History 7 LPC final

Washington could have been King, Congress in effect offered him a crown but he spurned it. And in the process he gave us a whole new definition of greatness, which was renunciation of power, not the embrace of it. And it's not accident, that on his deathbed Napoleon said:

"They wanted me to be another Washington."

Everything in the diggings cost too much: a dollar a pound for potatoes, eggs at 50 cents apiece, $20 for a bottle of rum. John Sutter peddled wheat to hungry miners at $36 a barrel. At his store, the Mormon Sam Brannan was clearing ____________ a day in profits exchanging tools for gold dust.

$2,000

In 1850, American miners pressured the California legislature into enacting a monthly tax of _____ on all miners who were not United States Thousands of foreigners were forced to leave the gold fields, the tax was far more than they could pay.

$20

Robert E. Lee swore renewed allegiance to the United States and by so doing, persuaded thousands of his former soldiers to do the same. He was weary, ailing, and without work in the summer of 1865, when an insurance firm offered him _____________ just for the use of his name. He turned it down. "I cannot consent to receive pay for services I do not render."

$50,000

Frederick Douglass was so eloquent that skeptics charged he could never have been a slave. In part to prove them wrong, he wrote an autobiography, purchased his freedom with _______ obtained from English admirers, and returned to the struggle.

$600

It was a daring move. Defying all military convention, Lee divided his tiny force and then attacked the huge Union Army, gambling that McClellan would be too cautious to move into Richmond. Lee's assault did not work. He lost ____________ men, but he would not let up.

1,500

the extra credit question: All the presidents in order (1pt per president):

1. George Washington 2. John Adams 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison 5. James Monroe 6. John Q. Adams 7. Andrew Jackson 8. Martin V. Buren 9. William Harrison 10. John Tyler 11. James K. Polk 12. Zachary Taylor 13. Millard Fillmore 14. Franklin Pierce 15. James Buchanan 16. Abraham Lincoln 17. Andrew Johnson 18. Ulysses S. Grant 19. Rutherford B. Hayes 20. James A. Garfield

Robert E. Lee was a fighter. Wanting to get at the Union men who had dared to invade his state, Lee renamed his force "The Army of _____________________," seized the initiative and never let it go.

Northern Virginia

At 7:22 on the morning of April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln He was 56 years old. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton said, "_____________________"

Now, he belongs to the ages.

In Washington, John Wilkes Booth dropped by Fords Theater to pick up his mail. A stagehand told him the President and General Grant were both expected to attend that night to see the actress Laura Keene in a British comedy called "_______________________".

Our American Cousin

Five days after the disaster at Bull Run, a new general took over what was now called the Army of the ______________. George Brinton McClellan, only thirty-four, seemed just what the North needed. He brought with him to the demoralized capital what one aide called "an indescribable air of success"

Potomac

On June 7th, 1776 , ___________________________ of Virginia , introduced a resolution that declared that "these united colonies, are, and of right, ought to be free and independent states."

Richard Henry Lee

But Secretary of State ___________ worried that until the Army had won a real victory; emancipation would seem like the last shriek on the retreat. Lincoln agreed to wait for a victory.

Seward

Three and a half million men went to war. _________________________________ men died in it, as many as in all the rest of Americas wars combined. One quarter of the South's White men of military age were dead.

Six hundred and twenty thousand

Do we hate this class?

Yes, yes we do

His pockets contained two pairs of spectacles, a pocketknife, a linen handkerchief and a wallet. In it were nine newspaper clippings, and ________________________.

a Confederate five-dollar bill

As 1862 dragged on, the character of the war was changing, and much of the country was changing with it. By 1862, more than ___________ farm workers had enlisted in the Union Army, and travellers in the Midwest saw more women at work in the fields than men.

a million

Of the tens of thousands of men who swarmed into California in 1849 , more than half of them were in their 20s. "A grey beard was almost as rare as _____________," one man remembered.

a petticoat

Jefferson said, "I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to him, and not to the priests, for it is in our lives, and not from our words, that our religion must be read. But this does not satisfy the priesthood. They must have a positive, a declared assent to all their interested absurdities. My opinion is that there would never have been an infidel, if there never had never been ________________________________________."

