History Alive: 2 Early Hominids

Paleoanthropologist's have studied the remains and artifacts of five groups of hominids.

*Australopithecus Afarensis*: Lucy & her relatives *Homo Habilis*: Handy man *Homo Erectus*: Upright man *Homo Sapeins Neanderthalensis*: Neanderthal man *Homo Sapiens Sapiens*: Doubly wise man

homo sapiens sapians *Doubly Wise Man* 5

*Doubly Wise Man* ·*lived 150,000 years ago* ·originated in Africa then migrated Europe, Asia, Austr ·looked like us: rounded skulls, large brains, small teeth, slender bones ·survived bc better tools, shelter, & clothing ·more complex tools than neanderthals ·attached thin blades to bone, antler & stone ·invented spear thrower & bow and arrow ·sewing needles ·skilled hunters: hooks & spears to catch fish ·shelter of earth & stone ·created artwork signed with handprints ·left behind record of lives ·expressed thoughts through pictures & symbols ·painted to express themselves, teach or religious purp ·carved & shaped images out of clay, bone, flint & ivory ·musical instruments ·communicated feelings & contributed to development of complex language

Homo habilis *Handy Man* 2

*Handy Man* ·earliest to make simple stone tools ·*lived 1.5-2 million years ago* ·like Lucy human & ape-like features, smaller teeth, flatter faces*more human ·walked on two feet (biped) *taller than Lucy ·brain twice the size of Lucy's ·only in Africa ·lived in groups ·simple tools: digging sticks, chopping & cutting tools ·lived better and longer than Lucy ·not a direct ancestor of modern humans (homo sapiens) ·extinct 1.5 million years ago (dead end)

Australopithecus Afarensis *Lucy and her relatives* 1 Australopithecus: "southern ape" Afarensis: Afar Triangle, part of Africa Lucy was found

*Lucy and her relatives* ·earliest known group of hominids ·*lived 3-4 million years ago in Africa* ·walk on two feet (biped) *hands are free ·gather & carry food ·use hands to defend themselves & children ·short compared to humans today ·mix of ape & human features ·brain 1/3 size of of modern humans ·no tools found ·could not speak

homo sapiens neanderthalensis *Neanderthal Man* 4

*Neanderthal Man* ·large brained (same group as humans)= intelligence ·*lived 200,000-28,000 years ago* ·Africa, Europe & parts of Western Asia ·shorter, stockier & stronger than humans ·complex tools: knives, blades, spears & scrapers ·tools improved chances for survival ·lived & traveled in groups- community ·hunt in organized group- community ·burial rituals & injured were helped (healed bones) ·lived communities & cared for each other ·existed w/early humans for approx 10,000 yrs ·1 type of Homo sapiens survived to become early modern humans

homo erectus* *Upright Man* 3

*Upright Man* ·stood up straight ·*lived from 1.8 million to 200,000 years ago* ·first to migrate out of Africa into Asia and Europe ·taller & thinner some reaching height of modern humans ·good toolmakers: complex tools like axes of stone ·used fire ·cooked meat ·kept them warm ·shelters to protect from the cold ·hunters or gatherers? because ate more meat ·built huts ·survived longer because could adapt

hominids

A group of primates that include humans and pre-human ancestors.

*anthropologist*

A scientist who studies human development and culture.

*capability*

Ability or skill

*hominid*

An early ancestor of humans.

how evolution works

Animals with advantages traits survive long enough to breed and pass those traits on. Those with bad traits don't survive.

primate

Any of an order of mammals that are characterized by hands and feet that grasp, a relatively large complex brain, and vision in which objects are seen in three dimensions and that includes human beings, apes, monkeys, and related forms (as lemurs and tarsiers) Primates have many features in common. In general, they have large brains, eyes that face forward

Paleontologists have assembled a story to explain how humans came to exist on Earth.

Based on evidence from the fossil record paleontologists think that the first hominids split off from apes between 6-8 million years ago.

how we evolved

Each of our ancestors slowly developed more anymore human characteristics. ·increasing brain size ·taller bodies ·the use of fire ·forming primitive societies

primates

Humans and apes belong to an order of mammals called primates. ·share common ancestor

*theory* of evolution

In science a *theory* is far more than just a guess. It's an idea that's been repeatedly confirmed by experimentation and hard evidence.

Why did Johanson nickname the earliest hominid "Lucy?"

The Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," was playing at his celebration party.

Human evolution

The lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

evolution

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. synonyms: Darwinism, natural selection

evolution

The process by which life forms change over a number of generations.

*migrate*

To move from one geographic region to another.

The remains of the hominids like Lucy have been found in the same area?

True

bipeds

capable of walking on two feet ·Lucy

process of evolution

humans and apes split off into separate species from common ancestor

did humans come from monkeys

not exaclty

paleontologists

scientists who study fossils

Paleoanthropologist

specialize in studying the development and culture of the earliest hominids. paleo means "ancient"

Lucy

·bones of a female hominid ·lived 3-4 million years ago ·earliest hominids ever discovered ·3-4 feet tall ·mix of ape and human features. Long arms, hands & feet similar to a modern human's. Large head, and her forehead and jaw stuck out from her face. ·biped

advantages of biped

·gather and carry food more easily ·use hands to defend themselves and children

Sahelanthropus tchadonsis

·oldest found hominid ·lived 6-7 million years ago ·like all early ancestors called Africa home ·only an incomplete skull was found ·has enough in common with later hominids scientist pretty certain that human ancestor