History 202 Exam 3 Study Guide
what do I mean specifically by deregulation of the financial sector? You should be able to come up with a few specific examples
banks insurance companies
What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?
called for the development of a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike
What happened in Waco, Texas? Who was Timothy McVeigh?
federal and state law enforcement authorities laid siege to the compound of a religious sect called the Branch Davidians near Waco, Texas. The group, which believed the end of world was approaching, was suspected of weapons violations and resisted search-and-arrest warrants with deadly force. A standoff developed that lasted nearly two months and was captured on television each day. A final assault on the compound was made on April 19, and seventy-six men, women, and children died in a fire probably set by members of the sect. Many others committed suicide or were killed by fellow sect members. a former U.S. Army infantry soldier. McVeigh had served in Operation Desert Storm in Iraq, earning a bronze star, but he became disillusioned with the military and the government when he was deemed psychologically unfit for the Army Special Forces.
Why was Bill Clinton impeached? What were Clinton's approval ratings as he left office in 2000-2001?
lying under oath 66%
What is Title IX of the Education Amendments Act?
prohibits sex discrimination in education.
What was the Bush Doctrine?
the belief that the United States has the right to protect itself from terrorist acts by engaging in pre-emptive wars or ousting hostile governments in favor of friendly, preferably democratic, regimes.
In the year 2000, what was the budget surplus? What was the unemployment rate? What do these figures tell us about the American economy during the presidency of Bill Clinton?
$230 billion in 2000. Reduced government borrowing freed up capital for private-sector use, and lower interest rates in turn fueled more growth. During the Clinton years, more people owned homes than ever before in the country's history (67.7 percent). Inflation dipped to 2.3 percent and the unemployment rate declined, reaching a thirty-year low of 3.9 percent in 2000.
What was the fiscal response to the Great Recession? Be able to explain the specifics. What were the strengths and weaknesses of this legislation?
$787 billion of taxpayer money injected into the economy
What kinds of laws did Arizona and Alabama pass with respect to illegal immigration?
-required police and other officials to verify immigrant-status of those they suspected of entering the country illegally
By 2013, what were conservative(low)estimates for the total cost of the Iraq war?
1.7 Trillion
Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidential election of 1976?
Carter ran on an "anti-Washington" ticket, making a virtue of his lack of experience in what was increasingly seen as the corrupt politics of the nation's capital. Accepting his party's nomination, the former governor of Georgia pledged to combat racism and sexism as well as overhaul the tax structure. He openly proclaimed his faith as a born-again Christian and promised to change the welfare system and provide comprehensive healthcare coverage for neglected citizens who deserved compassion. Most importantly, Jimmy Carter promised that he would "never lie."
What accomplishments did the environmental movement achieve, particularly in terms of legislation and court decisions?
Clean air act, clean water act, endangered species national environmental policy act
What event in September 2008 triggered the global financial crisis?
Collapse of Lehman Brothers triggers massive panic Connected to other banks --> imperils entire system
What did Rachel Carson point out about DDT?
DDT is caused by chain of small fish to large fish to bald eagles
What was Nixon's southern strategy? What was the silent majority? Nixon and Agnew appealed to what kinds of voters?
Denouncing segregation and the denial of the vote to African Americans, he nevertheless maintained that southern states be allowed to pursue racial equality at their own pace and criticized forced integration. northern, blue-collar workers "middle America"
How would you characterize the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem? Efficient? Responsible? Something else? To help answer this question, you might relate this two photographs...the one of the Buddhist monk lighting himself on fire and the Viet Cong suspect on the verge of being murdered. Why did the monk commit this act? What was this process called?
Diem government was corrupt, brutal and authoritarian The self-immolation was done in protest to the South Vietnamese Diem regime's pro-catholic policies and discriminatory Buddhist laws. In particular this was a response to the banning of the Buddhist flag, just 2 days after Diem had held a very public ceremony displaying crosses; earlier in his rule he had dedicated Vietnam to Jesus and the Catholic Church Self-immolation
What happened at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in 1969?
