a failed attempt in 1585) off the coast of present-day North Carolina. The Colony's primary sponsor was

Sir Walter Raleigh.

In the early 1600s and throughout the next hundred years, Spain established an unrivaled permanent foothold in the New World. Nevertheless, Spanish officials became fearful of possible challenges to their domain in the Americas by other European powers. To protect their holdings against French encroachment, in 1565, Spain established a fortress at ____, the first permanent European settlement in the future United States.

St. Augustine

Mediated by Pope Alexander VI, the resolved the conflicts between Spain and Portugal, the two most dominant maritime powers in Europe, over newly discovered lands during the Age of Exploration. It is significant because it

Treaty of Tordesillas; gave Spain control over the entire Western Hemisphere, except for Brazil.

Around the year 1000, Leif Erikson is believed to have established a Viking settlement called Vinland in present-day Newfoundland, Canada. This is considered the earliest known European presence in North America. Which of the following statements best describes the legacy of the Viking's North American exploration and settlement?

Viking exploration and colonization in North America did not have a lasting impact on subsequent European exploration or settlement in the region.

The first enslaved people to arrive in British North America arrived in:

Virginia.

In 1519, Hernan Cortes' led an army of 600 men to challenge Moctezuma, the ruler of the Aztec Empire. As a result of his legendary conquest, Cortes acquired a massive fortune and set the stage for three centuries of Spanish rule in Mexico. One major factor that contributed to Cortes's success in defeating the Aztec Indians was:

an unexpected ally, a smallpox epidemic dramatically reduced the Aztec Indians' ability to resist Cortes's siege. e.

In 1634, Lord Baltimore planted Maryland, a proprietary colony with the first settlement at St. Mary's, near the Potomac River. He hoped to create a refuge for English Catholics and reap profits from its plantation economy. Although the colony grew quickly, in 1649, Lord Baltimore believed it necessary to issue the Toleration Act of 1649 to:

avoid losing control of the Maryland colony and protect the Catholic minority.

In 1619, Sir Edwin Sandy's authorized the Virginia colonists to "summon an assembly" so they "might have a hand in governing themselves." This pivotal decision led to the creation of the House of Burgesses, which had a significant impact on colonial development in British North America because it:

established local self-rule by elective representation and served as a model for other colonies in establishing their own representative assemblies.

Sailing under the Spanish flag, Christopher Columbus's arrival to the "New World" in 1492 was a watershed moment in world history, setting the stage for European colonization in the Americas. According to the lecture notes, the Spanish Crown's primary reason for sponsoring Christopher Columbus' plan to sail westward across the Atlantic because they wanted to:

find an expedient sea route to Asia.

Although the living conditions in Jamestown had improved, the Virginia Co. still needed to work on attracting new settlers because the colony lacked the basic amenities and infrastructure potential settlers were accustomed to in England. So beginning in 1618, the Va. Company implemented a series of reform measures to attract more settlers that included:

granting tracts of land to individuals who financed settlement expeditions,

One of Jonathan Edwards's most significant contributions to the Great Awakening was:

his vivid sermons that described the suffering of hell and the rewards of heaven, aiming to restore spiritual intensity.

After a few earlier failures, in 1607, the Virginia Co. of London established the Jamestown Colony, England's first permanent colony in North America. Which of the following describes the demographic profile of Jamestown's first settlers?

many were of noble birth and ill-equipped for the rigors of colonization in the Virginia wilderness.

Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts colony because she challenged Puritan authority by:

openly promoting the idea that individuals could achieve a personal relationship with God without the guidance of church leaders.

According to the textbook, Philip II, a devout Catholic and the king of Spain, responded to years of religious differences and England's ongoing raids on Spanish ships and settlements by assembling a massive armada to invade England in 1588. However, his armada was soundly defeated by England's superior Navy. England's stunning victory against the Spanish Armada:

sparked a period of economic prosperity and cultural flourishing known as the Elizabethan Age

In May 1620, a group of Puritan "separatists" and other colonists arrived off New England's rocky coast at Cape Cod. The Puritans, at odds with England's Anglican churches and government for their religious views, came to the "New World" to create a model Christian society. Still, before they disembarked, they sighed what is known as the Mayflower Compact. What was its purpose?

to establish an interim civil government, as the settlers had strayed off course and had no legal authority where they landed.

During the Age of Exploration, which spanned the 15th to 17th centuries, fearless overseas explorers, sponsored by various European powers, embarked on dangerous voyages that would have a profound effect (both positive and negative) on the course of world history. All the following well-known early European explorers are correctly identified with their achievements EXCEPT:

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: Sailing on behalf of France, this European explorer was the first European to sight New York and Narragansett bays.