a priest

The first gun that was fired at Fort Sumter sounded the death knell of slavery. They who fired it were the greatest practical _____________ this nation has produced.

abolitionists

And part of Jefferson's genius was to articulate at a sufficiently ____________ level these principles, these truths, that we all want to believe in. The level was sufficiently abstract so that we don't have to notice that these truths are, at some level, unattainable, and in, and in another level, mutually exclusive. Perfect freedom doesn't lead to perfect equality. Usually, it leads to inequality. But Jefferson's geniuses to assert them at a level of abstraction, where they have a kind of rhapsodic, inspirational quality.

abstract

Those who oppose the constitution are known as the ___________________. As the debates intensify, it is clear that they are in the majority.

anti-federalists

No one had been more accommodating to the Americans than Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , the descendant of Spanish soldiers who had conquered Mexico and colonized California . He had built himself a vast empire in the fertile Sonoma Valley. He welcomed the first wave of forty-niners, and hoped to profit himself from the gold rush. With its wealth and sudden population of 90,000 American citizens, California demanded immediate statehood and, in 1850, got it. Vallejo helped draw up the new State Constitution, and served in the first State Senate. But in the overcrowded mining camps, tensions rose as Americans began to suggest that there was no room in California for ________________.

anyone but them

That fall, Lincoln elevated McClellan to General-in-Chief, replacing the aging Winfield Scott. "I can do it all," McClellan said. But he did nothing. As summer turned to autumn, it became increasingly clear that having made a magnificent army, George McClellan, had no immediate plans to lead it _________________________.

anywhere

Jefferson's earliest memory was of _________________________________ at the age of two, by one of his father's slaves

being carried on a pillow

In October, 1789, as the French Revolution intensified, Jefferson, his two daughters, and their slaves, sailed at last for home. He took with him thirty-eight boxes of books, hampers of wine, statuary, and food unobtainable in America. Parmesan cheese, raisins and macaroni. Eighty-six more crates would follow on another ship. As usual, he had spent __________________________________________.

beyond his means

John Sutter had expected the gold rush to make him richer than ever. Instead, it ruined him. Squatters took over his land, creditors dogged him, and he began to drink heavily. Finally, someone ______________________.

burned down his house

Men were more likely to die by drowning at a river crossing, or _______________________ than they were at the hands of Indians. The Sac and the Fox, the Pawnees and Kickapoos, charged tolls at bridges and fords. The Potawatomis sold the emigrants bacon, beef and vegetables, and charged from one to five dollars to ferry emigrants across the Kansas River.

by an accident with their own guns

The popularly elected legislators pass laws, which in effect _________________________, trampling on the property rights of the creditors.

cancel all debts

We have a civil religion in this country, and he provided a __________________. You wanna be an American, here's what you would believe. No one knows how you become French. No one knows where Germany comes from. We know when we started. We know the afternoon of July 4th, 1776, and we know how to become an American. You come here and you assent. Then you're an American, just as American as anybody whose family has been here for 10 generations. You're in, you're it.

catechism

The founding fathers have addressed the issue of power in an entirely new way. They have put forward the idea that only in a large democracy with an extensive system of ____________________________, can you protect the rights of the minorities from potential tyranny by the majority. It was a revolution in democratic thought.

checks and balances

The real danger on the plains was __________, with its soaring fevers, chronic dysentery and ghastly death from dehydration. Some 1,500 of the gold seekers who set out for California that spring died from it on the trail.

cholera

Separation of church and state had not occurred in our culture, in our whole history, and it simply never occurred before. The most revolutionary thing about the revolution, as it worked out into a new government, was that one step, the separation of ______________________________________________________.

church and state

Madison said faction would be the savior of democracy, because by having more _____________________, more diversity in the modern language, you will prevent the emergence of a stable potentially oppressive majority.

competing factions

At the end of the American revolutionary period that idea was dead as a doornail and the assumption was that power legitimacy flowed upwards and that the source of stability was a ___________________________ So one paradigm shattered a new paradigm, the paradigm of modern politics was in place.

consenting mass

Confederate Gospel held that Britain and France could not survive without Southern ___________. Before long, one or both would surely intervene on behalf of the Confederacy to end the Union blockade.

cotton

Hamilton wants a uniform _____________ and uniform _________________ within the country.

currency, internal trade

The old hierarchies are breaking down. Gone is the colonial world of ___________.

deference

On Sunday evening, October 16th, 1859, the radical abolitionist, John Brown, led five blacks and thirteen whites into Harper's Ferry, Virginia. He brought along a wagon load of guns to arm the slaves he was sure would rally to him. Once they had, he planned to lead them southward, along the crest of the Appalachians and _______________________.

destroy slavery

On the morning of July 22nd, 1862, the president called a Cabinet meeting. What he said took everyone by surprise. After long thought, he told them, he had decided to ___________________.

emancipate the slaves

By summer, he knew what tactic was needed to win the war, ____________________, but doubted whether he would ever have the political or military opportunity to use it.

emancipation

To Lincoln, it was clear now that it was no longer possible to restore the old Union. A new one had to be ____________.

embraced

The towns of Marysville and Honey Lake paid bounties for Indian scalps. Shasta City offered ______ dollars for every Indian head brought to city hall. And California's state treasury reimbursed many of the local governments for their expenses.

five

Lincoln, as a result of Antietam, converted the war to a higher plane. Again the master politician, he announces the preliminary emancipation proclamation, but of course it doesn't _______________________________.

free a single slave in revolt

Four millions of Americans had been freed after four years of agony. But the meaning of freedom in American life remained unresolved. The emancipated slaves own nothing, one Tennessee planter wrote, because "nothing but ____________ has been given them."

freedom

Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, the right of trial by jury, and _______________________________. Overtime, the Bill of Rights has proven to be a significant as the constitution itself, the ultimate protection for the rights of a vast diversity of humanity, who in the centuries to follow will call themselves American.

freedom of the press

To preserve the Constitution, Lincoln had, for three months, gone beyond it, waging war without congressional consent. Seizing Northern telegraph offices, suspending habeas corpus. To keep the Border States from seceding, Lincoln sent troops to occupy Baltimore and clapped the mayor and 19 secessionist legislators in jail without trial. Chief Justice Taney ruled that the President had exceeded his power. Lincoln simply ignored him. "More rogues than honest man find shelter under _________________________."

habeas corpus

Mary Todd Lincoln never recovered from his husband's murder. Her son Ted died in 1871. Five years later, her eldest son Robert __________ . She spent her last years in Springfield, rarely leaving her room whose curtains were never raised.

had her committed to a mental institution

The qualities that served Ulysses S. Grant so well in war, stubbornness, independence, and aversion to politics deserted him in peacetime. He entered in the White House, pledged to peace and honesty and Civil Rights, but corruption tainted his two terms. After the Presidency, he settled in Manhattan where he lends his name to a Wall Street brokerage firm. Another partner in the firm stole millions from the shareholders in 1884 and bankrupted the Grant Once again, U.S. Grant was penniless. At almost the same moment, he was found to be suffering from inoperable cancer of the throat. Determined to provide for his family before he died, he set to work writing his memoirs. In the summer 1885, he moved to a cottage at Mt. McGregor in the Adirondacks. Unable now to eat or speak, he sat on front porch in the afternoons, laboring over his manuscript. He finished it on July 16th and died one week later. Grant's memoirs sold _________________ copies and restored his family's fortune.

half a million

William Faulkner said once that history is not was, it's is and what we need to remember about Civil War is that, the civil is that the Civil War is in the present as well as in the past. The generation that fought the war, the generation argued over the definition of the war, the generation that had to pay the price and blood, that had to pay the price and blasted hopes on a lost future also established a standard that will not mean anything until we ____________________________.

have finished the work

Roughly two-thirds of the Forty- niners came from the United States, and two-thirds of them were from New England. But the miners also included slaves, free Blacks, even Cherokees forced out of Georgia twenty years earlier when gold had been found on their land. "The rest of the miners," one American wrote, "came from every hole and corner in the world." California now had more ____________ than any other part of the United States .

immigrants

Before the war, it was said the United States are, grammatically it was spoken that way and thought of as a collection of independent states. And after the war, it was always the United States _____ as we say today without being self-conscious at all.

is

The Civil War established the fact that a popular government could survive. That it could overcome an internal cessation movement that could destroy it. So, the war becomes, in essence it becomes a testament for the _____________________ of the human spirit for all time

liberation

For Abraham Lincoln, the Declaration of Independence was to be taken ______________. All men had the right to rise as far as talent would take them, just as he had. He detested slavery, but he called for its restriction, not immediate abolition.

literally

At 27, Jefferson moved to the hill which he and Dabney Carr had named Tom's mountain when they were boys. He renamed it Monticello, Italian for _______________________, and began to build himself a house.

little mountain

Jefferson was a life-long champion of small government, who took it upon himself to __________________ of his country.

more than double the size

On April 26, the Union Cavalry trapped John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia tobacco barn and set it to fire. His accomplice, David Herold, Booth preferred death; the soldier shot him in the __________. At the end, he asked to have his hands raised, looked at them and said, "Useless, useless."

neck

For Americans , the wild west is only several hundred miles England . Most of the continent is still peopled by Indians. With the coming of peace, the way is now open for a steady stream of migration. In time, this will decimate native American culture. But in 1783 , most Indians have __________________. For the losers of this war, the several hundred thousand Americans who had chosen to remain loyal to the crown, the American victory is a disaster. Many are forced to flee. Some go to Canada to start a new life, others to England

never even seen a white man

As Mrs. Jefferson lay dying, she told Jefferson that she could not die happy if she thought her children were ever to have a stepmother brought in over them. Holding her hand in his, Mr. Jefferson promised to her solemnly that he would _____________________________________. And he never did.

never marry again

Jefferson distilled a century of enlightenment thinking into one remarkable sentence, which began, "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal," yet he owned more than 200 human beings, and ______________________________. "

never saw fit to free them

The odds against the Southern victory were long. There were nearly twenty-one million people in the North, just ________ million in the Confederacy, and four million of them were slaves, whom their masters did not dare arm.

nine

United States was bankrupt as it had _____________________________.

no ability to tax

how much do we hate this class

oh so much rn

Because of gold, Spanish-speaking families who had lived in California for three quarters of a century would suddenly find themselves surrounded by strangers and robbed of their land. And because of gold, California's Indians would be ____________________________________. "The Gold Rush revolutionized America ," wrote one man who had seen it all. It was the beginning of our national madness, our insanity of greed.

overwhelmed, enslaved and then slaughtered

In 1776 , when Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men were created equal, 539,000 Americans, one-fifth of the population, were _________________________________.

owned by other Americans

On the clear moonlit night of November 7th, 1837, a mob surrounded a warehouse at Alton, Illinois, intent on destroying an anti-slavery newspaper run by the Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy. When one of the mob moved to set the building on fire, Lovejoy, armed with a pistol, came out to stop him. The slavery men shot him dead, and dumped his ____________________into the Mississippi.

printing press

One officer suggested his commander was motivated either by cowardice or treason. In just one week, Lee had completely unnerved the Union general, and demonstrated for the first time the strengths that would make him a legend. Surprise, audacity and an eerie ability to _______________________. In just seven days, McClellan had been totally out-generalled.

read his opponent's mind

September 19th, 1787, the constitution is made public. For the majority of the country expecting only a revision of the Articles of Confederation, it is a ___________________________________.

real shock

From the start of the war, slaves fled their plantations for the Union lines, But Lincoln's policy was clear. Despite pressure from the abolitionist, he insisted he was making war on __________________, not slavery, and ordered the army to return fugitives to their owners.

secession

En route to Washington, the President's train stopped at Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, and New York. In Philadelphia, warned of plots to kill him, Lincoln declared he would rather be assassinated than ___________________________________________________. Two days later, he reluctantly cancelled plans for a grand arrival in Washington, and slipped into the capital by train at dawn, wrapped in a shawl and protected by two-armed guards.

see a single star removed from the American flag

Jefferson had, in his first draft, blamed the English king, for encouraging and sustaining the slave trade, but all mention of it was dropped from his text, when slave-owning patriots objected. The new nation had simply __________________________ the issue.

sidestepped

And when he sees Rhode Island charging Massachusetts a_____________ every time someone brings eggs from one state to the other, he is absolutely disgusted.

tarrif

William Tecumseh Sherman remained a soldier, fighting Indians and shunning politics until his retirement in 1883. "If nominated, I will not run," he told the Republican delegation urging him to run for president. "If elected, I will not serve." He died in New York City in the winter of 1891. Among the honorary pallbearers who stood bareheaded in the cold wind outside the church was 82-year-old Joe Johnston, who had fought Sherman in Georgia and the Carolinas. When a friend warned him he might fall ill, Johnston told him, "If I were in Sherman's place and he were standing here in mine, he would not put on his hat." Johnston died _____ days later of pneumonia.

ten

Jefferson says, "I think you ought to do it." And Adams says, "No. Three reasons, you must do it. First you are a Virginian, and a Virginian must be at the head of this business. Second, I, John Adams , am disliked and obnoxious, and if I write it, it will lack credibility. And third, you are _____________________________________________."

ten times better a writer than I am

Levi Strauss , a Jewish immigrant from Germany , turned up in San Francisco with a bolt of cotton duck he thought would be perfect for making ________. It turned out to be the wrong material, but Strauss used it to make a miner a pair of durable trousers. Soon other miners were asking for those pants of Levi's

tents

A country founded on three pieces of paper; -________________________________, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Their words express the ideals, the standard by which we judge our actions. In time and ever widening circle of groups will demand to be included in the phrase "We the people." It is an ongoing struggle, one which began as soon as the words were written over two centuries ago.

the Declaration of Independence

Others heard it as "___________________________." For a long moment the theater was still, then Mary Lincoln screamed.

the South is avenged

The comfortable life Jefferson led at Monticello, like the lives led by all his fellow planters, depended entirely on _________________________________________.

the labor of slaves

When Jefferson heard that poor Massachusetts farmers had taken up arms against their creditors, frightening his old friend John Adams, he sided with the ________________.

the rebels

Booth fired then bolted over the front of the box, caught his right spur on the draped flag and landed on the stage, breaking his left leg. He waved his dagger and shouted something to the stunned audience. Some thought he said, "Sic semper tyrannis," "_____________________," Virginia's state motto.

thus be it ever to tyrants

At the beginning of the American revolutionary period we lived in a late aristocratic world. The assumption was that wisdom, power, stability had to flow from the ___________________________________.

top to the bottom

This misconceptions about Davis are so strange; it is as if a gigantic conspiracy was launched. It was partly launched by Southerners who having been lost the war, they did not want to blame it on the generals, so they blamed it on the politicians. And of course, Davis was a chief politician, so it was Southerners that was more than the Northerners who ______________ Captain Davis.

vilified

With the arrest of his President, the Confederate government ceased to exist. Davis was sent north to Virginia under heavy guard. Northern newspapers spread the false rumor that Davis had been apprehended _____________________________. North and South, he was reviled as the villain of the war.

wearing women's clothes

Within a few short years, the surface gold in California was all but gone. Most of what gold remained could no longer be retrieved by a single miner with a pick or shovel or pan no matter how hard he worked. It lay at the bottom of rivers, in veins of quartz that could only be reached by deep shafts, or hidden in hillsides from which it had to be blasted by powerful streams of water. Big machinery required big money. California's goldfields were soon controlled by investors with headquarters in San Francisco, and worked by miners who now labored for a _________________________.

weekly pay check

One California law made it legal to declare any jobless Indian a vagrant, then auction his services off for up to four months. And it permitted Whites to force Indian children to work for them until they were 18, provided the permission of what the law called "a friend was obtained first." Whites hunted down adult Indians in the mountains, kidnapped their children and sold them as apprentices for as little as $50. "If ever an Indian was fully and honestly paid for his labor," one White settler said, "it was not my luck to hear of it." Indians could not complain in court because by another California statute, "no Indian or black or mulatto person was permitted to give evidence in favor of or against a _______________."

white person

When you stop and think to yourself, do you really believe all men are created equal, or all people, let us say, are created equal, you have a, a trouble believing it, but you don't ever _______________________. If the equality clause will trouble us, a thousand years as Frost said, if it'll trouble us, then the pursuit of happiness will mystify us forever.

wish it hadn't been written

"We are," as Lincoln said, Lincoln being the greatest student of Jefferson of them all, "We are a nation dedicated to a proposition." Jefferson _______________________________.

wrote the proposition

The Confederate Government, its capital now in Richmond, called for ______________ volunteers. So many Southerners volunteered that a third of them had to be sent home.

100,000

On the day Sumter fell, the regular Army of the United States consisted of fewer than _______________ men, most of whom were stationed in the far west. Only two of its generals had ever commanded an army in the field, and both were long past their prime. Winfield Scott, the hero of the Mexican War, Old Fuss and Feathers, was too fat even to mount a horse.

17,000

When you end monarchy, you end the sense of being a subject, you end the sense of inequality prevailing everywhere. And I think when you become a citizen, you are saying everyone is equal and not subject to anyone. You are equal to each other. And that had a pervasive effect. Servitude for example, white servitude declined very rapidly and finally disappears altogether by ________ . Whereas in the pre-revolutionary period as many as half the population of Philadelphia had been, at one point in their lives, bonded servants. So you have a real change.

1800

Radical abolitionists in the North complained that Lincoln's opposition to slavery did not go far enough. But to most people in the South, the prospect of Lincoln's election posed a lethal threat. The ______ campaign had become a referendum on the Southern way of life.

1860

The signal to fire the first shot was given by a civilian, Edmund Ruffin, a Virginia farmer and editor, who had preached secession for ____ years. "Of course," he said, "I was delighted to perform the service."

20

In 1854, Congress allowed settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery. Kansas exploded. Five thousand pro-slavery men invaded the territory. In the next three months, ______ men died in bleeding Kansas. The killing would not stop for 10 years. In 1857, the Supreme Court refused to free a slave, Dred Scott, even though he had lived for many years on free soil. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said a black man had no rights a white man was bound to respect.

200

There were some 150,000 Indians in California before the Forty-niners came. By 1870 , there would be fewer than ____________. It was the worst slaughter of Indian peoples in United States

30,000

In the fall of 1849, the village of San Francisco had barely 2,000 residents. Just one year later, the population had grown to nearly ________, and it had become the West's first full-fledged city.

35,000

The realism that struck them above all else was there are so damn many miners. There were ___________ miners in the mining camps and the mining regions of California by the fall of 1849 . There had only been six or seven thousand in the fall of 1848

40,000

In 1852, because of intense competition between Chinese miners and Anglo-American miners, the legislature passed a second foreign miners tax. This law was in effect from 1852 to 1870 and the revenues, the state revenues, collected from Chinese miners constituted ____ percent of the income of the state of California .

50

By the beginning of 1849, over ________________ American gold seekers had decided to head for California.

50,000

To put more pressure on Europe, the Confederates cut cotton production _______ percent. Two-and-a-half million bales were burned or left to rot on Confederate wharves to keep it out of English hands.

90

In 1774 , as the colonists prepared for the first time to meet together in Philadelphia , at what they called a Continental Congress, Jefferson wrote ________________________________________. He boldly argued that since the association between crown and colonist was purely voluntary, parliament had no inherent authority over Americans.

A Summary View of the Rights of British America

On September 22nd, just five days after the ______________________________, the president issued his Emancipation Proclamation. "If my name ever goes into history," Lincoln said, "it will be for this act."

Battle of Antietam

They established a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence, to which all 13 colonies could subscribe. _______________________ was asked to write the first draft, and refused. He made it a policy, he said, not to write documents subject to editing by others. Jefferson and Adams were assigned the task.

Benjamin Franklin

These men had just come out of a war. They had risked their lives to fight for no taxation without representation and the power of local government and all men are created equal. And within a few short years what is being proposed about the creation of a central government that looks suspiciously to them just like the _____________________________ that they have been fighting against.

British government

A week before the Battle of Bull Run, Sullivan Ballou, a major in the second Rhode Island volunteers, wrote home to his wife in Smithfield. Sullivan Ballou was killed a week later at the First Battle of ____________________.

Bull Run

On February 18th, a few minutes after noon, Jefferson Davis stood on the steps of the Alabama State House at Montgomery. He took the Oath of Office as president of the Provisional __________________ States of America.

Confederate

The local militia join with the farmers. __________________, the leader of the insurgents, becomes a folk hero. Soon debtor rebellions are breaking out in all thirteen states. The debtors are by far the majority.

Daniel Shays

In Philadelphia, Lincoln's coffin lay in the Independence Hall where he declared he would rather be assassinated than surrender the principles embodied in the _______________________________.

Declaration of Independence

When the news of the surrender reached _________________, the old Virginia secessionist who had fired one of the first shots at Fort Sumter, he draped a rebel flag over his shoulders and shot himself. "Rather than live," he wrote, "in a restored union with members of the Yankee race."

Edmund Ruffin

The Civil War began at 4:30 a.m. on the 12th of April 1861. General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard ordered his Confederate gunners to open fire on _____________.

Fort Sumter

By 1860, the last year of peace, one out of every seven Americans belonged to another American. ________________ men, women, and children were slaves.

Four million

On December 31st, a large crowd of abolitionists including Harriet Tubman and Wendell Phillips gathered together in the music hall in Boston. At midnight, the Emancipation Proclamation would take effect. On the stage, William Lloyd Garrison wept with joy beside ____________________.

Frederick Douglass

It was one of the world's great commercial empires, one of the world's great cities within a matter of four or five years. The simple reason was gold. There's no other way to explain it. _____________ worth of gold was pulled out of California's mines and streams between 1849 and 1860 .

Half a billion dollars

The cheering crowd called for _________________________. She stood in the balcony, tears in her eyes. At a Washington, D.C. contraband camp, former slaves testified. One remembered the sale of his daughter. "Now, no more of that," he said. "They can't sell my wife and children anymore. Bless the Lord."

Harriet Beecher Stowe

All but one of the Battles of the Seven Days were Union victories, yet McClellan treated them as defeats, continuing to back down until he reached the safety of Federal gunboats at __________________________ on the James River. Union officers urged a counter attack. Lee had lost 20,000 men, McClellan

Harrison's Landing

On the Sea Islands off South Carolina, Federal agents read the proclamation aloud to former slaves under the spreading boughs of a huge oak tree. As the commander of a new all-black regiment unfurled an American flag, his men broke into song. "_________________________________" he wrote.

It seemed the choked voice of a race at last unloosed

In the end both sides are victorious. The constitution is ratified by the states and becomes the law of the land and Congress begins work on a Bill of Rights. Ironically, it is __________________ himself who drafts the document and becomes its strongest supporter.

James Madison

It frees, only as a war measure, it only frees the slaves in states where the Confederacy is in control, and it will take effect on the first day of _______________.

January

The South was outraged. ________________________ called it the most execrable measure recorded in the history of guilty man.

Jefferson Davis

The first gold had been found on the land of the Swiss-born adventurer named ________________, who had already created a 50,000-acre empire for himself in California . If he could keep the discovery quiet, he believed, it would make him rich beyond his wildest imaginings. But rumors began to spread.

John Sutter

"You may forgive us", a surrendering rebel officer told _____________________________ after the ceremony at Appomattox, "but we won't be forgiven. There is a rancor in our hearts which you little dream of. We hate you sir."

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

Throughout the whole campaign, Lee carefully observed McClellan's tentative advance up the peninsula. As McClellan was preparing at last to lay siege to Richmond, Lee surprised him, first at _________________ on June 26.

Mechanicsville