Early in the morning of June 28, 1969, police raided a Greenwich Village gay bar called the Stonewall Inn. Although such raids were common, the response of the Stonewall patrons was anything but. As the police prepared to arrest many of the customers, especially transsexuals and cross-dressers, who were particular targets for police harassment, a crowd began to gather. Angered by the brutal treatment of the prisoners, the crowd attacked. Beer bottles and bricks were thrown. The police barricaded themselves inside the bar and waited for reinforcements. The riot continued for several hours and resumed the following night. Shortly thereafter, the Gay Liberation Front and Gay Activists' Alliance were formed, and began to protest discrimination, homophobia, and violence against gay people, promoting gay liberation and gay pride.
What industries were deregulated? What are the consequences of deregulation?
Energy, transportations, finance, communications Potential for more profit, but more risk, bank failures and tax-payers funded bailouts become common, Consumers did not necessarily benefit more, 2 of the largest bubbles ever in world history occurred last twenty years
Who, or what segments of the population, voted for Reagan?
Evangelical Christians, business leaders, foreign policy hawks and white, working class voters
What are two prominent oil disasters that have occurred since the 1960s?
Exxon Valdez spill, Alaska, 1989 BP Deepwater Horizon blowout, Gulf of Mexico, 2010
Vietnam used to be a colony of what European nation?
France
Who was Hans Blix? How did he respond to Bush's claims that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)?
He denied that Saddam has W.M.Ds
Why were Bush's tax cuts controversial?
He didn't tax cut the top class
Once elected president, what did Nixon do in terms of civil rights?
He promised to "bring us together again," and many Americans, weary after years of antiwar and civil rights protests, were happy to hear of peace returning to their streets
Why was LBJ so worried about "losing" Vietnam?
He was determined to not be the first to "lose" a war
Why are we studying human-caused climate change in an American history class?
History interests with many other disciplines Being at a university means you should have access to the most up to date knowledge and analysis
Who was the main leader of the North Vietnamese communists?
Ho Chi Minh
How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh asked for US assistance to fight France. US decides to fund France and seeing that Ho Chi Minh would win handily, the US set up a South Vietnamese Government
From about 1940 to 1970, banks were highly regulated in the US. What were the consequences of this regulation in terms of the risks that banks took and the number of bailouts that occurred?
If too man loan defaults occur, it will bring down an entire economy Mortgages are the bottom layer of capital upon which other investments are made If mortgages go bad, as they did, it's like pulling out the bottom layer of a house of cards Recessions that originate in the financial sector are nasty, brutish, and long
What was the American Indian Movement? What did they do at Alcatraz? What did the movement do at Wounded Knee?
In 1968, a group of Indian activists, including Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt, convened a gathering of two hundred people in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and formed the American Indian Movement (AIM) They announced plans to build an American Indian cultural center, including a history museum, an ecology center, and a spiritual sanctuary. People on the mainland provided supplies by boat, and celebrities visited Alcatraz to publicize the cause AIM went to the reservation following the failure of a group of Oglala to impeach the tribal president Dick Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and the use of strong-arm tactics to silence critics. AIM used the occasion to criticize the U.S. government for failing to live up to its treaties with native peoples.
Describe LBJ's Great Society. What steps did he take to eliminate poverty? What did Johnson do with education? Consumer protection? The environment? Healthcare?
Increased federal funding to both elementary and secondary schools, allocating more than $1 billion for the purchase of books and library materials, and the creation of educational programs for disadvantaged children. The Higher Education Act, signed into law the same year, provided scholarships and low-interest loans for the poor, increased federal funding for colleges and universities and created a corps of teachers to serve schools in impoverished areas. Improved the safety of meat and poultry, placed warning labels on cigarette packages, required "truth in lending" by creditors, and set safety standards for motor vehicles. Funds were provided to improve public transportation and to fund high-speed mass transit. To protect the environment, the Johnson administration created laws protecting air and water quality, regulating the disposal of solid waste, preserving wilderness areas, and protecting endangered species
What was Ronald Reagan's long-term impact on American politics?
Initiated a significant rightward shift in American Politics that is still felt today
What did Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) believe?
It called for greater participation in the democratic process by ordinary people, advocated civil disobedience, and rejected the anti-Communist position held by most other groups committed to social reform in the United States.
What are the natural cycles involved in climate change? See the Milankovitch models. How long do the Milankovitch cycles take? So if they take between 20,000 and 100,000 years, what does this tell us about all the warming that has occurred in the last 150 years?
It tells us that there is no way the natural cycles of the earth have caused this much warming in the past 150 years if they take place over thousands of years
Since the 1970s, what has happened to labor unions in the United States? Are they more powerful? Less powerful? About the same?
Less powerful
What was Ronald Reagan's legacy? What was Reagan's attitude toward government? Toward taxes? Toward the military?
Military build up, low taxes, and deregulation Increasing gap between rich and poor Cutting of social safety net and welfare state Tripled national debt
What was the Heritage Foundation?
Much of the intellectual meat of the Reagan Revolution came from conservative think tanks (policy or advocacy groups) that specifically sought to shape American political and social dialogues. The Heritage Foundation, one such group, soon became the intellectual arm of the conservative movement.
Who was the leader of South Vietnam?
Ngo Dinh Diem
Nixon became president in early 1969, after thwarting LBJ's peace plan. What did he do once he took over as the commander in chief, specifically in regards to Laos and Cambodia? What was the purpose of this mission? Was it authorized by Congress?
Nixon secretly bombed Laos and Cambodia 1969 - 1970 (not authorized by congress) The aim of this was to cut off Ho Chi. Minh trail and communist support
What happened in the Gulf of Tonkin? Was there really a Gulf of Tonkin "incident" in the way that LBJ described it? What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? What did this incident contribute to in terms of US troops?
No attach actually took place, but Johnson got a blank check for an undeclared "war" The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" by the communist government of North Vietnam. This lead to a massive increase in troop deployment in 1965
Do climate deniers publish in peer-reviewed journals? If they don't, what have they done instead to spread their message? Remember, for the deniers, they know they can't win on the scientific arguments, so they have to spread doubt. What is the point of spreading doubt and why has it been effective in giving the fossil fuel industry what it wants?
No, they don't They've gone to other sources of media like the news and presented their "evidence" to why the earth isn't heating up due to us
Who was president at the time that this occurred? Was he an environmentalist?
Not an environmentalist Richard Nixon
How were the anti-war protests that erupted on college campuses across the country related to the bombing of Laos and Cambodia?
On May 4, poorly trained National Guardsmen confronted and killed four students during a large protest demonstration at the college. Soon, more than 450 university, college and high school campuses across the country were shut down by student strikes and both violent and non-violent protests that involved more than 4 million students
What is peer review? Why is it important for climate science and other disciplines?
Peer review tells us the difference between sound science and junk science
What happened in Abu Ghraib prison?
Prisoners were tortured and mutilated
How did local citizens react to the spill? Keep in mind that media coverage of the event - through photographs and television news coverage - rapidly shifted public opinion in favor of the environmental protection
Rapidly shifted public opinion in favor of the environmental protection
List and explain the factors that have contributed to the decline of the American middle class. What is an example of automation at the grocery store?
Rising costs for health care and education Stagnant wages in spite of higher productivity Fewer well-paying jobs that are available Self-checkout at grocery stores
Where are California's deposits of natural gas and oil located?
San Joaquin
What book, published in the 1960s, helped ignite the modern environmental movement?
Silent Spring
What were the obstacles to US success in Vietnam?
South Vietnamese government was corrupt and unpopular Massacring of civilians and burning down villages Rise of wider war with soviets and china Unfavorable terrain and guerrilla warfare Inability to define enemy or define victory
What was a "sit-in"? What was SNCC? What was the SCLC?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) occupy a place as a form of protest. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Explain the difference between a prime and a subprime loan
Subprime is riskier Prime is safer
To compensate for higher health care and education costs, what have millions of Americans done in the last few decades?
Taken on more credit card and student loan debt Used their houses as an investment
What happened to US troops in Lebanon in 1983? What was Reagan's response?
The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings were attacks that occurred on October 23, 1983, in Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War when two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing Multinational Force in Lebanon (MNF) peacekeepers, specifically against United States and French service members, killing 241 U.S. and 58 French peacekeepers, 6 civilians, and the 2 suicide attackers. A group called 'Islamic Jihad' claimed responsibility for the bombings and said that the bombings were aimed to get the MNF out of Lebanon
What happened in the Bay of Pigs invasion?
The Bay of Pigs invasion was a major foreign policy disaster for President Kennedy and highlighted Cuba's military vulnerability to the Castro administration
Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis. What was Kennedy's response to the Soviet construction of nuclear missiles in Cuba?
The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.
Explain how Iran was related to the "contras" in Nicaragua
The Iran-Contra Affairs of the 1980s stemmed from the Reagan Administration's foreign policies toward two seemingly unrelated countries, Nicaragua and Iran. The Administration believed that changes to these countries that occurred in the 1970s threatened U.S. national interests.
Ironically, who had supported Osama bin Laden and the Taliban in their fight against the Soviet Union in 1979-80?
The U.S
What was the domino theory? What do I mean that there was an assumption that communism was a "monolithic" force? Why was this not entirely accurate when it came to understanding the war in Vietnam?
The basis of the domino theory was that communism was becoming more of a threat in other countries outside of Europe. They were worried that it would end up spreading through all of South East Asia if it took over South Vietnam Communism was understood as a monolithic force because the US believed that communism was this indivisible and united form of government where if Vietnam took over other countries then the other countries would inherit communism.
How would you describe President John F. Kennedy's foreign policy during the Cold War? What was the space race?
The foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration in 1961-1963 saw diplomatic and military initiatives in Europe, Southeast Asia, Latin America and other regions amid considerable Cold War tensions. Kennedy deployed a new generation of foreign policy experts, dubbed "the best and the brightest" The space race was the race against predominantly the Russians to get a man into space, let alone land on the moon
The informal name for Reagan's economic philosophy is "Reaganomics." What was the formal name? In terms of specific policies, how do you implement "Reaganomics"? Think of what happens to taxes and regulations on industries
The formal name was supply side economic theory Cut taxes for upper income earners, shift industries from public to private land, eliminate regulations on companies, and curbing the power of unions.
What were the Camp David Accords? What countries were involved in them? Who was the US president that helped put them together?
Their meetings at Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland, led to the signing of the Camp David Accords in September 1978. This in-turn resulted in the drafting of a historic peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in 1979. President Carter
Climate deniers and skeptics often point to a cold snowstorm during the month of April or May as evidence that human-caused climate change is a conspiracy perpetrated by scientists to take away our freedom. Why is this a foolish statement? There are many answers and you should be able to explain them.
There is a difference between weather and climate Need to look at overall trends Warming one part of the planet can cause cooling in another part
It may take several slides to understand all of this, but by the end of the lecture, you should be able to explain all of the techniques that climate deniers/denialists/skeptics have used to spread doubt to the American public about human-caused climate change. What specific myths have they propagated?
They create doubt in the American people. If there is doubt in the public, it will prevent meaningful regulations, which will allow oil companies to profit more
What has been the long-term result of tax cuts for upper income earners? Has it produced more prosperity for the US? If it hasn't produced more jobs and prosperity, what has been the main effect of tax cuts (think about the gap between the rich and poor).
They might create more wealth BUT: historically the wealth has almost always gone to the top 1% or top 10%, job creations has increased even when taxes were much higher. It increased the wage gap
On a very basic level, what happened to tax rates for upper income earners under the presidency of Ronald Reagan? You can see this by looking at the graphs or by realizing that marginal income tax rates went from 70% to 28%
They were cut
What was the New Right? What types of people supported Ronald Reagan?
This group of conservative Americans included many very wealthy financial supporters and emerged in the wake of the social reforms and cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s Reagan also attracted people, often dubbed neoconservatives, who would not previously have voted for the same candidate as conservative Protestants did. Many were middle- and working-class people who resented the growth of federal and state governments, especially benefit programs, and the subsequent increase in taxes during the late 1960s and 1970s. They favored the tax revolts that swept the nation in the late 1970s under the leadership of predominantly older, white, middle- class Americans, which had succeeded in imposing radical reductions in local property and state income taxes.
Look at the photograph of the My Lai Massacre. Why do you think the killing of civilians and the burning down of entire villages made the US mission in Vietnam so difficult?
This made it difficult because the increasing hate for the US troops made it so that the Vietnamese people found troops as monsters and unreliable and untrustworthy
What were Ronald Reagan's strengths and keys to success?
Transformed the mood of the country in a positive way His ideas were powerful and easy to understand Known as the "great communicator" Effective presidential staff Likeable personality
What did the Supreme Court rule regarding Nixon's personal tapes?
U.S. Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the actual tapes of his conversations, not just transcripts or summaries. One of the tapes revealed that he had in fact been told about White House involvement in the Watergate break-in shortly after it occurred.
What was the monetary response to the Great Recession? What was the FED doing with treasury bonds? What effect did the FED's moves have on interest rates and borrowing costs? How successful has the FED's move been?
Us Federal Reserve took aggressive action through open-market operation expanding its balance sheet by buying assets, including treasury bonds and mortgaged-backed securities The FED's actions produced a sharp reduction in interest rates Actions were applauded
What is the verdict on tax cuts?
Very little evidence that they lead automatically to more jobs or growth
Where is Vietnam located? What countries are close to it?
Vietnam is a poor country in Southeast Asia The countries that are close to it are: China, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos
Notice the optimistic predictions of Rumsfeld and Cheney about the invasion of Iraq. Notice that both predicted the war would last a few weeks or months and that we would be greeted as liberators. How did these predictions turn out? Mostly correct? Somewhat correct? Somewhat wrong? Spectacularly and tragically wrong?
Went according to their predictions at the start but as thousands of Iranians were killed the seeds of hatred were planted in the people there.
Who was Betty Friedan? What was Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Writer and feminist Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in which she contested the post-World War II belief that it was women's destiny to marry and bear children. Friedan's book was a best-seller and began to raise the consciousness of many women who agreed that homemaking in the suburbs sapped them of their individualism and left them unsatisfied. discrimination on the basis of sex
Who were the yuppies? How were they similar and different to the hippies?
Yuppies, whose name derived from "(y)oung, (u)rban (p)rofessionals," were akin to hippies in being young people whose interests, values, and lifestyle influenced American culture, economy, and politics, just as the hippies' credo had done in the late 1960s and 1970s. Unlike hippies, however, yuppies were materialistic and obsessed with image, comfort, and economic prosperity. Although liberal on some social issues, economically they were conservative. Ironically, some yuppies were former hippies or yippies, like Jerry Rubin, who gave up his crusade against "the establishment" to become a businessman.
What was the Nixon Doctrine? What was détente? What was SALT?
a policy whereby the United States would continue to assist its allies but would not assume the responsibility of defending the entire non-Communist world a relaxation of tensions between their nations, and signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), which limited each side to deploying only two antiballistic missile systems. It also limited the number of nuclear missiles maintained by each country. In 1974, a protocol was signed that reduced antiballistic missile sites to one per country, since neither country had yet begun to build its second system. Moreover, the two sides signed agreements to allow scientific and technological exchanges, and promised to work towards a joint space mission.
What did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) do?
a treaty that eliminated tariffs and trade restrictions among the United States, Canada, and Mexico
What is a civil union? What was the first state to allow it?
-Allowed same-sex couples to have the legal rights and privileges of marriage. First states to allow this was Massachusetts.
What does the boomerang generation mean?
-Graduated college students have to return to their parents homes and live their to pay off their student loans.
In the 1970s, the average CEO working at an American company made about 30 times the pay of the average worker. In comparison to the average worker today, how much does a CEO make?
Around 400x
How long have we known about the reality of human-caused climate change? According to the New York Times article cited in one of the slides, how long ago were scientists warning us about a warming planet? In other words, in what decade was this article published in the New York Times?
As early as the 1950s
What did the banks ask for in response to this crisis in 2008? What were the results?
Banks asked for emergency "rescue" funds, also known as bailouts Received with TARP - hundreds of billions of dollars
What did Black Power mean? What was Black Pride?
Black Power was the power of African Americans to unite as a political force and create their own institutions apart from white-dominated ones Black Pride urged African Americans to reclaim their African heritage and, to promote group solidarity, to substitute African and African-inspired cultural practices, such as handshakes, hairstyles, and dress, for white practices.
Describe the details of Hurricane Katrina. How many people were killed?
-1500 dead -Storm Levy broke -Emergency response were too overwhelmed
What rewards have the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan brought the United States? If you combine the total cost of Iraq and Afghanistan, how much have they cost?
-4 Trillion in costs. -No known reward
What were the key provisions of No Child Left Behind? What were charter schools?
-Schools that received state funding we hold general assessment tests to students. -Charter schools were schools that were funded by tax monies but were able to accept private donations and exempt of some rules public schools must follow
What was the significance of the term "unlawful combatant," otherwise known as "enemy combatant?" In other words, why use this term? What did the Supreme Court rule in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld?
-The term used for prisoners so they can sue for the right to be tried in U.S law -Court ruled the U.S violated federal law and Geneva Convention
What was the relationship between the Great Society and Vietnam?
Building the Great Society had been Lyndon Johnson's biggest priority, and he effectively used his decades of experience in building legislative majorities in a style that ranged from diplomacy to quid pro quo deals to bullying. In the summer of 1964, he deployed these political skills to secure congressional approval for a new strategy in Vietnam—with fateful consequences.
What did the US army sometimes do to Vietnamese villages as in My Lai? What are the details of the My Lai massacre? Why do you think half of the respondents to the Minnesota poll referenced in your textbook believed that the attack had not actually taken place?
Burn them Two platoons entered it, shooting randomly. A group of seventy to eighty unarmed people, including children and infants, were forced into an irrigation ditch by members of the First Platoon under the command of Lt. William L. Calley, Jr. Despite their proclamations of innocence, the villagers were shot. Houses were set on fire, and as the inhabitants tried to flee, they were killed with rifles, machine guns, and grenades.
In what year did the blowout occur? What were the effects of this spill?
1969 Media attention to the oil-slickened, animals - through photographs, and television news coverage - rapidly shift public opinion in favor of the environmental protection
How many explosives were dropped in Vietnam? What companies made Agent Orange and Napalm? What effects did these chemicals have on people who were exposed to them?
7.7 million tons of explosives were dropped Dow Chemical and Monsanto were the two largest producers of Agent Orange for the U.S. military, and were named in the suit, along with the dozens of other companies (Diamond Shamrock, Uniroyal, Thompson Chemicals, Hercules, etc.).
At its peak, how many US troops served in Vietnam?
9,087,000
What is the relationship between deniers and Exxon-Mobil (the fossil fuel industry)?
9/10 are related to Exxon
What events led to Operation Desert Storm? In other words, why did the US and a coalition of countries invade the Middle East in 1991? How successful was this operation?
A deadline was set for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, or face serious consequences. Wary of not having sufficient domestic support for combat, Bush first deployed troops to the area to build up forces in the region and defend Saudi Arabia via Operation Desert Shield (Figure 31.13). On January 14, Bush succeeded in getting resolutions from Congress authorizing the use of military force against Iraq, and the U.S. then orchestrated an effective air campaign, followed by Operation Desert Storm, a one-hundred-hour land war involving over 500,000 U.S. troops and another 200,000 from twenty-seven other countries, which expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait by the end of February
How much scientific evidence have we accumulated that humans are warming the planet through the emissions of greenhouse gases? A fair amount? A small amount? If you don't know the answer, look at the climate change supplement.
A large amount
Describe the Santa Barbara oil "spill" or "blowout."
A major eruption of an oil well occurred on Union Platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel
