History Bowl

After this event, Isidore of Kiev wrote to Pope Nicholas V detailing how he survived by dressing up a dead body in his cardinal robes. The Blachernae district and Giovanni Giustiniani were integral to the defense in this conflict. Basilica cannons designed by the Hungarian engineer Urban damaged the defenders' walls. Chains connected forts on both sides of the Bosporus before this event. Following this event, the Ottoman army looted a city for three days and the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. For 10 points, name this 1453 siege which saw the Ottomans sack the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

fall of Constantinople [accept clear knowledge equivalents like sack of Constantinople]

A Belgian movement combining this ideology with Catholicism was led by Leon Degrelle and known as Rexism, while Ferenc Szalasi advocated this ideology through his Arrow Cross Party. Another party following this ideology took power after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, which led to the Aventine Secession. Columns of adherents to this ideology participated in the March on Rome, including a paramilitary organization known as the Blackshirts. Its name comes from the Latin term for a bundle of rods tied to an axe. For 10 points, name this authoritarian ideology that calls for adherence to national community, adopted by Mussolini's Italy and Nazi Germany.

fascism

These people are the focus of both the Dublin Regulation and the "EASY" system. Frontex's Operation Triton assists these people, and they are often targeted by Matteo Silvi and the Northern League. These people were the characteristic residents of the Calais (*) "jungle," and a Hungarian camerawoman was filmed kicking one of these people. Alan Kurdi was a three-year old one of these people photographed lying lifeless on a beach after drowning, and nearly half of these people from 2015 to 2016 were Syrian in origin. For 10 points, name these people fleeing often war-torn countries to enter more prosperous Western European countries.

migrants (accept immigrants and emmigrants, I guess; accept refugees or displaced peoples or any reasonable synonym; accept any country of origin; prompt on just "young children" and synonyms after "Alan Kurdi" is read)

One account from a Paris College attributed this occurrence to the conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. This event's beginning was eventually traced to an attack Mongols made against the Italian trading city of Caffa, and this event claimed the life of Alfonso XI of Castile during the Siege of Gibraltar. The Brotherhood of Flagellants rose to prominence during this period. This event was caused by stowaway rats carrying the Yersinia pestis bacterium. FTP, name this disease that killed over a third of the population of Europe in the 14th century.

the Bubonic Plague (accept Black Plague or Black Death)

This country's social code, the Kanun, contains a practice known as gjakmarrja, which obliges one to commit murder to avenge an earlier killing. Novels from this country include Broken April and Chronicles in Stone, both of which were written by Ismail Kadare. A bishop in this country named Fan Noli deposed the reigning monarch (*) Zog in the June Revolution in 1924. This home of Skanderbeg was ruled by the Communist dictator Enver Hoxha from 1944 until 1985. For 10 points, name this majority Muslim Balkan nation whose capital is Tirana.

Albania <SR Misc>

This ruler was able to secure the non-intervention of other European powers as a result of the brutal crushing of the April Uprising, and was able to reach favorable peace terms in the Treaty of San Stefano. Finland began to use the markka as currency thanks to his encouragement, and he repudiated Article 11 of the Paris Peace Treaty by rebuilding the Black Sea Fleet. He signed the Loris-Melikov Constitution and had formulated a plan for a Duma, though he may be better known for ordering the allotment of land to a certain class of people. His reign ended as a result of a bomb attack by the People's Will group. For 10 points, name this reforming Russian Czar who issuing a decree emancipating the serfs in 1861.

Alexander II

One of this ruler's military leaders was nicknamed "Mikhail the Hangman." He banned Polish after the January Uprising but made Finnish a national language. This ruler's successor restricted the rights of Jews with the May Laws. After winning a Russo-Turkish war, this ruler "liberated" Bulgaria in the Treaty of San Stefano. His predecessor was the target of the (*) Decembrist revolt. He instituted a local system of self-government called zemstvo. This tsar, who ended the Crimean War, had many of his reforms reversed after his assassination by "the People's Will" in 1881. For 10 points, name this Russian Tsar who freed the serfs.

Alexander II Romanov [prompt for the number on just "Alexander"]

This was the name of a monarch whose forces seized territory south of the Oxus River in the Panjdeh Incident, which almost prompted war with Great Britain. That monarch with this name signed, with his western neighbor, the Reinsurance Treaty. A ruler with this name was opposed in the failed January Uprising, while another passed non-German May Laws to crack down on Jews. After his country lost the battle of Friedland, a ruler with this name met on a (*) raft to sign the Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon. The Church of the Savior on Blood is dedicated to a ruler with this name, who was assassinated on that spot when his carriage was bombed by the People’s Will. For 10 points, give this name of three Russian tsars, the second of whom emancipated the serfs.

Alexander [number does not matter]

At the conclusion of a war named after this city, France gained the colony of Saint-Domingue after the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick. This city was the home of a banking family which included Jakob the Rich, the Fuggers. The Nine Years' War, during which a huge coalition opposed Louis XIV, is often named after a "League" of this city. A document named after this city is the best known work of Philip Melanchthon. The principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" was established by a treaty signed in this place between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. For 10 points, name this Bavarian city, the namesake of an important Lutheran confession of faith.

Augsburg

Prior to this battle, the proclamation An Mein Volk announced the formation of the Landsturm and theLandwehr. The success of this battle's victors can be attributed to the Treaty of Ried and the tactics ofthe Trachtenberg Plan. Jozef Poniatowski drowned during the retreat from this battle after a bridge overthe Elster river was prematurely destroyed. Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden led troops at thisbattle alongside the Prince of Schwarzenberg. The loser of this battle won the Six Day's Campaign in themonths afterwards, but still was forced to sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau and exiled to Elba. For 10points name this Battle of the Nations, an 1813 loss for Napoléon in Germany.

Battle of Leipzig [or Battle of the Nations before "the Nations" is read]

During this engagement the Inniskillings were hit by artillery fire as they formed square near the La Haye Sainte crossroads. One commander suffered severe pain from a burst hemorrhoid and retreated to his quarters to take a nap during this battle, which was preceded by a skirmish at Quatre Bras. Gebhart Blucher's Prussian forces routed Marshal Ney's right flank in this battle, which brought the Hundred Days to an end. For 10 points, name this battle that ended with its loser's exile to St. Helena, a victory for Wellington and the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Waterloo

One side in this battle launched Operation Greif, a plan for Otto Skorzeny to lead English-speaking German soldiers in infiltrating the American army. During this battle, Joachim Peiper's 'Blowtorch Brigade' executed 113 prisoners-of-war in the Malmedy Massacre. German forces captured the city of Bastogne during this battle, prompting Anthony McAuliffe to cry "Nuts!" The German plan for this battle did not succeed, as the Ardennes offensive failed to drive the advancing allies back to the Meuse River. For 10 points, name this 1944 battle from World War II, which was named for the wedge German armies drove into American lines.

Battle of the Bulge

Steel fortifications at this site were known as the "asparagus bed" or "Stalin's lawn." One man attempted to bypass this structure by swimming across the Spree Canal; after his death, newspapers accused him of homosexuality. One politician predicted that this structure would last another 50 or 100 years; that man was (*) Erich Honecker. Checkpoint Charlie was a crossing point through this site. At the Brandenburg Gate, Ronald Reagan urged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this structure. For 10 points, name this concrete structure that divided the current capital of Germany.

Berlin Wall

The leader of the protestors at this event was saved by Pinhas Rutenberg. This incident occurred a month after a strike at the Putilov Plant. Grand Duke Vladimir ordered the guards to fire on the demonstrators at this event. This event was led by Father Gapon, who presented a petition for universal suffrage and other reforms. Victims in this incident marched on the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. For 10 points, name this event in which forces loyal to Nicholas II fired on peaceful demonstrators, thus sparking the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Bloody Sunday

A later descendant of this family was Pope Innocent X, and this family rose to prominence under Pope Callixtus III. One member of this family campaigned with the French general Yves d'Allegre, and organized the debauched Banquet of the Chestnuts, which was supposedly attended by his father, Pope Alexander VI. Its most famous member campaigned in central Italy and employed Leonardo da Vinci, and was admired by Machiavelli. For 10 points, identify this family with members such as Rodrigo, Lucrezia and Cesare, rivals of the Sforza and Medici.

Borgia [accept Borja]

A child of questionable parentage born into this family was known as the Infans Romanus. A member ofthis family had Alfonso of Aragon smothered with a pillow. One member of this family led the Romagnacampaign and took the title of Duke of Valentinois. Johann Burchard described an event held by thisfamily at which fifty prostitutes crawled around the floor picking up chestnuts. Members of this familyinclude a pope who issued the papal bull Inter Caetera and split the New World via the Treaty ofTordesillas, as well as the dedicatee of Machiavelli's The Prince. For 10 points, name this family whosemembers included Alexander VI, Lucrezia, and Cesare.

Borgia family [or the Borja (bor-hah) family]

A main advocate for this event kissed a wild salmon on his last day of campaigning for it, and that man burned a giant check to "show what happens to our cash every week" as a result of this event not occurring. One campaign pushing for this event said it would give the National Health Service 350 million (*) pounds every week, and Nicola Sturgeon suggested a vote for the independence of her country as a result of this event. This event caused Marine Le Pen to insist for a similar referendum in France, saying that nation "had a thousand more reasons to leave". For ten points, name this June 23, 2016 referendum which voted that a certain country should leave the European Union.

Brexit referendum [accept Britain leaving the EU and other equivalents, anti-prompt on England leaving the EU] <AG>

This man apocryphally told a dying subordinate that “Breisach is ours.†That agent of this man was an operative known as Father Joseph. The Marquis of Cinq-Mars unsuccessfully tried to get him executed, and in a play by Bulwer-Lytton, he utters the infamous sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.†He personally commanded the siege of La (*) Rochelle and was almost toppled in the Day of the Dupes, although his nemesis, the queen mother Marie de’Medici, was defeated instead. This man officially established L’Academie francaise and crushed a Huguenot rebellion in 1628. This man, known as the Red Eminence, was succeeded as minister by his pupil, Jules Mazarin. For 10 points, name this French cardinal, the chief minister to Louis XIII.

Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand Jean du Plessis]

This man had his hand in the fur trade as the head of the Company of One Hundred Associates. He alliedhis country with Sweden in the Treaty of Barwalde and refused to sign the Treaty of Regensburg. He was dismissedfrom a position due to Charles de Luynes, whose actions led to the killing of his patron, Concino Concini. Thistarget of the Day of the Dupes was opposed by Gaston d'Orleans and Cinq-Mars. He encouraged France to enterthe Thirty Years War and was succeeded by Mazarin. For 10 points, name this chief minister under Louis XIII.

Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand-Jean du Plessis]

One ruler of this name expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire and supported the United States in the American Revolution. Another ruler of this name claimed the throne against his niece, Isabella II, sparking a series of namesake wars. The most famous ruler of this name was the father of Philip II and dispatched Hernan Cortez to the Americas. For 10 points, give the common name of these Spanish monarchs, one of whom was also the Holy Roman Emperor who presided over the Council of Trent.

Carlos [or Charles; or Charles III; or Charles V; or Charles I]

One member of this dynasty was married to Gerberga, whose flight to a rival kingdom following his death prompted that kingdom's destruction. Another member was ridiculed for bribing the chieftain Rollo to end the siege of a major city. Another member of this dynasty had a hunchbacked son found guilty of treason and was temporarily married to the daughter of Desiderius. Two members would sign the Treaty of Mersen and also pledge the Oath of Strasbourg in opposition to their brother. After the death of Louis the Pious, members of this dynasty, such as Lothair and Charles the Bald, ended a civil war by signing the Treaty of Verdun. For 10 points, name this dynasty whose most famous rulers were Pepin the Short and Charlemagne.

Carolingian Dynasty [prompt on Franks]

3. This ruler's army defeated the forces of Mandalzade Hüsameddin at the Battle of Chesme, which resulted in Wallachia and Moldavia being given back to the Ottomans in the treaty of Kucuk-Kaynarca. This ruler helped place Stanislaw Poniatowski on the throne of Poland, and faced a Cossack rebellion led by Yemelyan (*) Pugachev. Alongside Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, this ruler participated in the Partitions of Poland, and was friends with writers like Diderot and Voltaire. This successor to Peter III was assisted by men such as Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin, her lover. For ten points, identify this longest-serving Russian empress.

Catherine the Great (accept Catherine II or Yekaterina II Velikaya or Yekaterina Alexeevna; prompt on Catherine) <KT>

The transfer of Yedisan to this ruler and the recognition of this ruler's annexation of the Crimean Khanate formed part of the Treaty of Jassy. This monarch attempted to form a "Northern Accord" against the Hapsburgs and Bourbons with the aid of Panin. The Confederation of the Bar formed after this ruler installed Stanislaw (*) Poniatowski on the Polish throne. This ruler came to power after assassinating Peter III. Advisers to this monarch included Grigory Orlov and a man famous for his fake villages, Grigory Potemkin, both of whom were possible lovers of this woman. For 10 points, name this Russian empress who ruled during the Golden Age of Russia.

Catherine the Great [accept Catherine II or Yekaterina Alexeevna; prompt on "Catherine"]

This leader's representatives signed the Treaty of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire, which formally recognized Russian control of the Crimea. Diderot ("DI-duh-row") notably criticized a law code put forth during this leader's attempts at Enlightened Despotism. That law code was the (*) Nakaz. Earlier in this monarch's reign, General Peter Panin helped to suppress the Cossack Pugachev's rebellion. Lovers of this ruler include the namesake of a famous diamond, Grigory Orlov, and a man who built fake villages for one of her inspection tours, Grigory Potemkin. For 10 points, name this longest serving female ruler of Russia.

Catherine the Great [accept Catherine II; accept Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg] <LT>

This ruler backed the creation of the Targowica Confederation after Aleksandr Suvorov put down the Kosciuszko Uprising. This ruler's mother-in-law overthrew Anna Leopoldovna. The arrival of reinforcements under Johann Michelson helped this leader's forces win the Battle of Kazan during a rebellion put down by Peter Panin. This leader during Pugachev's Rebellion was advised by Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Elizabeth Vorontsova was the mistress of this ruler's first husband, the son of Empress Elizabeth. This ruler came to power after the ousting of her husband, Peter III. For 10 points, name this long-serving Empress of Russia.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II; prompt on "Catherine"]

This man acquired Barcelona when it was relinquished to him by its governor Zeid, and he discredited Tassilo, allowing him to seize Bavaria. He banished his eldest son to the monastery of Prum, and created the Marca Hispanica. One of this man's sons, whom he made King of Italy, was initially named after his possibly-murdered brother Carloman, and the scholar Alcuin of York reformed handwriting at this man's Palace School. He made his other son, Louis the Pious, King of Aquitaine, and the scholar Einhard was his biographer. For 10 points, name this ruler who was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne

In a meeting at Thionville, this man sided with the Pope's representatives rather than his father-in-law's, and proceeded to conquer a Lombard Kingdom ruled by Desiderius. This man ordered the beheading of over 4000 Saxons in the Massacre of Verden. This man's grandsons divided his kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun, and he employed Alcuin at his capital in Aachen. Leo III crowned this man as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800. For 10 points, name this Carolingian Frankish king.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great, prompt on "Charles", prompt on "Charles I"]

During a series of riots in this city, the Blues and Greens were two opposing groups. One building in this city issupported by "elephant's feet" and is named for its interior color. Enrico Dandolo redirected the Fourth Crusade toattack this city, the location where Belisarius slaughtered a mob in the Hippodrome during the Nika Riots. MehmetII captured this city for the Ottoman Turks in 1453. For 10 points, name this capital of the Byzantine Empire,which was renamed Istanbul by the Ottomans.

Constantinople [or Byzantium; or Istanbul before mentioned]

This city's ruler al-Hakam II assembled a massive library of over 600,000 books, many of which were burned by the regent who ruled for his son al-Hisham II, Almanzor. A palace just to the west of this city was called Madinat az-Zahra, which means the "Shining City." After a government based here collapsed, the Jahwarid dynasty came to power as a taifa kingdom. A mosque in this city with a south-facing mihrab was decked out with bells captured from (*) Santiago de Compostela - construction of that Great Mosque in this city began under Abd al-Rahman I. Three decades after the greatest Islamic state based in this city dissolved, it was sacked by the Almoravids. The capital of the caliphate in al-Andalus run by the Umayyads was Ââ€" for 10 points Ââ€" what city in southern Spain?

Cordoba [or Cordova; or Qurtuba; accept Caliphate of Cordoba]

The lands belonging to these people were partitioned during a period known as "The Ruin." Thesepeople formed a vassal state after rebelling against the rule of foreign magnates in the KhmelnytskyUprising, which marked the beginning of The Deluge. The words "Volga, Volga" begin a popular folksong about a leader of these people named Stenka Razin. These people formed a (*) "hetmanate" called theZaporizhian host. One of their leaders impersonated Peter III and led a 1773 rebellion against Catherine the Great.Yemelyan Pugachev was a member of these people, many of whom lived around the Don or Dnieper River. For 10points, name these nomadic warrior people who alternately rebelled against or fought for Russia.

Cossacks

After winning the Battle of Chuvash Cape, a member of this group named Yermak died while crossing a river in full armor. Astrakhan was pillaged and then transformed into a republic by a leader of this group, Stenka Razin. Another leader of this group allied with Charles XII, with whom he lost the Battle of Poltava; that man was Ivan Mazeppa. These people had (*) commanders called hetman, who typically ruled hosts of them such as the Zaporozhian one. Many of these people lived around the Don River. For 10 points, name these nomadic, independent horsemen of Southern Russia and Ukraine.

Cossacks <JB History>

A four volume "examination" of this event was published by the author of the Book of Concord, Martin Chemnitz. The Venetian printer Paulus Manutius was given a sponsorship due to this event, and Charles Borromeo was a leading participant in it. This event was moved to Bologna following exaggerated reports of a typhus outbreak. Palestrina apparently composed the Pope Marcellus Mass to dissuade participants in this meeting from banning polyphony. Convened by Paul III, this meeting produced an Index of Banned Books and upheld the seven sacraments. For 10 points, name this church council which began the Counter-Reformation.

Council of Trent [or Council of Trento; or Concilium Tridentinum]

The definitive history of this event is German historian Hubert Jedin's four-volume treatment. The papal bull Benedictus Deus upheld the outcome of this event, which authorized a list of prohibited books and standardized the procedure for mass. This event, which resulted in the production of the Roman Catechism, lasted for (*) twenty-five sessions under Paul III, Julius III, and Pius IV. This council was called to define Catholic doctrine, especially the relationship between works and faith in light of the "sola fide" argument of Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this ecumenical council of the mid-1500s that outlined the principles of the Counter-Reformation.

Council of Trent [or Council of Trento; or Concilium Tridentinum]

A khanate named for this region changed hands via the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. Ottoman general Gedik Ahmed Pasha conquered lands in this region that were once colonies of Genoa, including the port which may have introduced the Black Death to Europe called Kaffa. Florence Nightingale served as a nurse in this region. A disastrous excursion by a cavalry unit in this region was led by the Earl of Cardigan as part of a larger successful siege of its port city of Sevastopol. For 10 points, identify this peninsula, the site of the Battle of Balaclava in a namesake war in which France and Britain stopped Russian gains against the Ottomans in the Black Sea.

Crimean Peninsula [or The Crimea; or Krym; or Qirim]

One version of a photograph taken by Roger Fenton during this war shows a road littered with cannonballs. Anoffensive by French troops at Malakoff during this conflict forced Russia to abandon and destroy its ships in oneport city, and a victory by British forces under Lord Raglan during this conflict led to the Siege of Sevastopol. TheBlack Sea was demilitarized at the end of this war. The Earl of Cardigan led a failed charge during the Battle ofBalaclava in this war, and during this war, Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale served as nurses. For 10 points,name this war over a namesake peninsula in which Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire.

Crimean War

After initially being turned down for marriage, this man burnt his violins and pursued a military career. He teamed with the Dutch at the Battle of Quatre Bras, while his first major victory was at Assaye where he defeated the Maratha Confederacy. As Prime Minister, this Tory politician passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act, but was replaced by Earl Grey after staunchly opposing the Great Reform Act. This man led British forces to victories at Vitoria and Salamanca, crushing King Joseph's forces in the Peninsular War. In his most notable military victory, he fought Marshal Ney with Gebhard von Blucher's Prussian forces, ending a certain emperor's "Hundred Days" return from the island of Elba. For 10 points, name this duke who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

Duke of Wellington [accept Arthur Wellesley or Arthur Wesley]

This civilization's three ascendant deities were the earth goddess Cel, the sky god Tinia, and his wife Uni. Thiscivilization influenced a later people's use of a sacred ditch called a pomerium. This civilization began near the cityof Volsinii and expanded northwards into the Apennine Mountains. It was replaced in dominance by a civilizationsupposedly founded by twin brother suckled by a she-wolf, Remus and Romulus. For 10 points, name this ally ofthe Carthaginians whose culture influenced its geographical successor, the Romans.

Etruscans [accept word forms; or Tusci; or Etrusci]

One reason behind the calling of this event was the need to resolve a schism started by the bishop of Lycopolis. This event sought to resolve a major dispute besides the Meletian Schism, and ultimately accepted the position of the Homoousians. This council established some twenty canon laws, and set the date of Easter. Convened shortly after the issuance of the Edict of Milan, this council declared Jesus to be of the same substance as God and equal. For 10 points, identify this 325 AD church council convened by Constantine, which denounced Arianism and established its namesake Creed.

First Council of Nicaea

A group that participated in this event worshiped a goose and goat imbued with the Holy Spirit. An army in this event was nearly wiped out at the Battle of Civetot, in which Walter Sans Avoir died. The beginning of this event kicked off Count Emicho's Rhineland massacres of Jews in Worms (VURMZ) and Mainz (MYNZ). Many of the participants in this event left after the Battle of Ascalon. After its completion, both (*) Godfrey of Bouillon (boo-YON) and Raymond of Toulouse were offered a kingship; both men's troops had previously massacred numerous Muslims and Jews at places like the Temple Mount. This event began after a speech at the Council of Clermont, during which crowds chanted “God wills it†in response to Pope Urban II. For 10 points, name this inaugural Christian expedition to retake the Holy Lands.

First Crusade [prompt on People's Crusade; prompt on German Crusade of 1096] <Cheyne>

This city's nine-man governmental body had its members picked from a bag every two months and nominated a Standard-Bearer of Justice. Its aristocratic "fat people" were rebelled against by a man named Salvestro and this city's guildless wool carders, eight decades after its Black Guelphs exiled many White Guelphs. This city was the site of the Pazzi conspiracy, and much of its art and literature was destroyed in the Bonfire of the Vanities, ordered by the monk Savonarola. This city was run by a banking family which included Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this central Italian city-state ruled by the Medici family, the birthplace of Dante.

Florence [or Firenze] <MJ>

Many citizens of this country resisted foreign occupation with a defiant attitude termed “absurd refusal.†Women who slept with enemy officers in this country were accused of “horizontal collaboration.†This country was forced to formally surrender in the very same train-car it had forced another country to surrender in more than 20 years earlier. The Milice (mih-LEECE) secret police terrorized this country’s citizens. The Appeal of 18 June was given by a leader of this country after it was swiftly defeated in a short military campaign that utilized blitzkrieg tactics to storm through the Ardennes. For 10 points, name this country whose resistance against its Vichy government was led by Charles de Gaulle.

France [or Vichy France until “Vichy†is read]

Despite the advantage of one side's Chassepot rifles in this conflict, that side got bogged down near the Saar River early in this war. Other engagements in this war saw the successive defeat of forces under Bazaine at the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. As a consequence of this conflict, the Papal States were annexed by Italy and Alsace-Lorraine also changed hands in the Treaty of Frankfurt. Prompted by the attempt to install Prince Leopold on the throne of Spain by Otto von Bismarck, it saw the decisive Battle of Sedan and led to the Paris Commune. For 10 points, identify this conflict that saw the defeat of Napoleon III and the 2nd Empire.

Franco-Prussian War (or Franco-German War or the 1870 War)

Early battles in this war include Woerth, Gravelotte, and Mars-la-Tour, all early defeats for the losing side. Those battles led to the retreat of the Army of the Rhine to Metz, where it remained for the rest of the war. Objections to the candidacy of Leopold for the Spanish throne sparked this war, and after the abdication of a certain monarch, France was led by Leon Gambetta. The defeat of Marshal MacMahon at Sedan by Moltke was, For 10 points, part of this war instigated by Otto von Bismarck and which saw the abdication of Napoleon III and the unification of Germany.

Franco-Prussian War [accept Franco-German War]

Fort Caroline in Florida was established to shelter these people, who were forced to house troops known as dragoons. After accidentally killing Henry II at a jousting tournament, Gabriel Montgomery became a leader of these people, another leader of whom may have been killed by Henry, (*) Duke of Guise. Gaspard de Coligny died when Catherine de'Medici ordered a massacre of these people on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, and the end of Henry IV's membership in this group was accompanied by the quote, "Paris is well worth a mass." For 10 points, the Edict of Nantes granted religious liberty to what denomination, known in France as Huguenots?

French Protestants (accept Huguenots until mention; accept French Calvinists; prompt on French Christians, I guess)

In a James Gillray cartoon, leaders of these two countries cut the globe like a steak. One of them occupied Malta to violate the Peace of Amiens between these nations, which lasted one year. In 1797, Irishman Wolfe Tone asked one of these countries for a failed invasion of the other. The Continental System isolated one of these countries at the other's behest. These empires fought at Aboukir Bay in the Nile. The more northern of this pair gathered the Third Coalition and led the winning army of the Hundred Days after the other's leader returned from exile on Elba. For 10 points, name these empires that fought at Trafalgar and Waterloo while led by George III and Napoleon.

Great Britain AND France [accept England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or UK in place of "Britain"; accept French Republic, French [First] Empire, République francaise, Empire francaise, or Napoleonic Empire in place of France] <MJ>

The guard Axel Roos saved his king thrice in one day during the Skirmish at Bender during this war, which saw the first ever victory of the Russian navy at the Battle of Gangut. The Ottoman Empire withdrew from this war after the Pruth River campaign, and Johann Patkul, who arranged an alliance that fought in this war, was broken at the wheel despite the pleas of Ulrika Eleonora, who succeeded her brother after his death at the siege of Fredriksten. Ivan Mazepa of the Zaporozhian Cossacks fled after the Battle of Poltava in this war. For 10 points, name this directionally-named war in which Peter the Great successfully dismantled the Swedish Empire.

Great Northern War

This conflict worsened during the regency of Maria of Antioch, during which a legate was beheaded and his head dragged through the streets on the tail of a dog. This conflict was briefly resolved at meetings in Lyon and Florence. This conflict, which was aggravated by the Northern Crusades and the Sack of Constantinople, had its roots in Michael I's excommunication while performing the liturgy at the Hagia Sophia. For 10 points, name this conflict that began in 1054, which divided Christianity into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

Great Schism [or East-West Schism]

Operation Mercury was an attempt to capture a place in this modern-day country. That operation consisted of paratrooper landings at the Maleme ("MAH-lee-may") airfield in this country, and was the first major invasion to use to use primarily airborne forces. The 4th of August government, more famously referred to as the (*) Metaxas Regime, was the target of of the aforementioned German invasion. This country was ruled by the dictatorial Regime of the Colonels following a coup orchestrated by Georgios Papadopoulos. For 10 points, name this Southern European nation with a capital at Athens.

Greece [accept Hellenic Republic; accept Hellas] <LT>

A pope of this name was accused of being a necromancer by one of his enemies, Benno of Meissen. Another pope of this name is best known for his collaborations with astronomers Aloysius Lilius and Christopher Clavius. Henry IV walked to Canossa in a hair shirt to have an excommunication that was given to him by a pope of this name rescinded during the Investiture Controversy. For his contributions to the development of Catholic liturgy, the first pope of this name is nicknamed "the Great." For 10 points, give this name shared by sixteen popes, including the one who created a namesake calendar that is still in use today.

Gregory [accept Gregorian Calendar]

One pope of this name took inspiration from Luigi Lilio, sometimes called Aloysius Lilius, to issue the bull Inter gravissimas. The first pope of this name wrote about Benedict of Nursia in four books of dialogues and sent a mission led by Augustine of Canterbury to convert the Anglo-Saxons. During the investiture crisis, another resided at Canossa when the excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV came to him for penance barefoot in the snow; that one was the seventh. For 10 points, give the name whose thirteenth papal bearer reformed the Julian calendar, and whose first lends his name to a type of sacred chant.

Gregory [or Gregorius] <MJ>

The culprit most likely responsible for this man's death was Oswald Rayner, who was carrying a Webley .455 revolver. Following the February Revolution, this man's body was dug up and burned in a forest, where he supposedly sat up in the fire. The Tsarina invited this man upon the advice of Anna Vyrubova, and water found in his lungs suggests the possibility of drowning in the Neva River. As this man's fame as a mystic increased, he became more influential in the court of Nicholas II. For 10 points, name this man who healed Alexei Romanov's hemophilia.

Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin

This man nearly drowned in the Battle of Vittsjö during the Kalmar War. This non-Russian won the province of Ingria after he signed the Treaty of Stolbovo with Czar Michael Romanov. This king appointed Axel Oxenstierna Governor-General of occupied Prussia. After forcing back Catholic forces at the Battles of Rain and (*) Breitenfeld, he lost his life at the Battle of Lützen. This general used combined arms tactics to great effect. For 10 points, name this "Lion of the North," a king of Sweden who led his army during the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adolphus Magnus [accept Gustav II Adolf]

This man founded the Dieppe Company and signed the Treaty of Vervins, ending a war with Spain. He defeated the Duke of Mayenne in the Battle of Ivry and the Battle of Arques and defeated the Duke of Guise in the Battle of Coutras. This man's marriage to Margaret of Valois in the "secret nuptials" occurred six days before the assassination of his aide, the Admiral de Coligny. This ruler was assassinated by François Ravaillac, and he fought against the Catholic League. Catherine de Medici instigated the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre against him, and For 10 points, name this first Bourbon king of France, who issued the Edict of Nantes.

Henry IV [accept Henry Navarre; prompt on Henry]

This man responded to a papal bull with Brutum fulmen Pape Sixti V, and his Treaty of Vervins saw peace with Spain. The Peace of Alais reduced some of the rights this man gave to a religious minority in his country. The Briare Canal and silk factories were built by this man's superintendent who fought with him at the Battle of Ivry, the Duke of Sully. A tiers parti picked Charles de Bourbon and Isabella Eugenia to oppose this man; that was the Catholic League. Assassinated by Francois Ravaillac, this politique reduced intendants powers and issued the Edict of Nantes, ending the French Wars of Religion. For 10 points, name this Bourbon king preceded by Henry III.

Henry IV [or Henry of Navarre]

This group was responsible for the attempted abduction of Charles IX at the Surprise of Meaux, resulting in the death of their leader Anne de Montmorency in the war that followed. These people were declared rebels after they put up seditious posters in the Affair of the Placards, and they won the Battle of Ivry against the forces of the Duke of Guise. The failed assassination of one of them, Gaspard de Coligny, resulted in nationwide murders ordered by Catherine de Medici in an event known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. They were granted toleration by Henry IV in the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name these long-persecuted French Protestants.

Huguenots [Accept French Protestants before the end.]

Members of this organization helped set up Wolfe Tone Societies under the leadership of Cathal Goulding, who caused a rift by passing motions to join a "national liberation front" and end parliamentary abstentionism. This group killed eighteen soldiers in the Warrenpoint ambush and also killed Lord Mountbatten. In 1974, this group bombed Westminster Hall as part of a mainland bombing campaign, though it ceased armed struggle after agreeing to Tony Blair's Good Friday Agreement. For 10 points, name this nationalist terrorist group which fought against Unionists and Britain during the Northern Ireland Troubles.

Irish Republican Army [accept IRA]

The ballad "The Fields of Athenry" is about a man driven to take desperate measures by this crisis. Catholics who accepted Protestant religious instruction in order to get help during this crisis were nicknamed "soupers." This situation was worsened by the system of absentee landlords as well as by the Corn Laws. Support for home rule grew as a result of this situation, which caused the deaths of a million people and the emigration of a million more. For 10 points, name this crisis in Ireland caused by a blight affecting a staple food.

Irish potato famine [or the Great Famine; or an Gorta Mór]

This man signed letters as Charles d'Espeville. Followers of this man called Monarchomachs were early advocates for popular sovereignty. This man left his homeland with Niccolas Cop after undergoing a subita conversione. He popularized the ideas of total depravity and unconditional election. This man's actions led to Michael (*) Servetus's death at the stake. Guillaume Farel convinced this man to move to Geneva, where he set up a theocracy. This man's ideas on predestination are included in his tract Institutes of the Christian Religion. For 10 points, name this Protestant contemporary of Luther and Zwingli.

John Calvin [or Jean Calvin]

A ruler of this name was ransomed for 200,000 florins after being captured fighting with Emperor Sigismund at Nicopolis. A man bearing this name and the surname "Comyn" was stabbed to death on an altar by Robert the Bruce, who succeeded another man with this name as King of Scotland. Before becoming king, a Count of Mortain with this name invaded England after his older brother recognized Arthur I of Brittany as his heir, and later lost the (*) crown jewels in the Wash. A Duke of Burgundy with this name was assassinated during a meeting with the future Charles VII of France and was known as the Fearless. An English king of this name was the youngest son of Henry II and was known as "lackland". For 10 points, give this name of the English king who signed the Magna Carta.

John [or Jan or Jean]

This man appointed John the Cappadocian to manage his empire's tax collection. Protesters chanted Nika after this ruler initially refused to spare two murderers who had belonged to the Blue and Green Demes. Procopius' (*) Secret History of this man painted the ruler as a literal demon capable of taking off his own head. In 538 CE, this man's general Belisarius annexed Rome. For 10 points, name this sixth-century Byzantine emperor who married the escort Theodora and constructed the Hagia Sophia.

Justinian I

This organization had headquarters at House Number Two, from which it ran its sixteen directorates. It ran Laboratory 12, where it fabricated various poisons, including the ricin which was used to kill the Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov. It evolved from earlier organizations, such as Cheka, but came directly from the NKVD, which had been led by Levrenty Beria. This organization was the training ground for current Russian president Vladimir Putin. FTP, name this state security organization of the Soviet Union.

KGB

In August 1852, this man wrote an article for the New York Tribune about the British parliamentary elections, but stopped writing for the Tribune because objected to the editors' pro-Confederate positions. During his time in the General Council of the First International, he wrote The Civil War in France supporting the Paris Commune. This man also wrote that man could only be understood through social and economic relations in his Theses on Feuerbach. In one of his most famous works, this man said, "The proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains." For 10 points, name this socialist who wrote Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.

Karl Marx <AG>

One holder of this title had a secret wedding at Laeken Castle to Lilian Baels, who thus becamethe Princess of Réthy. A 1950 general strike opposed restoring this office as part of the RoyalQuestion. Adam Hochschild titled a history for one of these people's Ghost. This title's holder AlbertI personally led troops during World War I. This office's first holder came to power after the operaLa Muette de Portici inspired a revolution, and received assistance from (*) Louis-Philippe. The secondholder of this title had the Force Publique cut off the hands of slow rubber harvesters in his brutal privatecolony, the Congo Free State. For 10 points, name this royal title held by Leopold II, which has ruled since1830 over Wallonia and Flanders.

King of Belgium [or monarch of Belgium]

The supposedly indestructible fortress of Eben-Emale is located in this country. Robert II of Artois was defeated in this country at the Battle of the Golden Spurs. A revolution started at a theater in its capital in 1830; that revolution was supported by the July Monarchy. King Albert defended the Yser River in one conflict involving this country, and another of its rulers employed Henry Morton Stanley. This country's fortresses around Liege were instrumental in thwarting the Schlieffen Plan. For 10 points, identify this country, split into Wallonia and Flanders, whose king Leopold II ruled the Congo as a personal colony.

Kingdom of Belgium [or Koninkrijk Belgie]

One character created by this author almost kills Dolokhov in a duel, while another falls in love with the maid Maryanka. In a novel by this author, Dmitri Nekhludoff falls in love with Maslova, who is sent to a prison in Siberia for supposed murder. In addition to The Cossacks and Resurrection, he wrote a novel in which the title character hurts his side and questions the quality of his life, The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Pierre marries Natasha at the end of one of his novels, and in another, the title character throws herself in the path of a train. For 10 points name this Russian author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace.

Leo Tolstoy

Margaret of Savoy was captured in this city during a successful Restoration War. Sir Richard Fletcher constructed the Lines of Torres Vedras to protect this city during the Peninsular Campaign. The Indian Run began here, while a later treaty in this city ceded Mumbai to the English. Recaptured in 1147 by Crusaders from the Moors, this city began a later national revolt against Spain with the Duke of Braganza's help. In 1755, this city's Manueline architecture suffered from a devastating earthquake. This city rose to prominence during the House of Aviz's rule over its country. It faces the Atlantic on the Tagus River. For 10 points, name this capital of Portugal.

Lisbon [accept Lisboa]

During the Gallican controversy, this ruler asserted money could be collected from vacant sees by the King, which was supported by his bishop Jacques Bossuet. The first phase of a conflict during this man's reign ended with the Peace of Rueil. This man agreed to the Treaty of Ryswick with Charles II, who chose this man's grandson Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish throne, sparking war . The Marquis de Louvois was put in charge of this king's military reforms, and his finances were managed by Jean-Baptiste Colbert. For 10 points, name this absolutist French monarch whose 72-year reign saw the War of the Spanish Succession, also known as the Sun King.

Louis XIV

One monarch with this given name was served by the Chevalier de Bayard during the Siege of Padua during the War of the League of Cambrai. The Battle of Rocroi was won five days after another monarch of this name died, leaving Anne of Austria a widow. A king of this name was opposed by the League of Augsburg in a war ended with the Treaty of Ryswick. In the 1470s, a king of this name was nicknamed the "universal spider." Advisors to kings of this name included Cardinals Mazarin and Richelieu. The longest-reigning king of this name declared "I am the State." For 10 points, give this name of many French kings, of whom the "Sun King" was the fourteenth.

Louis [accept Louis XI, Louis XII, Louis XIII, or Louis XIV]

14. This man's opposition to Brissot's proposed war with Austria led him to publish the journal "Defender of the Constitution." With his close ally Saint-Just, this man ordered and directed the trials of Fabre d'Eglantine and Jacques Hebert. He replaced the atheistic "Cult of Reason" with the deistic (*) "Cult of the Supreme Being," and gained power after Danton's death. The Thermidorian Reaction removed him from post as head of the Committee of Public Safety. "The Incorruptible" was a nickname given to, for ten points, what Jacobin leader whose guillotining during the French Revolution ended the "Reign of Terror?"

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre <KT>

A woman with this last name forced her husband's mistress to trade Chenonceau ["shnaw-SOH"] Castle for Chaumont ["shoh-MAW"]. That woman with this last name begat the short-lived Charles IX and Francis II. Another woman with this last name married the former lover of Gabrielle d'Estrées and led the Day of the Dupes revolt. People with this last name founded a (*) Platonic Academy and were targeted in the Pazzi Conspiracy. Popes Leo X and Clement VII had this last name, as did the wives of Henry II and Henry IV of France. People of this last name were expelled by Girolamo Savonarola. Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent were members of—for 10 points—what banking family of Florence?

Medici [accept any specific Medicis] <MK>

One member of this family formed a senate called the Cento. Another of its members issued one papal bull thatput into effect the Concordat of Bologna and another bull called Exsurge Domini. A queen-mother of France fromthis family may have ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. One of its members was killed during Eastermass in the Pazzi conspiracy. One member of this family patronized Botticelli and was known as "the Magnificent."For 10 points, name this banking family whose members Cosimo and Lorenzo were rulers of Florence.

Medici family [or House of Medici; or Famiglia de Medici; or the Medicis]

As he prepared to sign a treaty, this leader was placed under house arrest by the State Committee on the State of Emergency, leading to the August Coup. One leader supposedly stated "we can do business together," while talking about this man. This man allowed for a policy of "my way" in ending the (*) Brezhnev Doctrine. Before being replaced by Boris Yeltsin, this man was told to "tear down" a certain structure. This man pursued restructuring, or perestroika, as well as a policy of openness, or glasnost, during his tenure, which also saw him negotiate with Ronald Reagan. For 10 points, name this final General Secretary of the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev

This leader spent three days in house arrest during an event masterminded by the "Gang of Eight." More than a hundred civilians were killed on Black January after this leader ordered an invasion of Baku. This leader encouraged small-scale private ownership with his Law on Cooperatives and urged economic acceleration with his slogan uskoreniye. Cartoonists often poked fun at the port wine-colored (*) birthmark on this leader's forehead. A coup against this man was defeated by his successor, who spoke from atop the turret of a tank. This leader withdrew his country's troops from Afghanistan and pursued the duel policies of "openness" and "restructuring." For 10 points, name this coiner of the terms glasnost and perestroika, the final leader of the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev [or Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev]

Along with his American counterpart, this man signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. During this leader's time in office, the Law on Cooperatives was passed to allow for enterprises to be privately owned. The so-called Sinatra Doctrine was implemented by this man to avoid interfering with the conflicts of Warsaw Pact nations. The GKChP attempted to remove this man from power during the failed August Coup of 1991. This man pioneered reforms under openness and restructuring, or glasnost and perestroika. For 10 points, name this final General Secretary of the USSR before its 1991 dissolution.

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

19. The Nagorno-Karabakh war began under this leader's rule, and he resigned about a week after the Belavezha Accords were signed. He removed Andrei Gromyko as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and this man implemented an "acceleration" program called uskoreniye along with reforms that allowed private ownership of some businesses and increased freedoms of the press. This man was targeted in a (*) 1991 Communist coup, which was suppressed by Boris Yeltsin. For 10 points, identify this Soviet leader who implemented policies such as glasnost and whose term saw the breakup of the USSR.

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev <BZ>

In 2013 in this city, a performance artist drove a nail through his scrotum into the cobblestones in a historic square once home to the GUM [goom] department store. In 1987 an 18-year-old illegally landed a small plane near that same square in this city, leading to the arrest of West German aviator Mathias Rust. This city is home to a large park with gardens and amusement rides named for the writer Maxim Gorky. The 16th century capture of Kazan and Astrakhan was celebrated by the construction of a large church with notable onion domes in this city, its Saint Basil's Cathedral. FTP Red Square and the Kremlin are in what most populous Russian city?

Moscow

One of this group's leaders was assassinated in Operation Anthropoid. They came to power after an event which was initiated using the code word "hummingbird." As part of one operation, this organization controlled units called Einsatzgruppen. The ODESSA program was created to help members of this organization escape to places like South America. They grew out of a group that was purged during the Night of the Long Knives, the SA, and included an armed "Waffen" branch. For 10 points, name this paramilitary branch of the Nazi Party responsible for overseeing much of the Holocaust, which was headed by Heinrich Himmler.

Nazi SS [or Schutzstaffel]

The Council of Blood was an effort to root out dissidents in this modern-day nation. The Beeldenstorm rocked this nation in 1566. Balthasar Gérard shot a man often associated with this nation's independence movement. The Peace of (*) Munster ended a longtime conflict in this country. The Sea Beggars operated in this nation, and the Treaty of Nonsuch allied this nation with Great Britain. The stadtholder once served as the head of state of this nation. This country gained independence following the 80 Years' War. For 10 points, name this European nation with its capital at Amsterdam.

Netherlands [prompt on Holland; prompt on anything with the word "Dutch" in it; prompt on United Provinces] <LT>

One side in this campaign decided to march northwards because of the Lossberg Study. This campaign was revived a year later in Operation Little Saturn, part of a continuation called Case Blue. This campaign's goal was to establish a line of demarcation stretching from Arkhangelsk to Astrakhan. Georgy Zhukov led the victors during its turning point, which came during a harsh winter. This campaign is named after a red-bearded Holy Roman Emperor, and effectively ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. It ended after the bloody Siege of Stalingrad. For 10 points, name this 1941 operation in which Hitler failed to take a nation led by Joseph Stalin.

Operation Barbarossa [or Fall Barbarossa; or Case Barbarossa; or Germany's invasion of the USSR; or Hitler's invasion of Soviet Russia or similar answers before the end]

Two sons of one of this group's leaders, Iaroslav Dombrovski, committed suicide in shame, and the Kanak tribe of New Caledonia was "civilized" by exiled members of this group. Louise Michel, the Red Virgin of Montmartre, wrote a love poem to Théophile Ferré for executing an archbishop as part of this group. The Vendôme Column was pulled down at the orders of this polity, and this polity elected Louis Auguste Blanqui as their leader while he was still in prison. Marshal de Macmahon brutally put down this movement during the Bloody Week. For 10 points, name this socialist government that briefly ruled the French capital.

Paris Commune

Nobles in this country were granted equality after the passage of the Golden Liberty. A ruler of this country known as "the Brave" was the first to unite it, and was a member of the Piast dynasty. Members of this country's nobility also sat in its legislature, in which all members had a veto power that nullified the laws passed in any given session. That legislature was called the Sejm ["same"]. After the signing of the Union of Lublin, this nation formed a commonwealth with Lithuania. A king of this nation relieved a siege at Vienna, turning back an Ottoman invasion of Europe. For 10 points, name this nation which was ruled by men like Jan III Sobieski from Warsaw.

Poland [or Polska]

This man, who gave a series of Wednesday lectures, had a devotion to Our Lady of Fatima, who he credited with protecting him. This author of Theology of the Body wrote documents on moral theology and on the sanctity of life, the encyclicals Veritatis Splendour and Evangelium Vitae. He was succeeded by a man who served as his prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Joseph Ratzinger. For 10 points, name this predecessor to Benedict the Sixteenth, the first pope from Poland.

Pope John Paul II [prompt on John Paul; or Ionnes Paulus II; or Karol Jozef Wojtyla]

One of the leaders of what is now this country killed Baldwin I of Constantinople at the end of the Fourth Crusade. That leader, Kaloyan the Romanslayer, was part of its second empire, while during its first empire Boris I oversaw the Council of Preslav which put Simeon I in power. Its Committee for State Security killed dissident Georgi Markov in London during its communist period, during which this country was headed by Todor Zhivkov. This country was established in the Treaty of San Stefano, and after losing territory during World War One, this country joined the Axis in an attempt to get that territory back in World War II, making it easier for Germany to attack Greece. Name this country recently headed by soccer player Boyko Borisov.

Republic of Bulgaria

Early monarchs in this country had nicknames like "Spindleshanks," "Tanglefoot," and "Elbow-High," the last of whom was a member of the Piast dynasty. An organization in this country negotiated with the government in the Round Table Talks. This country was joined with an eastern neighbor in the Union of Lublin. This country was led by a shipyard electrician who founded the Solidarity trade union. For 10 points, name this home country of Lech Walesa, which was once united with Lithuania.

Republic of Poland [or Polska]

Sailors from this nation started the Kronstadt rebellion. A major diplomatic incident occurred when this country's navy mistook some innocent British fishing vessels at Dogger Bank for enemy ships. Two political parties in this country turned acronyms into the nicknames "esers" and "kadets." Many workers from this country settled in Harbin. This country tried to take Port (*) Arthur but had its navy decimated at Tsushima Straits in a war that ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth. This country's city of Sevastopol was besieged by France, Britain, and the Ottomans in the Crimean War. For 10 points, name this country whose Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.

Russia <LL>

Louise Michel was one schoolteacher in this movement, and the Wall of the Federalists was one execution site for supporters of this movement. It attempted to bargain for its imprisoned leader Louis-Auguste Blanqui's release, and attempted to remove the cannons from Montmartre hill. Suppressed during the Bloody Week by Adolphe Thiers, many members were imprisoned on the isle of New Caledonia. For 10 points, name this leftist insurrection of 1871, which broke out in the capital after discontent with defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

Second Paris Commune [accept Communardes]

Its emblem quoted Psalm 73, "Rise Up, O Lord, and Judge Thine Own Cause!"Among its appointed leaders was St. Peter of Arbues [AHR-bwehs], who was later killed by marranos. Thrice it issued edicts against the mystical Alumbrados, and it also martyred moriscos [moe-REE-skoes]. Overseen by Tomas de Torquemada [tor-kay-MAH-dah], name this group which prosecuted alleged heretics, begun during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.

Spanish Inquisition

The arrest of Pierre Broussel sparked the first stage of this event including the Day of the Barricades, which led to that man's release and issuance of the Declaration of October 24. The Council of State ended that stage with the Peace of Rueil. That council led by Anne of Austria was challenged by the victor at Lens, who led the second stage of this uprising and briefly occupied Paris with Spanish help. That man, the Prince de Conde, had previously fought for the king against the Parlement of Paris during this event. For 10 points, name this 1648 to 1653 uprising against Cardinal Mazarin during the minority of Louis XIV.

The Fronde

Isaac II Angelus made a pact to impede the progress of one member of this campaign, who would later sack Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. After this campaign, Leopold V of Austria captured one of its leaders for taking down Leopold's standards following the Siege of Acre. This campaign began after Raynald of Chatillon's defeat at the Horns of Hattin. One leader of this campaign won the battle of Arsuf, but ultimately organized a peace that left Jerusalem under the control of Saladin. Frederick Barbarossa drowned during, FTP, what crusade led by Philip II and Richard the Lion-Hearted?

Third Crusade

At the start of this conflict, Gabriel Bethlen invaded Hungary while the Hapsburgs were distracted by a revolt in Bohemia. The Edict of Restitution was passed during the Danish phase of this conflict by Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. One Swedish commander of this war was Gustavus Aldophus. The Defenestration of Prague triggered this war, which was concluded at the Peace of Westphalia. For 10 points, name this war that pitted Protestants against Catholics, spanning from 1618 until 1648.

Thirty Years' War

One conflict within this war involved Gustav Horn and was ended by the Second Treaty of Brömsebro; that was the Torstenson War. The Treaties of Stettin and Lübeck were signed during this war, and the troops of Frederick V were routed at the Battle of White Mountain by (*) Count Tilly during this war. The treaty that ended this conflict was negotiated at Munster and Osnabruck, and this conflict's Battle of Lutzen resulted in the death of Gustavus Adolphus at the hands Wallenstein's forces. Also including the Battle of Breitenfeld, this is, for 10 points, which conflict, ended by the Treaty of Westphalia and lasting from 1618 to 1648?

Thirty Years' War

Sidney Reilly was killed in this nation after being duped by the OGPU during Operation Trust. This nation has been accused of perpetrating the Holodomor. One leader of this country appointed the "Bloody Dwarf" as the head of his secret police after ordering the Trial of the Twenty One during the Great Purges. This nation's early history saw the replacement of the New Economic Policy with the Five Year Plans. This country invaded Manchukuo after winning the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II. For 10 points, name this former superpower that was founded after the 1917 Russian Revolution, and was led for over thirty years by Joseph Stalin.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [or Soviet Union, prompt on "Russia"]

These people participated in the Battle of Clontarf against Brian Boru in 1014 as one of their last major actions in Ireland. This group took the monastery at Lindisfarne, and besieged Paris after the refusal of Louis the Fat to pay tribute. They defeated Ethelred the Unready at the Battle of Maldon in 991, and forced him to pay the Danegeld, but were defeated at the battle of Stamford Bridge by Harold Godwinson. This group included Ragnar Lodbrok, and settled Vinland beginning in the 11th century, reaching their peak of influence under Olaf II. For 10 points, name this group of North European raiders and explorers, known for their use of longships.

Vikings

During this conflict, a young boy in Genoa threw a stone at foreign occupiers,starting a revolt that kicked Antoniotto Botta out of the city. Ludwig AndreasKhevenhuller captured Munich on the day of Charles VII's coronation during thisconflict. A failed French invasion of Britain during this conflict would have been led byMaurice de Saxe, who also led troops at its Battle of Fontenoy. The last British (*)monarch to personally lead his troops into battle did so during this war's Battle of Dettingen. This war secured Frederick the Great's control over Silesia, and resulted from an exception to Salic law permitted by the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this war fought over Maria Theresa's ascension to the throne of Vienna.

War of the Austrian Succession

One uprising in this city was the last major action of Operation Tempest. Some of this city's inhabitants committed suicide after tear gas was thrown into the Mila 18 bunker. Jurgen Stroop liquidated one neighborhood in this city before the Grossaktion deported many of its Jews to Treblinka. While visiting the site of a 1944 anti-Nazi uprising, Willy Brandt knelt in the middle of this city's ghetto. Following the unification of West Germany, a communist military alliance was formed by a pact named for this city. For 10 points, name this capital city of Poland.

Warsawa

This politician resigned from the Cabinet when the Prime Minister proposed granting extra funds toMaynooth College. This man appointed Francis Napier head of a commission investigating theconditions of crofters and cotters in the Scottish Highlands. This prime minister, who introduced thesecret ballot and frequently donated his own money to rescue fallen women, seized upon Ottomanperpetratedatrocities in Bulgaria to go on a foreign policy speech tour in his (*) "Midlothian Campaign."Despite signing the Kilmanhaim Treaty with Charles Parnell, this protege of Robert Peel was unable to secure IrishHome Rule across his four terms as Prime Minister. For 10 points, name this Liberal Prime Minister, the rival ofBenjamin Disraeli.

William Gladstone

In a twelve-book poetic account of this leader, he stabs a constable's son named Selbie. This manrefused to sign his name on the "Ragman rolls" with other lords, and made a base in Ettrick forest.This man went into exile after a battle where cavalry came from Linlithgow to overrun his threeschiltron formations of spearmen. This killer of William Heselrig was chronicled by (*) Blind Harry,who also wrote of his massacre of a garrison at Lanark. This man was forced to flee after losing at Falkirk,a year after Andrew Murray helped him crush Edward Longshanks' armies at Stirling Bridge. For 10 points,name this rebel whose execution in 1305 forced Robert the Bruce to take up the fight for Scottishindependence.

William Wallace

Two answers required. One of these two leaders prepared for a potential attack by the other with a plan called Operation Unthinkable. Together, these leaders quantified amounts of their influence in five countries in the "percentages agreement." One of these two leaders gifted the other a sword honoring a recent victory while at the Tehran Conference. A Polish regiment served for one of these heads of state at Monte Cassino after being (*) released from imprisonment by the other. One of these two leaders called the other's country "a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma." Along with an American counterpart, these leaders were present at the Yalta Conference. For 10 points, name these World War II-era leaders of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.

Winston Churchill AND Joseph Stalin [or Sir Winston Leonard Spencer- Churchill AND Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ]

The fourth version of this building was funded by an unpopular tax on taverns and salt and was badly damaged by an 1837 fire. This building was the planned destination of a march of striking factory workers that sought to present "The Most Humble and Loyal Address" and was led by Father Gapon. The Aurora opened fire on officials holed up in this building's Malachite Room. Workers were (*) massacred while marching toward this building on "Bloody Sunday" in 1905. Empress Elizabeth commissioned architect Francesco Rastrelli to design this building. The storming of this building was depicted in the film October by Sergei Eisenstein. In 1922, some of this building was converted into the Hermitage Museum. For 10 points, name this residence of the tsars in Saint Petersburg that is named for a season.

Winter Palace [prompt on Hermitage until it is read]

The proceeds from the first Washington state screening of Gone With the Wind were forwarded to civilians in this war in an initiative organized by Herbert Hoover. This war began after the attacking side shelled its own village of Mainila in a false flag operation. At the end of this war, the losing side leased the Hanko Peninsula as a naval base. The losing side of this war annihilated a much larger force with the help of (*) ski troopers at the Battle of Suomussalmi, and employed the "White Death," the most successful sniper in world history. It was followed by the Continuation War, and it began when the aggressors crossed the incomplete Mannerheim Line and entered the Isthmus of Karelia. For 10 points, name this 1939 to 1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland.

Winter War [or Talvisota; or Vinterkriget]

One side in this war isolated and encircled enemy forces into pockets called motti [MOH-tee] at the Battle of Raate [RAH-tay] Road, and then stopped the enemy's advance towards the city of Oulo [OH-ooh-loh] at the Battle of Suomussalmi [SWOH-moos-AHL-mee]. After Semyon Timoshenko took command of the invading side in this war, it breached the Mannerheim Line. Simo Hayha [SEE-moh HAA-ooh-HAA] recorded 505 sniper kills and was nicknamed the "White Death" in this war that introduced the term "Molotov cocktail". This three-month-long conflict resulted in the Soviet Union being expelled from the League of Nations and gaining territory near Leningrad. Name this offensive against Finland during World War II that took place during its namesake season.

Winter War [or talvisota; or vinterkriget; or Zimnyaya voyna; prompt on Russo-Finnish War; prompt on World War II before it is mentioned]

Edvard Kardelj's involvement in the illegal CPY was described in this country's SANU memorandum. The Goli Otok prison was built in this country to hold Soviet sympathizers during its schism with the USSR. This nation, formed at the end of World War I, was known as the "Versailles state" under its first leader, Alexander I. In Operation Allied Force, a Chinese embassy in this country was bombed by NATO forces. A man tried by the International Court of Justice for genocide, Slobodan Milošević, led this country during its breakup. For 10 points, name this former Balkan nation with capital at Belgrade that was once led by Josip Broz Tito.

Yugoslavia

In this city, several Cretan nobles sought the protection of St. Titus in an unsuccessful rebellion. The Council of Ten forced the abdication of one of its rulers, Francesco Foscari. An annual festival in this city was conducted on a giant ship called the Bucentaur and required its ruler to throw a (*) ring into the sea. Rivals of this city formed the League of Cambrai. Four bronze horses on this city's main basilica were looted from Constantinople, part of a crusade called for by its leader Enrico Dandolo, who held the title of doge ["doh-jay"]. For 10 points, name this powerful Italian city-state of the Middle Ages, whose residents got around on its many canals.

(Most Serene) Republic of Venice (or Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia)

After this event, the reigning monarch took to living in a tent city in the Ajuda Hills. In the wake of this event, Gabriel Malagrida got into a dispute with the Marquis of Pombal, who issued the command, "bury the dead and take care of the living." Court rivalries exploded into mass-executions in the Tavora Affair in the aftermath of this event. "Deluded philosophers who cry, 'All is (*) well'" were attacked in a poem about this event, which took place on All Saints' Day and imparted a permanent phobia of masonry to King Joseph I of Braganza. Men raced on horseback to escape the swelling Tagus River during this event, which had a major influence on Voltaire. For 10 points, name this 1755 natural disaster that destroyed much of the capital of Portugal.

1755 Lisbon Earthquake

In this century, outrage over the kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara turned public opinion against the church. In this century, the Catholic church was stripped of many rights by the May Laws. Workers’ rights were affirmed by the pope in the encyclical Rerum Novarum issued in this century. The reactionary Syllabus of Errors was published in this century, which also saw the promulgation of the doctrine of papal infallibility. Pius IX called popes “prisoners in the Vatican†after the capture of Rome in this century. For 10 points, name this tumultuous century for the papacy, whose events included the Kulturkampf, the First Vatican Council, and the unification of Italy.

1800s [or 19th century]

Spyridon Louis gained his fame at this event. The Zappas cousins funded this event, which was planned to occur on the 75th anniversary of an Ottoman massacre in Constantinople. This 19th century event was attended by newly crowned King George I and was planned by Pierre de Coubertin [coo-bare-TAW]. In a public park named for this event's hundred-year anniversary, Eric Rudolph set a bomb in (*) Atlanta. The marble Panathenaic [pan-uh-the-NAY-ick] Stadium was constructed for this event. This event, the first put on by the IOC, occurred in April 1896. For 10 points, name this event which popularized the modern marathon, and symbolically took place in Greece.

1896 Athens Summer Olympics [or the 1896 Olympics until it is read; or the first modern Olympics; accept Olympic Games instead of Olympics in any answer]

A 1946 International Court of Justice case concerned an incident in which thiscountry mined two Royal Navy ships. Britain's plan to subvert this country's regimewith guerrillas from the Legality movement was betrayed by Kim Philby. This countrywas rocked by protests in 1997 after over half its population lost money in a series ofpyramid schemes. This country's leadership denounced the Three Worlds Theory asanti-revolutionary, leading to the end of its alliance with China. The churches and (*)mosques of this country were burnt down after it was declared the "first atheist state on Earth." The invasion of this country by Fascist Italy in 1939 forced out its King Zog. For 10 points, name this Balkan country once ruled by the Communist Enver Hoxha (HO-juh) from Tirana.

Albania

This man brutally suppressed the January Uprising occurred in the western part of this man's kingdom. A later unpopular decision was the appointment of Dmitri Tolstoy as Minister of Education, leading to a conservative revision of the gymnasia curriculum with emphasis on Greek and Latin. He created the system of local councils, or zemstvos, which gave greater administrative power to districts and towns, and he relaxed the Russification policies of his father, allowing the Finnish parliament to meet again. The Okhrana was created during his reign to monitor radicals, and he was on his way to a meeting to discuss the drafting of a new constitution when members of The People's Will succeeded in killing him with a bomb. For 10 points, name this son of Nicholas I best known for emancipating Russia's serfs.

Alexander II Romanov

This king's exhortation, "Let us have no more dreams," caused the January Uprising in Poland. This king introduced the bar association into his country with the help of Nikolay Milyutin, who also helped him create a system of local legislatures responsible for health care and education. After the wartime death of his predecessor, he withdrew his nation from the Crimean War. This man instituted the system of zemstvos, but was killed in an explosion set off by the People's Will in 1881. For 10 points, name this liberalizing son of Nicholas I, a tsar who emancipated the serfs.

Alexander II of Russia

This man was depicted holding a broken sword in a sculpture that stands outside the Notre-Dame-des-Champs station. Louis Gregori attempted to assassinate this man in 1908 while he was at the interment of a close friend at the Pantheon. This man, the subject of four poems by Frances Earl Coates, was accused of an act actually committed by (*) Ferdinand Esterhazy, was imprisoned at Devil's Island, and was defended in an open letter published in Paris newspapers. For 10 points, name this French Jewish artillery officer wrongly accused of espionage in a namesake Affair and defended by Emile Zola in the letter J'accuse.

Alfred Dreyfus <ES>

This religious movement's "Father" was Conrad Grebel. The Swiss Brethren was one early branch of thismovement, which arose after the teachings of the Zwickau Prophets. This movement's early leader, ThomasMuentzer, was defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen during the Peasants' War. The Mennonites and the Amishare two offshoots of this sect. For 10 points, name this sect of sixteenth-century radical Protestants that got itsname from their practice of "re-baptizing" their converts.

Anabaptists

This man defeated the Danish at the Battle of Køge and referred to his troops as "scum of the earth" after they broke rank to loot the retreating French army at the Battle of Vitoria. After a publisher blackmailed this man over the memoirs of Harriette Wilson, he said, (*) "Publish and be damned!" The Catholic Emancipation Act was passed while he was Prime Minister, and this man collaborated with Gebhard von Blucher's forces to defeat Marshal Ney and end a "Hundred Days" that had begun with an escape from Elba. For 10 points, name this military commander and politician who defeated Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo.

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (accept either or both underlined parts)

2. This man was promised the city Aurelianum by the king Sangiban, and Marcian refused to help stop his military. He was attacked by the joint forces of Theodoric I and Flavius Aetius on the Catalaunian Fields and defeated at the Battle of Chalons. This man rose to power alongside his brother (*) Bleda after the death of their uncle Rugila. This man supposedly died of a nosebleed on his wedding night, not long after Leo I convinced him to halt his attack on Italy. For ten points, identify this "Scourge of God" who conquered much of Gaul and Italy from 434 to 453 while leading the Huns.

Attila the Hun <MS>

The slogan "4 + 3 = 1" is used to promote the unification of these people. Soldiers of this ethnicity surrendered to the Italians in the Santona Treason, and a terrorist group associated with these people attacked a nuclear power station at Lemoiz. These people were represented by the now-outlawed (*) Batasuna party. Mark Kurlansky's history of this people traces their control of the cod fishing industry. These people traditionally live between the Ebro and Adour rivers. A group advocating for their independence was erroneously blamed for the 2004 train bombings in Madrid and goes by the name ETA. For 10 points, name this ethnic group, divided between France and Spain, that speaks a language unrelated to any others.

Basques [or Vasco; or Vascongado Basque; or Euskaldunak; or Euskotarak; prompt on "Spanish" before Spain is mentioned in the giveaway]

The only standard lost by one side in this battle was lost to Grand Duke Constantine and his Imperial Guards. Hussars knocked one side's forces out of Telnitz during this battle, and St. Hilaire was able to advance under a dense fog up Pratzen Heights. Sokolnitz changed hands several times during this battle, and prior to its start, General Kutuzov was demoted. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and Tsar Alexander I took personal command over their forces in this battle that resulted in the Treaty of Pressburg and the collapse of the Third Coalition. For 10 points, name this victory of Napoleon, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors.

Battle of Austerlitz [accept Battle of the Three Emperors before it is read]

One side set up defensively south of Abbeville during this battle, and the other side attacked their Genonese mercenaries for retreating. This battle saw the first use of cannons on the European battlefield, and one victorious commander in it used as his emblem three white feathers taken from King John of Bohemia, who was slain in this battle. This battle was followed by the Siege of Calais, and longbowmen positioned on a hill inflicted heavy casualties on their opponent's charging knights. For 10 points, name this 1346 battle in which Edward III and the Black Prince led England to victory over French king Philip VI during the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of Crécy

During this battle, one side captured the town of Kalach-na-Donu in Operation Uranus. A memorial to this battle stands at Mamayev Hill, the site of some of its most intense fighting. Romanian and Italian allies of the aggressors were sent to guard the flanks of the 6th Army in this battle. For a time, the defenders at this battle were only supplied from barges on a nearby river. While (*) Hitler did allow forces under Erich von Manstein to fight their way to the site of this battle, he did not permit General Paulus's troops to retreat at the same time, ultimately dooming the German troops. Sniper Vasily Zaytsev is credited with 225 kills in this ba

Battle of Stalingrad

The Mozarabic Chronicle is the most detailed source describing this battle, which some historians believe was caused by greed for the riches of the Abbey of St. Martin. After being defeated by the eventual losing army at the Battle of the Garonne River, Odo of Aquitaine set this battle into motion when he requested aid from this battle’s winning commander. The losers of this battle were led by Abd el-Rahman, who died during it. Its winner was bestowed with the nickname “the hammer†and gained enough power to lay the foundations of the Carolingian Dynasty. For 10 points, name this 732 victory for Charles Martel that prevented the Umayyad conquest of France.

Battle of Tours [or the Battle of Poitiers]

This battle was preceded by the defeat at the Garonne River of Odo the Great. One side in this battle retreated following a rumor that the other side was taking the treasure they had looted from Bordeaux. This battle took place at the same area in which John II would later be captured by Edward the Black Prince. One side's cavalry was rendered useless by a long uphill charge, and was repeatedly ordered to charge against the enemy infantry square by the governor of Al-Andalus, Abd ar-Rahman, after whose death his forces retreated to Spain. For 10 points, name this battle in which Charles Martel ended the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Battle of Tours or Battle of Poitiers

Before this battle, the officer who recaptured the island fort of Diamond Rock retreated to Cadiz, believing a false report that an enemy was residing in the Bay of Biscay. The Redoutable and the Bucentaure were captured during this battle, in which Cuthbert Collingwood managed to maneuver a squadron behind the fleet of Pierre de Villeneuve. The victorious commander of this battle signaled "England expects that every man will do his duty" before being shot by a sniper. For 10 points, name this 1805 naval battle in which Horatio Nelson won a major victory in the Napoleonic Wars.

Battle of Trafalgar

One offensive during this battle focused on taking Cote 304 and Mort-Homme. During this battle, a supply line running along Bar-le-duc road became known as the Sacred Way. Much of the fighting in this battle focused on Fort Douaumont and Fort Vaux, both of which were recovered near the end of this battle by Charles Mangin. Robert Nivelle, who during this battle said, "They shall not pass!" replaced as head of the Second Army a man who would become known as the "Hero" of this battle, Philippe Petain. This battle on the Meuse River was part of an attempt to "bleed France white." FTP, name this 1916 battle, one of the bloodiest of WWI.

Battle of Verdun

A charge by the British Heavy Cavalry down Lord Hill during this battle led to the near destruction of the 2nd Scottish Dragoons. The Rothschild family learned the outcome of this battle via carrier pigeon. The loser of this battle attempted to save his fortunes by sending in his elite Old Guard. During this battle, (*) Gebhard von Blücher's Prussian army assisted the Duke of Wellington's forces and pushed back the assault. For 10 points, name this final battle of the Napoleonic Wars, after which the Great Powers exiled Napoleon to St. Helena.

Battle of Waterloo

At this battle, the arrival of forces led by H.E.K von Zieten [ZEE-ten] neutralized the transfer of Imperial Guard forces following the capture of La Haye Sainte. The transfer was impeded by a secondary battle involving Prussian forces led by Karl von Bulow [BYOO-loe], which had not engaged at Ligny [lih-nyee]. The winning side also managed to rebound from a loss at Quatre-Bras [kah-truh brah] to Marshal Ney. This battle took place in 1815 in the Netherlands, though the land is now in Belgium. Name this battle in which Gebhard von Blücher [BLOO-ker] and the Duke of Wellington delivered the final blow to the plans of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Waterloo

In the lead up to this battle, the winner was alerted to the enemy's movements while at a ball held by the Duchess of Richmond. The losing commander claimed that winning it would be as easy as eating breakfast. The victor in this battle used his famous "reverse slope defense." One group was prevented from fighting in it by the Battle of Wavre. This battle began with attacks on a chateau called (*) Hougoumont [oo-goo-mon]. The absence of General Grouchy [groo-shee] deprived the losers of one third of their army. Le Haye Sainte was captured in this battle by an impetuous cavalry charge led by Marshal Ney, but his victory was cut short by the arrival of General Blucher and his Prussians. Its loser was exiled to St. Helena afterwards. For 10 points, name this battle where the Duke of Wellington dealt Napoleon his last defeat.

Battle of Waterloo

One general in this battle was delayed as he had been successfully held at Quatre-Bras, and Karl von Brulow's troops were able to attack the other side on their eastern flank. That side's general was forced to use Georges Mouton to stop the advance, but another of that side's commanders, Michel Ney, captured a farmhouse and began artillery bombardment of the Allied position. Because the general on the French side waited for the ground to dry, Blucher was able to reach the battlefield in time to support Wellington's troops. For ten points, identify this battle fought during the Hundred Days in a Belgian town, a defeat for Napoleon that ended in exile on St. Helena.

Battle of Waterloo

Prior to this battle, the armies of one side had been separated after two battles, Quatre-Bras and Ligny. One side's army in this battle was positioned on a ridge screened by three farms. A diversionary attack on one of those farms started this battle, but wet ground delayed the main assault until midday. That assault led by Marshal Ney succeeded in capturing Le Haye Sainte, but an attack on the French left at Plancenoit prevented that success from being exploited; that attack was from Prussians under Gebhard von Bluecher. An 1815 victory for the Duke of Wellington, For 10 points, name this final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Waterloo

When an officer asked for reinforcements, one general in this battle said, "Do you want me to make some?" That general in this battle sent his personal bodyguards to recapture Plancenoit in an attempt to split the enemy's forces. One side intercepted a message betraying the position of their enemy's ally at St. Lambert after launching a diversionary attack on a farmhouse at Hougoumont to begin this battle. Marshal Ney mistakenly thought the other side was retreating and ordered a costly charge against La Haye Sainte. One side in this battle was bolstered by troops led by Gebhart von Blucher. Ending the Hundred Days, FTP, name this battle where the Duke of Wellington handed Napoleon his final defeat.

Battle of Waterloo

It's not Russia, but this subnational state was briefly ruled as a council republic by Jewish revolutionary Kurt Eisner until his assassination by a former army officer. This state was the site of a 1778 war during which starving soldiers pillaged its potato crops. A long-ruling dynasty of this state, the House of Wittelsbach, produced a patron of Wagner and builder of the (*) Neuschwanstein Castle, Mad King Ludwig. This state was the site of an abortive uprising led by Erich Ludendorff and Adolf Hitler, the Beer Hall Putsch. For 10 points, name this state in southeastern Germany, where Hitler joined the Nazi Party in its city of Munich.

Bavaria [or Bayern] <WC History>

A short-lived government in this modern-day country was divided into Vonckists and Statists. This country's independence movement was started after a performance of The Mute Girl of Portici, and was ended with the signing of the Treaty of London. During WWI, this country stalled Germany at the Battle of Liege after being invaded as part of the Schlieffen Plan. An earlier ruler of this country was famous for brutally cutting off people's hands in this nation's colony of the Congo. Ruled by Albert I and Leopold II, FTP, name this nation with capital Brussels.

Belgium

A future monarch of this country refused the throne of Greece, believing Greece was too unstable to be a viable monarchy. That monarch abdicated after his return from exile led to the "Royal Question" and violent strikes in the south of this country. This country's 1830 revolution was sparked by a performance of the opera The Mute Girl of Portici. During World War I, the German Schlieffen plan violated this country's neutrality. The European Union is headed in the capital of this country, which joined two neighbors to form the Benelux union. For 10 points, name this northern European monarchy whose capital is Brussels.

Belgium [or België; or Belgique]

This man's forces were nearly encircled by the Christmas Offensive, and he passed the Acerbo Law to gain control of his country's legislature. He served as the editor of the newspaper Avanti and conquered Albania, forcing King Zog into exile. His opponents left the Chamber of Deputies in the Aventine Secession, and he was later overthrown by Pietro Badoglio. This man seized control of his country after the March on Rome, during which he overthrew Victor Emmanuel III. For 10 points, name this Italian leader of the Blackshirts nicknamed "Il Duce," the fascist leader of Italy during World War II.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini

This man's book The Cardinal's Mistress allegedly inspired Dorothy Parker to quip that bad books should not be cast aside lightly, but instead "thrown with great force." This man, who passed the Acerbo Law to reform the voting system in his favor, carried out the "gold for the fatherland" and "battle for land" policies. This leader was a member of the "Pact of Steel," conquered Ethiopia, commanded the Blackshirts, and came to power in the March on Rome. For 10 points, "Il Duce" was the nickname of what leader of Fascist Italy?

Benito [Amilcare Andrea] Mussolini

Gail Halverson became known as the "candy bomber" after dropping twenty three tons of candy on this city. A meeting held in this city revised a treaty that recognized Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania as free states and ended the Russo-Turkish War known as the Treaty of San Stefano. Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped this city's (*) parliament building in polypropylene, which was set on fire in 1933 by a communist bricklayer. This home of the Reichstag and Brandenburg Gate became divided by a structure that Ronald Reagan would order Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down. For ten points, name this city that was split in half by a wall during the Cold War, the capital of Germany.

Berlin <RP>

This city was aided in an operation created by Lucius Clay. Operation Clausewitz was an attempt to defend this city, which is where Yevgeny Khaldei took a photo of two soldiers raising a Soviet flag over a government building. A 1961 tank standoff occurred when one of this city's four zones was blocked off. After Soviet troops blockaded the supply routes in this city, a 1948 (*) airlift was organized to deliver necessities to it. That structure was built by Walter Ulbricht and included Checkpoint Charlie. Ronald Reagan gave a speech telling "Mr. Gorbachev" to "tear down" a structure in this city. For 10 points, name this German city that was once bisected by a namesake Wall.

Berlin [accept East Berlin or West Berlin; accept Berlin] <LL> Tiebreaker

The first ruler of this nation, Tvrtko I, was crowned in Visoko, a city later destroyed by the Ottomans. The most prominent ethnic group in this nation, more than 8,000 of whom were massacred by Serbian forces in the town of Srebrenica in 1995, are predominantly Muslim. One city in this modern nation was the site of the 1984 Olympics and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. For 10 points, name this former Yugoslav republic with its capital at Sarajevo, a nation paired with Herzegovina.

Bosnia and Herzegovina [do not accept "Yugoslavia"]

One rebellion during this ruler's reign was partially put down by Peter Panin following the Battle of Kazan. This monarch issued the Nakaz and established the Hermitage museum. This monarch was called the "star of the north" and supported Stanislaw Poniatowski. Having gained power after the assassination of Peter III, this monarch made a deal with Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great to partition Poland. Advisors to this monarch included Gregory Orlov and Gregory Potemkin. This woman was a patron of both Diderot and Voltaire. For 10 points, name this "enlightened" tsaritsa of Russia.

Catherine the Great [Accept Catherine II or Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst until read]

This leader gave a decree establishing the Pale of Settlement, an area of the empire in which Jews would be coerced into living safely, and grew up in the governor's house in Stettin as part of the house of Anhalt. This leader established the Assignation Bank to issue paper money, established the State Hermitage art museum near Lake Ladoga, and ordered that Pugachev's Rebellion be suppressed while receiving advice from Grigory Potemkin. For 10 points, identify this so-called "enlightened despot," a German-born empress of Russia known for her correspondence with Voltaire.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II of Russia] <MPG>

The Treaty of Teschen was signed after this ruler threatened to intervene in the War of the Bavarian Succession. This ruler issued an Enlightenment-inspired law code called the Nakaz. Along with Joseph II and Frederick the Great, this ruler participated in the First Partition of Poland. A large dome-shaped diamond was gifted to this ruler by Grigory Orlov, who orchestrated the coup that put this ruler on the throne. This ruler faced the revolt of Yemelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be her dead husband Peter III. The Crimean Khanate was annexed during the reign of this ruler, who toured fake villages set up in the Crimea by her lover Grigory Potemkin. For 10 points, name this Russian empress.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II; accept Yekaterina Alekseyevna; accept Yekaterina Velikaya; accept Sophie Friederike Auguste, Princess von Anhalt-Zerbst; prompt on Catherine; prompt on Yekaterina]

This leader smashed the Ottoman Empire at the battle of Chesma, eventually taking Azov and the Crimea. After placing Stanislaw Poniatowski on the Polish throne, this protector of the Union of Lublin founded Hermitage Museum. This leader, who offered asylum to Denis Diderot so that he could finish his encyclopedia, took such men as Prince Zubov and Count Orlov as lovers. For 10 points, name this German-born enlightened despot who led the Russian Empire for 32 years.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II; prompt on Catherine]

This man defeated an invasion by a neighboring kingdom at the Battle of Amblève. He was imprisoned in his power struggle with the powerful queen Plectrude and her grandchildren. His most notable military action came after he agreed to protect Duke Odo from an invasion northward from Spain. This man defeated the Governor of Cordoba, Abd el-Rahman, in one battle, halting the Muslim advance through Europe and gaining the epithet "The Hammer." This mayor of the palace of Austrasia was the father of Pepin the Short and the grandfather of Charlemagne. For 10 points, name this Frankish victor at the 732 CE Battle of Tours.

Charles Martel [or Carolus Martellus; or Karl Martell]

This man's envoys to Germanic kingdoms included Bishop Willibrord and Saint Boniface. In hisyouth, he was imprisoned by his stepmother Plectrude. This man raised an army in the mountainsand defeated his enemies at Ambleve and Vincy after he lost at Cologne to Chilperic II and thisman's Neustrian counterpart, Ragenfrid. After this leader's close ally Odo of (*) Aquitaine wasoverrun at the Battle of the River Garonne, he answered a call for aid. This son of Pepin of Herstal, a"mayor of the palace", commanded an infantry square against cavalry when he defeated Abd-ar-RahmanGhafiqi and halted the Islamic incursion into Europe. For 10 points, name this father of Pepin the Short, aFrankish leader who won the 732 Battle of Tours.

Charles Martel [or Charles the Hammer]

While campaigning in the Netherlands, this man defeated the Frisians at the Battle of the Boarn, and he supported the patron saint of Germany, St. Boniface. Years prior, he had routed Duke Ratbod at the Battle of Ambleve. He served as Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia, a title he passed to his son, Pepin III after securing another victory at the Battle of Cologne. His greatest victory came in 732 with his defeat of the Abdul-Rahman Al-Ghafiqi and the Ummayad dynasty at the Battle of Tours. For 10 points, name this king nicknamed "the Hammer", the grandfather of Charlemagne.

Charles Martel [or Charles the Hammer]

This man thwarted Prussian plans to blow up a bridge in his capital by convincing a foreignmonarch to re-inaugurate it. A foot injury from falling off a chest as a child led this man to clericallife, but he was excommunicated after becoming the first bishop to embrace the Civil Constitution ofthe Clergy. This one-time Bishop of Autun dispatched dragoons to Baden to abduct and execute theDuc d'Enghien, and saw his proposed four-way (*) partition of Belgium shot down at the 1830Conference of London. He was joined at another conference by Alexander I and Karl von Hardenberg. Thisman's agents demanded bribes from men like John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry in the XYZ Affair. For 10points, name this long-serving French minister to the Congress of Vienna.

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, prince de Bénévent

This man participated in a theatrical whale hunt during his construction of the harbor at Ostia. This rulerordered toleration of Judaism in his letter to the Alexandrians. This emperor sent the former slaveNarcissus to embarrass mutinying troops into embarking on a campaign led by Aulus Plautius. Thisemperor apparently spared the chieftain Caratacus, who had resisted his conquest of Britain. He wasfound hiding behind a curtain after his predecessor's murder, and he himself was likely poisoned by hiswife Agrippina the Younger. For 10 points, name this stuttering Roman emperor, the successor toCaligula and predecessor of Nero.

Claudius [or Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

After receiving inadequate payments for preparing the defenses of this city, a Hungarian engineer disastrously defected to its enemies. As part of an erstwhile campaign to restore Isaac II to the throne, this city was sacked in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade. A large portion of this city was burned during the Nika riots. This city finally fell after canon fire opened a breach in its walls near the Gate of Romanos. For 10 points, name this city that fell to Turkish forces under Mehmet the Conqueror on May 29th, 1453.

Constantinople

While attending an an ecumenical council, this man was inspired by the Neoplatonic theories of Pletho to found an academy whose leader, Marsilio Ficino, translated into Latin all works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus and Plato. His right-hand man after a brief interregnum was Luca Pitti. This man exiled the Strozzi and Albizzi families when he returned less than a year after being exiled. The Signoria gave the title of Pater Patriae, or “Father of his Country,†to this man upon his death; he was succeeded in office by his son, (*) Piero the Gouty. Michelozzo designed the Palazzo of this man, who was the son of a banker named Giovanni. He was a prolific patron of the arts who championed Brunelleschi’s design for the dome of the Duomo. For 10 points, name this grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent who founded a ruling dynasty in Renaissance Florence.

Cosimo [di Giovanni] de’ Medici [prompt on “(de’) Mediciâ€]

During this event, the "double justice" theory was extensively argued against by Diego Laynez. This meeting had its teachings summarized in the Tridentine Creed, and its decrees were ratified by the bull Benedictus Deus. The Jesuits eventually gained control in the third and last period of this meeting which prepared a list of (*) banned books and reaffirmed the seven sacraments. The First Vatican Council was the first council to be convened after Paul III convened this council in 1545. For 10 points, name this ecumenical council which began the Counter Reformation by denouncing Protestantism.

Council of Trent BONUSES

For three months near the end of this war, William Fenwick Williams defended the small town of Kars. This war began shortly after France sent the ship-of-line Charlemagne as a show of force in violation of the London Straits Convention. In this war, Patrice McMahon captures the Malakoff Redoubt early in his career. William Howard Russel documented this war for The Times, and the (*) Victoria Cross was introduced in its aftermath. Sir Colin Campbell ordered his men to array two-deep, setting up a "Thin Red Line", and six-hundred men were sent to attack a well-prepared artillery battery, at its Battle of Balaclava. For 10 points, name this war in which Lord Cardigan led the charge of the Light Brigade, fought by an Ottoman and European alliance against Russia.

Crimean War

This war featured both the last major naval battle involving sailing ships at Sinop and the first major battle involving ironclads at Kinburn. Lord Raglan was a commander during this war. During this war, Colin Campbell's stopped a ferocious cavalry charge with his (*) "Thin Red Line." The 1856 Treaty of Paris ended this conflict, which included the Siege of Sevastopol. Florence Nightingale rose to prominence in this war for her efforts relating to field hospitals. For 10 points, name this conflict from 1853 to 1856, which takes its name from a peninsula on the Black Sea, that pitted the Russian Empire against the Ottomans and their British and French allies.

Crimean War <LT>

Ethnic Germans in this country were expelled by the Benes Decrees. Jan ["yahn"] Masaryk died under suspicious circumstances in this country, and his father Thomas was the first president of this country. The arrest of the psychedelic band Plastic People of the Universe in this country led to the creation of Charter 77. The (*) Brezhnev Doctrine was first enforced in this country, from which Adolf Hitler annexed the Sudetenland. The "Velvet Divorce" led to this country to dissolve in 1993, and Alexander Dubček ["DUB-check"] called for "Socialism with a human face" in it. The 1968 Prague Spring happened in—for 10 points—what Warsaw Pact country named for two modern countries?

Czechoslovakia [accept Czechoslovak Socialist Republic; don't accept any other answers] <LL>

In this country, Klement Gottwald was installed by the Victorious February coup after a previous leader was found dead in his pajamas. This country's "normalization" era began after a university student set himself on fire, and many of its dissidents signed Charter 77 under the rule of Gustav Husak. Tanks rolled into this country to enforce the new Brezhnev doctrine, ending freedoms that came to it with "socialism with a human face" under Alexander Dubcek in 1968. For 10 points, name this Eastern bloc country which split in two after the Velvet Revolution led by Vaclav Havel, and briefly liberalized during Prague Spring.

Czechoslovakia [do not accept "Czech Republic" or "Slovakia" at any point] <MJ> [STOP HERE] [You have reached the end of the round. Do not continue reading unless the game is tied or a tossup was thrown out earlier in the round.]

Hannah Arendt wrote that this series of events was set up by the Panama scandal two years before, and Barbara Tuchman's account, in A Proud Tower, largely ignores Félix Faure's role. It began after a note about the 120-millimeter gun was found in Max von Schwarzkoppen's trash can; that note was written by Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy. This crisis's victim was imprisoned alone on Devil's Island, and the arguments during it included an open letter called J'Accuse! by Emile Zola. For 10 points, name this huge Third Republic-era crisis in which a baseless treason conviction ruined a French officer's life largely because he was Jewish.

Dreyfus affair, scandal, etc. [accept more specific answers such as the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus] <MJ>

A ruler of this region dealt with a revolt by tying the citizens of Liège together and dumping them in ariver. Nicolas Rolin was the chancellor to a ruler of this region who tried to organize a crusade againstthe Turks at the Feast of the Pheasant. After thugs from this region murdered Louis of Orleans, theArmagnac faction declared war on a ruler of this region, John the Fearless. A duke of this regionorganized the League of the Public Weal against Louis XI and was killed at the Battle of Nancy. That manwas Charles the Bold. Soldiers from this region under Duke Philip the Good ransomed Joan of Arc to theBritish. For 10 points, name this former duchy, a region in France that is known for its namesake dark redwine.

Duchy of Burgundy [or Duché de Bourgogne]

7. One participant in this country's June 1953 rebellion was fictionalized as Harry Melchior in the 2001 film The Tunnel. The movie Night Crossing depicted how two families fled this country via a hot air balloon, and Peter Fechter was left to die in a "death strip" after being shot while trying to escape it. Egon Krenz was the last leader of this country, whose citizens were policed by the (*) Stasi. Due to a massive brain drain, Walter Ulbricht began the construction of a structure in this country that would later be torn down in 1989 with pickaxes and sledgehammers. For ten points, name this Soviet-dominated nation that built the Berlin Wall and joined with West Germany in 1990.

East Germany [or Ostdeutschland; or Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR; or German Democratic Republic or GDR; prompt on "Germany" or "Deutschland"; do not accept or prompt on "Republic of Germany" or "Federal Republic of Germany"] <BZ>

A war between these two countries was sparked when one refused to set off a cannonof white smoke for the other's yacht Merlin. One of these countries sailed up a river toburn thirteen of the other country's ships in the Raid on the Medway. A group of noblesfrom one of these countries known as the Immortal Seven sent a letter to the ruler ofthe other. By the Treaty of Nonsuch, one of these countries agreed to support the otherin exchange for two towns captured by the (*) Sea Beggar pirates. A stadtholder from one of these countries accepted the Bill of Rights from the other's legislature. During the second war between these two countries, one seized New York from the other. For 10 points, name these two maritime countries, both ruled by William III of Orange.

England and the Netherlands [or Great Britain and the Netherlands or United Kingdom and the Netherlands or England and the Dutch]

In one story, this man interpreted falling off his horse as a bad omen, causing him to not join his son on an exploration out west. This man had a dispute with his neighbor after he lent him his seat posts, but his neighbor refused to return them. His subsequent killing of that neighbor brought about his exile for three years. During that exile, he established an estate at Brattahlith. This man's son discovered Vinland, which is located on the east coast of North America. For 10 points, name this father of Leif Ericson and Viking explorer who created the first settlements in Greenland.

Erik the Red [or Erik Thorvaldsson]

5. The main idea behind this modern-day organization was originated by Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, who founded several precursors to it. The current head of this organization's Commission is Jose Manuel Barroso, and much of it was reformed by the 2009 Lisbon treaty. Predecessors to this body included the Common Market and an organization that traded steel and (*) coal during the Cold War. This organization was established by the Treaty of Maastricht, and is currently facing a crisis with its namesake currency. For 10 points, name this organization of countries on a certain continent, which includes France, Britain, and Germany.

European Union (or EU) <BZ>

A ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with this name was derisively called King Bomba.Another king of this name was known as the "Desired One" after he was deposed in favor ofNapoleon's brother Joseph during the Peninsular War. A Holy Roman Emperor of this name wasdeposed as King of Bohemia in favor of Frederick the Winter King at the start of the (*) Thirty YearsWar. One monarch of this name took as a second wife Germaine de Foix and was the father of Joanna theMad; that same king with this name jointly expelled the Jews from his country via the Alhambra Decree.For 10 points, give this name shared by a king of Aragon who unified his kingdom with that of Isabella ofCastile.

Ferdinand

In 1961, this country received a diplomatic note calling for military consultations ondefense against "Germany and her allies," as per the FCMA Treaty. The German-trainedJaegers made up the White Guards during this country's civil war. Yelena Bonnerfounded a watch group to monitor compliance with Article VII of an agreement signedin this country, which called for "respect for human rights." During one war, thiscountry's troops coined the term (*) "Molotov cocktail" and used cross-country skis to fight a larger enemy force. This country used the Mannerheim line during that war, which was followed by the Continuation War. This country ceded Karelia after losing the Winter War to the Soviets. For 10 points, name this country where the Helsinki Accords were signed.

Finland [or Suomi]

The use of the word "homoousios" was decried as a "Sabellian tendency" at this event and prompted one central figure to be exiled to Illyricum. The Quartodeciman Controversy was finally settled at this event, which scheduled a feast for the Sunday after the fourteenth of Nisan. The word "filioque" was controversially inserted into the product of this meeting. Bithynia was the location of this event, to make it easier for bishops to arrive by sea, and also so that the emperor could keep an eye on Arius, whose heretical views were condemned at this council. For 10 points, name this first ecumenical council called by Constantine in Turkey, which produced a namesake creed.

First Council of Nicaea

Edward Tyas Cook described this person's return to the estate of Lea Hurst in an early 1913biography. An image which this person called the "bat's wing" was among a set of charts in polarcoordinates called "coxcombs" which she created. Mary Seacole attempted to join this person buteventually worked separately from her. William Howard Russell reported on this person who, at therequest of Sidney Herbert, went with 38 other people went to (*) Scutari, which was built over acesspool. A notable article about this woman called her a "ministering angel" and the "Lady with theLamp." For 10 points, name this woman who improved sanitation for soldiers in the Crimean War, apioneering British nurse.

Florence Nightingale

The work of scholars at Bologna under an emperor of this name enabled that emperor's rehabilitation of Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis. An incredible emperor with this name spoke six languages, including Greek and Arabic, and established such an advanced literary culture and bureaucracy in Southern Italy that he was called stupor mundi by contemporaries. Another emperor with this name was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano. That emperor's armor weighed him down while was crossing the Saleph river, leading him to drown while on the way to the Third Crusade. For 10 points, give this name of the Holy Roman Emperor known as "Barbarossa."

Frederick [or Friedrich]

This event led to the first-ever invocation of Article 42.7. This event caused one nation to increase its force in Operation Chammal, and led to an intense crackdown on the Molenbeek area. Turkey claimed to have informed one country of the possibility of this event a year before it happened. This event brought a sudden end to a performance by the (*) Eagles of Death Metal. A soccer match between Germany and the home country was interrupted by three explosions during this event. For 10 points, name this event in which radical jihadists attacked the Bataclan theater and other targets throughout the capital of France.

Friday, 13 November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks [accept any reasonable equivalent]

This city's Jewish Ghisolfi family helped found the Bank of St. George, which was granted control over colonies in Gazaria and the Taman Peninsula. Constantinople's Galata Tower was built by traders from this city, whose colony of Caffa may have been an entry point for the bubonic plague into Europe. An admiral from this city led the allied fleet that lost to the Ottomans at the Battle of Preveza. (*) Crossbowmen from this city, which was once led by Andrea Doria, were outshot by English longbowmen at the Battle of Crecy. An explorer born in this city appealed to Ferdinand and Isabella for financial support for his four voyages to the New World. For 10 points, name this Italian city, the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, a major maritime rival of Venice.

Genoa [or Republic of Genoa]

Due to this man's intervention, Georges Boulanger, an advocate of revanchism, was made War Minister in the cabinet of Charles Freycinet. A friend of this man, Cornelius Herz, cost this man an election when he was found to have taken bribes in the Panama Scandal. This man's newspaper L'Aurore ["low-ROAR"] was where Emile Zola's "J'Accuse" ["jah-KOOZ"] was first published. In his most famous role, he often clashed with President Raymond Poincare ["pawn-ka-RAY"]. This "Tiger" was shot by Emile Cottin while at an event where he argued for harsh reparations for Germany. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister of France during World War I, a member of the "Big 4" at the Paris Peace Conference.

Georges Clemenceau

The ultranationalist group Organisation Consul assassinated an official of this country who'd signed the Treaty of Rapallo. An object known as the "blood flag" was inspired by a failed coup in this country, and Rosa Luxemburg led a revolt in it by a group known as the (*) Spartacists. A 1933 fire destroyed its main legislative building, leading to the signing of the Enabling Act. The government of this country was the target of the Beer Hall Putsch and was unable to control rampant hyperinflation following its loss in World War I. For 10 points, name this European country which was ruled by the Weimar regime until the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Germany (or Deutschland; accept Weimar Republic until mention; do not accept or prompt on "Nazi Germany" or "The Third Reich" since none of these things happened during that period)

The corpse of Henry, Count of Niebla, was hung from a basket after he drowned trying to take thislocation in 1436. During World War II, Polish leader Wladyslaw Sikorski died mysteriously when hisplane plunged into the sea after taking off from this place. The Marquis de Salines blew up his ownfortifications here to defend against an attack on the Old Mole in 1704, when Admiral George Rooketook it for Britain. It officially became a British (*) possession through the Treaty of Utrecht. Lying justwest of Algeciras, this peninsula is supposedly the site of the northern Pillar of Hercules, whose counterpartlies across a namesake strait in Tangier, Morocco. For 10 points, name this peninsula at the Southern tip ofSpain, dominated by a massive "Rock."

Gibraltar [or Rock of Gibraltar; prompt on "Iberia"]

Supporters of this man included the Piagnoni and Fra Domenico da Pescia, who were executed with him. This man wrote a collection of successful prophecies, Compendium revelationum, the most notable of which was his prediction of Charles VIII of France's overthrow of a certain family, after which he influenced the creation of a republic which was opposed by the Arrabiati, who were supported by Pope Alexander VI. Leader of a mass torching of sinful objects such as paintings, the 1497 Bonfire of the Vanities, For 10 points, name this Dominican friar who filled the political vacuum in Florence after the Medici.

Girolamo Savonarola

During this event, Patrick Sarsfield was defeated at the Battle of Reading. Ignatius White unsuccessfully tried to convince France to intervene, and it began after The Seven Bishops were tried for seditious libel. Forces financed in part by Pope Innocent IX landed at Brixham during this event, and the Dominion of New England collapsed shortly after. The Declaration of Indulgence was issued a year before this event, which saw the fall of the Stuart line. For 10 points, name this almost bloodless event which saw James II overthrown by a Dutch invasion of William of Orange and Mary II.

Glorious Revolution [accept Revolution of 1688; accept Bloodless Revolution before "bloodless"]

Joseph ibn Naghrela was killed in this city in a 1066 pogrom supposedly prompted by Abu Ishaq’s anti-Semitic writing. Cardinal Cisneros’ attempt to brutally convert the population of this city led to a revolt that spread to its nearby Alpujarras Mountain region. A former ruler’s wistful gaze back at this city supposedly gave rise to the term “the (*) Moor’s last sighâ€. The capital of the small empire ruled by the Nasrid Dynasty, it was surrendered by a ruler known as Boabdil to the so-called “Catholic Monarchs.†A fortress in this city contains the Court of the Lions and is linked to an estate called the “Generalife†(HEN-uh-rah-LEE-fay). In 1492, its conquest by Castile and Aragon effectively ended the Reconquista. For 10 points, name this city in southern Spain where the Alhambra is.

Granada

Despite defeating this nation at the Battle of Metaxas Line, Adolf Hitler commended troops from this country for their bravery. A referendum in this country in 1975 elected not to restore its monarchy. This country was forced to pay reparations to Italy by the League of Nations, despite the fact it was Italy who had invaded this nation's island of (*) Corfu. In 1949, a civil war in this country ended with the DSE Army surrendering to the US-backed Hellenic Army. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation that lifted its veto against its neighbor Turkey in its bid for EU membership in 1999 after both were hit by an earthquake.

Greece [accept "Hellenic Republic" until "Hellenic Army" is read]

A terrorist group in this country killed British diplomat Stephen Saunders 12 years after it used a car bomb to assassinate US naval attacheÌ William Nordeen. The terrorist group called Revolutionary Organization 17 November takes its name from a date in 1967 when students started protesting against a seven-year period of military rule. Royalist forces in this country who supported King George II received US backing in its (*) 1946 to 1949 civil war through the Truman Doctrine. An attempt to achieve enosis with an island neighbor brought down its Regime of the Colonels. In the 19th century, its independence was secured through a naval victory over Ibrahim Pasha at the Battle of Navarino. For 10 points, name this country frequently in conflict with Turkey, with capital at Athens.

Greece [or Hellenic Republic ]

The broadcasting service ERT was shut down in response to this event and replaced by NERIT, which itself was shut down in 2015 as ERT resumed service. It didn't occur in Portugal or Cyprus, but the term "troika" refers to three organizations working to alleviate this situation. The Indignant Citizens Movement organized protests in response to (*) austerity measures undertaken in an attempt to solve this problem, and the persistence of these measures led to the SYRIZA party under Alexis Tsipras obtaining a parliamentary majority in the 2015 election. For 10 points, name this ongoing crisis since 2009 in which a European country has been unable to repay its creditors.

Greek debt crisis [accept equivalents like Greek financial crisis] <SR Current Events>

One pope of this name feuded with the Orthodox Patriarch Eutychius over the corporeal nature of Christ's rebirth. That pope allegedly said "They are not Angles, but angels" after seeing English slave boys, and sent Augustine of Canterbury to convert the Anglo-Saxons. One man took the Walk to Canossa to repent to a pope of this name. That Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, had been excommunicated for his role in the Investiture Controversy. The first pope of this name gave his name to a form of plainchant. For 10 points, give this name of the pope who reformed the Julian calendar.

Gregory

Many places belonging to this organization featured buildings known as kontors. This organization suffered a humiliating loss at Helsingborg that caused it to create the Confederation of Cologne. It was harassed by Klaus Stortebeker, who led the Likedeelers. This federation reached its peak after forcing Valdemar IV to sign the Treaty of Stralsund. It was headquartered in the city of Lubeck. For 10 points, name this Northern European trading alliance that dominated the Baltic Sea during the Middle Ages.

Hanseatic League [or Hansa]

Two of this group's Kontors were closed by Ivan III. Members of this group fought the Likedeelers or Victual Brothers. Christopher of Bavaria signed the Treaty of Copenhagen with this group, which was expelled from England by Elizabeth I. This organization grew in power by exploiting the Kiel salt road and designed a new flat-bottomed ship called the cog. This union forced Valdemar IV of Denmark to agree to the Peace of Stralsund. A city on the island of Gotland called Visby was part of this group, as was Lubeck. For 10 points, name this medieval Germanic and Scandinavian trading alliance.

Hanseatic League [or Hansa]

A siege led by this man is the subject of an epic poem by Voltaire. He defeated Anne, Duke of Joyeuse at the Battle of Coutras ["koot-RAH"]. An event that happened shortly after this man's wedding was prompted by the attempted assassination of Gaspard de Coligny ["COL-in-yee"]. In order to obtain one position, this survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre said that a certain city was "well worth a Mass" and converted to Catholicism. He was assassinated by Francois Ravaillac, who was upset with him for giving the Huguenots too much freedom with the Edict of Nantes ["nant"]. For 10 points, name this victor of the War of Three Henrys, the first French king from the House of Bourbon.

Henry IV of France [or Henry of Navarre; or Henry III of Navarre; or the Green Gallant; or le vert galant; prompt on "Henry"]

One king of this name was opposed by the Malcontents, and was later assassinated by the friar Jacques Clement. That king with this name became the first elected king of Poland-Lithuania. After the wedding of one man of this name, a massacre of (*) Huguenots took place on St. Bartholomew's Day. A Duke of Guise with this name led the Catholic League in the final of the Wars of Religion that was fought between three men of this name. One man of this name declared issued the Edict of Nantes and declared that "Paris is worth a mass." For 10 points, give this name of a king of France who was the 4th of his name, and was from Navarre.

Henry [accept Henry III; accept Henry, Duc de Guise; accept Henry IV or Henry of Navarre]

9. Çala Ben Çala asked this man to give his brother up as a hostage to fulfill peace terms in Tangiers, while another of his brothers was the eldest member of the Illustrious Generation. This founder of the Sagres Institute inspired his father to conquer the Moorish port Ceuta, and Gil Eanes, a commander of this man's expeditions, became the first European to pass Cape Bojador. This governor of (*) Algarve sent Goncalo Velho to discover the Azores for his country. For ten points, name this Portuguese prince from the House of Aviz whose epithet reveals his love for exploration.

Henry the Navigator (accept Henry the Seafarer; or Infante Henry, Duke of Viseu; or Henrique o Navegador; prompt on Henry) <KT>

A philandering king belonging to this royal house was married to the Polish Marie Leszczynska, who was the longest-serving queen of her country. This dynasty allied with Sweden’s Vasa Dynasty in the Treaty of Barwalde. A member of this dynasty kept Madame de Pompadour as his mistress, who tellingly stated “After us, the deluge.†The founding member of this dynasty said “Paris is well worth a mass†after coming to power and ending the French Wars of Religion. This house was restored to power from 1815 to 1830, following Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. For 10 points, name this French royal house founded by Henry IV, the last French dynasty.

House of Bourbon

This dynasty intermarried into several European royal houses during the reign of Amalia's husband Frederick Henry. Margaret of Parma appointed a member of this dynasty to negotiate an end to a wave of iconoclastic fury known as the Beeldenstorm. That member of this house was killed at the hands of French Catholic Balthesar Gerard in one of the first assassinations by firearm, and led several early raids during the (*) Eighty Years' War, during that "silent" leader served as stadtholder. A later member of this cadet branch of the House of Nassau won the Battle of the Boyne and took power in the not-entirely bloodless Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this dynasty that the Dutch prince William III belonged to before he became King of England.

House of Orange-Nassau [prompt on Nassau until mentioned]

Monarchomachs were political theorists belonging to this group, and this group established a colony in Florida before being killed by Spanish soldiers. The Conspiracy of Amboise was developed by these people, who lost most political rights in the Peace of Ales. The dragonnades were soldiers sanctioned by the king to convert and repress members of this group. Henry of Guise carried out the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre against these people, while the Edict of Fointainebleau revoked tolerance granted to this group in the previous Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this group consisting of French Protestants persecuted in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Huguenots

Many of these people were tried in a room called the "burning chamber" since it was illuminated only by torches. Frederick William, the Great Elector, offered protection for this group in the Edict of Potsdam to boost his country's wool industry. The Prince de Conde fought to protect these people from the Duc de Guise. The failure to assassinate one of their leaders, Gaspard de Coligny, moved Catherine de Medici to arrange the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre against them. Louis XIV denied them toleration in the Edict of Fontainebleau, which repealed the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this group of French Protestants.

Huguenots [prompt on French Protestants before read]

After one side in this war captured Bordeaux, General John Talbot was killed with an axe at its Battle of Castillon. Forces lead by Hugues Quieret and Nicolas Behuchet were demolished in an early naval battle of this war, whose history was chronicled by Jean Froissart. One king in this war was ransomed back to his country after being captured at (*) Poitiers, and that ransoming spurred the Jacquerie rebellion. A battle fought on St. Crispin's Day in this war saw the heavy use of longbows on a muddy battlefield, and its Siege of Orléans was broken by Joan of Arc. Henry V won the Battle of Agincourt in, for ten points, what war between England and France that, despite its name, actually lasted 116 years?

Hundred Years War <GM+RP>

A king of this country, who lost the Battle of Baia to Stephen the Great, placed a raven at the center of his Black Army's flag; that man was Matthias Corvinus. The kings of this country traditionally wore a crown with a crooked cross called St Stephen's Crown. This country's Revolution of 1848 was led by (*) Lajos Kossuth. Goulash communism occurred in this country after it failed to leave the Warsaw Pact. Soviet tanks entered this country to replace Imre Nagy with Janos Kadar during its failed 1956 revolution. The homeland of the Magyars is, for 10 points, what Central European country that was part of a dual monarchy with Austria before World War I?

Hungary

Just before the First Crusade, this country saw the sudden death of its ruler Ladislas I, who along with Coloman the Book-Lover was a member of this country's Arpad Dynasty. The Black Army of this country was led by its ruler Matthias Corvinus. A White Terror was inflicted on this country's population by its leader during World War II, Miklos Horthy, who led an army to depose his communist predecessor, Bela Kun. The Soviet Union crushed a 1956 independence movement in this country led by Imre Nagy. Following the Compromise of 1867 or Ausgleich, this country formed a dual monarchy with Austria. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Budapest.

Hungary [or Magyarorszag]

This nation was destroyed after its defeat at the Battle of Mohi, and the Golden Bull of 1222 issued by Andrew II gave its nobles the right to revolt. It lost most of its lands in the Treaty of Trianon, and earlier Lajos Kossuth led this nation during its Revolution of 1848. Louis II of this nation was defeated at the Battle of Mohacs. This country experienced a rise to prominence under the leadership of Janos Hunyadi and Matyas Corvinus, and its Arpad dynasty included Saint Stephen I. For 10 points, identify this country home to the Magyar people, with capital at Budapest.

Hungary [or Magyarország]

Many decisions in this country were made at a rocky cliff called the Logberg. This country gaveup sovereignty in the Old Covenant. A politician and scholar from this country argued that Norsemyths were originally about exiles from the sack of Troy. An official called the Lawspeaker presidedin this country, which was dominated in the Middle Ages by the Sturlungs. A 1783 volcanic eruptionwrecked this country, which was home to sporadic (*) Celtic monks before being settled. A parliamentin this country which has met since the year 930 is called the Althing. For 10 points, name this place fromwhich Erik the Red sailed to Greenland, an island nation whose namesake language is closely related toOld Norse.

Iceland [or ÃÂsland]

The defenders of this operation instituted the Dyle Plan, which was meant to halt the invading force at the namesake river. The attacking side used a plan which saw Army Group B feint an attack to the north while Army Group A attacked south through the Ardennes Forest. The defending side also launched Operation Dynamo, which successfully evacuated the Pas-de-Calais amphibiously. In the aftermath of this invasion, Henri Petain became leader of a collaborating government at Vichy. For 10 points, name this six week invasion which saw an allied country defeated by German forces in the summer of 1940.

Invasion of France by Nazi Germany (accept Battle of France, Fall of France, or other equivalent descriptions)  ÂÂ

This island fell completely to foreign control in the so-called "Flight of the Earls" following the failedrebellion of "Silken" Thomas. One early ruler on this island won the Battle of Clontarf and was named Brian Boru.A rebellion on this island was headquartered at its capital's General Post Office and began on Easter Sunday.Political strife on this island between its natives and Great Britain was called "The Troubles," which were largelysettled in the Good Friday Agreement. For 10 points, name this island that contains the city of Dublin.

Ireland [or Eire]

In the book 1493, Charles C. Mann argues that the impact of this event was exacerbated by amove away from the use of lazy beds. The Battle of Ballingarry was fought during this event, whichCecil Woodham-Smith blamed on Charles Trevelyan. "Souperists" took advantage of this event inorder to convert children to Protestantism. So-called "coffin ships" were used to (*) escape thecountry during this event. Absentee landlords and extreme subdivision of land contributed to this event,which prompted Robert Peel to rescind the Corn Laws. This event saw a certain variety of lumperdevastated by Phytophthora infestans, a fungus-like organism. For 10 points, name this 1840s event inwhich as many as a million Irish peasants starved due to crop loss.

Irish Potato Famine [or Great Famine or Great Hunger of Gorta Mor]

Ottoman Sultan Abdulmedjid I was forced to scale down his response to this event. The Ballinlass incident was a notorious eviction during this event, in which Count Paul de Strzelecki was tasked with dispersing over four hundred thousand pounds. Attempts to aid the victims of this event were often stymied by the "Gregory clause" of the Poor Law. It's not the Highland Clearances, but people boarded squalid (*) "coffin ships" to escape this event, which was exacerbated by extreme subdivision of land. Robert Peel responded to this event by repealing the Corn Laws. The fungus Phytophthora infestans caused this event. For 10 points, name this period from 1845-52, in which a million people starved to death due to a blight in a staple crop.

Irish potato famine [or Great Hunger; or Great Famine; or Irish famine; or An Gorta Mor]

This cause was hurt when peasants in the village of Bronte were massacred by troops led by Nino Bixio, and it was championed by the essay The Duties of Man. It was the motivation for a military campaign which overthrew Francis II and captured the towns of Calatafimi and Milazzo. Marshal Radetzky frequently defeated its supporters. France fought the Battle of Magenta against (*) Austria in support of this cause, one of the aims of the secret Carbonari society. The Expedition of the Thousand helped achieve this goal, which was promoted by the Piedmont-Sardinian prime minister Count Cavour and by the leader of the Redshirts. For 10 points, name this goal supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi, that was achieved in 1861 when Victor Emanuel II was elected king of a new country.

Italian unification [or unifying Italy; or Italian independence; or Risorgimento; or descriptions like creation of Italy; or more specific answers like Italian independence from Austria or reunification of Sicily with Italy; prompt on Italian nationalism]

Omar Mukhtar led a resistance movement against this colonial power. This colonial power was caught building a fort on an oasis outside its borders in the Walwal incident. The Hoare-Laval pact was a failed attempt to sate this colonial power's territorial ambitions. In 1911, this nation fought the Ottoman Empire over a province that included Tobruk. It defied the League of Nations by using exploding bullets and mustard gas in a 1936 conflict. This colonial power made up for its 1896 defeat at the Battle of Adwa by conquering a nation led by Haile Selassie. For 10 points, name this European nation that invaded Ethiopia during the regime of Benito Mussolini.

Italy [or Kingdom of Italy; or Regno d'Italia; do not accept "Italian Republic"]

This overthrower of the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan divided lands under his control into zemshina and created a standing army called the streltsy. This ruler called the first zemsky sobor, or "assembly of the land," in his country. His person army of men on black horses was called the oprichniki. He murdered his heir in a fit of rage, which ultimately led to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the beginning of the Time of Troubles with the ascension of his son Feodor. For 10 points, name this fearsome Grand Prince of Moscow.

Ivan IV [or Ivan the Terrible; or Ivan Grozni; prompt on Ivan]

This ruler founded the Muscovy company and created a standing army known as the Streltsy. Following the capture of the Kazan Khanate, this man lost the Battle of Wenden, leading to the failure of the Livonian War. He created a secret police called the Oprichniki and he created the first "assembly of the land," the Zemskii Sobor. This man accidentally killed his only capable son, making his mentally disabled son become heir. For 10 points, name this first czar of a united Russia whose son's death led to the Time of Troubles.

Ivan the Terrible [accept Ivan IV or Ivan Grozny; prompt on Ivan]

This man received the Copley Medal for writing a paper on how to avoid scurvy, from which none of his crew died on his first voyage. He undertook that voyage in order to observe the transit of Venus, as Sir Edmund Hawke would not permit a non-sailor from commanding the expedition. An incident during his third voyage involving a stolen canoe led to this man's death in Hawaii, and he had previously made landfall at Botany Bay. Evidence from this man's second voyage put down the notion of Terra Australis, a massive southern continent. He mapped out land outlines in Newfoundland. For 10 points, name this explorer, the first European to reach Australia and New Zealand.

James Cook

After fleeing England, Peter Payne became one of this man's posthumous devotees. A Compactatathat legitimized the followers of this man was vigorously upheld by King George of Podebrady. Thisone-time student of Stanislav of Znojmo clashed with Archbishop Zbynek Zajic over the issue ofUtraquism. He wrote the treatise De ecclesia while in exile, and some of his followers formed the (*)Taborite faction. This one-time leader of the Bethlehem Chapel was supported by King Wenceslaus IV andinfluenced by the ideas of John Wycliffe. After having his safe passage guaranteed by Emperor Sigismund,he was nonetheless burned at the stake in 1415 at the Council of Constance. For 10 points, name this Czechreligious reformer.

Jan Hus [or Jan Huss]

Commanders of this military force's ortas were called "soup cooks" and carried ladles as symbols of their rank. Sigismund III's victory at the Battle of Chocim preceded an unsuccessful attempt to reform this military force, which was abolished after it revolted during the Auspicious Incident. The (*) devshirme system initially provided most of this military force's manpower by levying Christian boys from the Balkans. For 10 points, name this elite military force whose soldiers were legally slaves to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

Janissaries [accept Janissary Corps or Yeniceri] <WC History>

Campaigns focused on this city were documented by Odo of Deuil ["doy"] and Fulcher of Chartres ["shart"]. A man who died en route to this city is usually known by a mistranslation of his last name, which means "without having" in French. Part of an expedition to this city was briefly taken over by Leopold V of Austria. This city surrendered to a siege following the Battle of the (*) Horns of Hattin. An attempt to take this city only managed to capture Acre, and led to the death of Frederick Barbarossa. Philip Augustus and Richard the Lionheart failed to take this city from Saladin. For 10 points, name this holy city, the goal of the First and Third Crusades.

Jerusalem [or Yerushalayim; or al-Quds] <JR> Bonuses

2. The leader of one revolt of these people wrote correspondences found in the Cave of Letters. One chronicler of these people wrote the polemic Against Apion. One revolt of these people was led by Lukuas and was crushed by Lucius Quietus. Another revolt of these people was triggered by a city being renamed Aelia Capitolina and was led by a person dubbed (*) "Son of the Star." The first revolt of these people ended with nine hundred Zealots committing suicide in the fortress of Masada. That event was chronicled by Flavius Josephus and preceded an uprising led by Bar Kochba, whose defeat by Hadrian's forces is mourned on Tisha B'Av. For 10 points, name these people who lived in a Roman province with capital at Jerusalem.

Jews [accept equivalents]

This man referred to Anabaptists as "yucokonoi" in the preface to a work refuting the idea of "soul sleep." This author of Psychopannychia explained his theological views in Institutes of the Christian Religion. He denounced Michael Servetus and mentored John Knox while heading the church of a city to which he returned five years after being expelled and going to Strasbourg. For 10 points, name this French minister led the Protestant Reformation in Geneva, where he preached the doctrine of predestination.

John Calvin [or Jehan Cauvin]

This man excommunicated the conservative Marcel Lefebvre for consecrating bishops without papal approval. He coined the term "culture of death" in the encyclical Evangelium Vitae. This man survived an assassination attempt by the Turkish Mehmet Ali Agca, whom he later forgave. This man sparked controversy by opposing Liberation Theology in Latin America while simultaneously promoting his home country's Solidarity union. For 10 points, name this recently-beatified Polish pope, succeeded by Benedict XVI.

John Paul II [or JP II; or Johannes Paulus II; or Karol Jozef Wojtyla; prompt on John Paul; prompt on Johannes Paulus]

During this man's rule, the Roman Empire subjugated the Tzani people for the first time. He also oversaw the Lazic War, which was followed by the Fifty Years' Peace. His armies fought two wars with the Sassanid Empire. An early instance of the Bubonic plague around 540 A.D. is named for this ruler. The Battle of Taginae was won against Totila by this ruler's general Narses, while the Vandals were subdued by this ruler's better known general, Belisarius. Known for building the Hagia Sophia, FTP, who is this Byzantine emperor famous for his a namesake revision of Roman law?

Justinian I (or Justinian the Great)

In 1909, this man created the "Blitzen" for Victor Hemery, who set a world record. This man'swife Bertha invented brake linings on a pioneering sixty-six-mile trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim.This inventor of the "flat" or "boxer" engine produced machines called the Viktoria and Velo. Hewas a rival of Emil Jellinek, whose (*) daughter gave her name to a company co-named for this man. In1886, this contemporary of Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler produced a three-wheeledPatent-Moterwagen. For 10 points, name this German inventor of the gas-powered automobile who namesa company also named for Mercedes.

Karl Friedrich Benz [or Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant]

This city was legendarily named after the brother of Shchek and Khoryv, who co-founded it with them. This city was the capital of a state that had a ruler who supposedly rejected Islam because of its prohibition on drinking alcohol. It's not Novgorod, but a grand prince of this city was named Yaroslav the Wise. This city was the capital of a state that was Christianized under Vladimir the Great and was called this city's namesake "Rus." For 10 points, name this capital of Ukraine.

Kiev

A failed attempt by William I to suppress a revolution in this country was known as the Ten Days' Campaign. Chancellor Bethmann Hollwegg commented that Germany was going to war over a "scrap of paper" after Germany violated a policy concerning this country. One of this country's rulers was criticized in the Casement Report, and that same ruler created an army called the Force Publique. Resistance from this country's fortresses was key in foiling the Schlieffen Plan, and a king of this country created a personal colony for himself in a part of the Congo named for this country. For 10 points, name this country home to the cities of Antwerp and Brussels.

Kingdom of Belgium

This country had a major defeat at Kunersdorf, but was saved a few years later by the death of Empress Elizabeth. This country relinquished control of Saxony in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. A ruler of this nation was famed for tactical victories like Leuthen and Mollwitz, and broke the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia. This country became famous for its (*) ​militarism during the reign of its "Great Elector." This country grew from territories in Brandenburg. It switched allegiances from France to Britain in the Diplomatic Revolution. For 10 points, name this nation led by Frederick the Great, the precursor to modern Germany.

Kingdom of Prussia [​or Königreich Preussen​]

A soldier in the employ of this country proclaimed himself to be "the Wrath of God, the Prince of Freedom" before being captured and executed. This country's foreign policy was addressed by the Valladolid debate. Pope Alexander VI affirmed this nation's land claims in the New World in the papal bull (*) Inter caetera. This empire controlled the silver mines of Zacatecas and Potosí. Men such as Vasco Núñez de Balboa conquered the New World for this nation. For 10 points, name this Iberian empire, which held possessions such as Colombia and México.

Kingdom of Spain [accept Spanish Empire]

This man married the wealthy daughter of Count Kaunitz as a stepping-stone into the political arena, and he arranged Napoleon's marriage to the Archduchess Marie-Louise. He succeeded Johann Stadion in a post that that he resigned after the Revolutions of 1848. After a student murdered the conservative August Kotzebue, he banned the liberal burschenshaften from universities as part of the Carlsbad Decrees. He also established the Concert of Europe, a balance of power, with the help of Castlereagh and Talleyrand after the Napoleonic Wars. For 10 points, name this Austrian statesman who headed the Congress of Vienna.

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich

This man's presidential campaign slogan was "I don't want to, but I've got no choice," and he was blamed for initiating the so-called "war at the top" when he opposed his former advisers for the presidency. This leader played himself in the political film Man of Iron and led discussion with the government at the Round Table Negotiations, which promised "semi-free" elections. He was arrested during the martial law imposed by his predecessor as president, General Jaruzelski. This man has credited his organization's success to the support of his countryman, Pope John Paul II. This former electrician co-founded a labor group after leading strikes at the Gdansk shipyards. For 10 points, name this former president of Poland and leader of the trade union Solidarity.

Lech Walesa ("vah-len-sa")

After one disaster in this city, the man who is the namesake of its downtown district stated, "What now? Webury the dead and heal the living." A 2007 treaty signed in this city amended the Maastricht Treaty and reformed thegovernment of the European Union. The Houses of Aviz and Braganza ruled from this city, which was the centerof the Carnation Revolution. The vast majority of this city was destroyed, with up to a 100,000 people killed, by a1755 earthquake. For 10 points, name this capital city of Portugal.

Lisbon

To recover from an event in this city, Queen Maria the Pious founded the Casa Pia educational charity. Over the ruins of a hospital in this city, the Square of the Fig Tree was built as part of an effort led by Manuel Maia. An attack on a king on his way back to his tent court of Ajuda outside this city led to the killing of the entire Tavora family. Survivors of an event here were told to "bury the dead and heal the living." This city suffered destruction in an event on (*) All Saints' Day. Its Baixa ["BYE"-sha] district was rebuilt under the direction of the Marquess de Pombal, minister to Joseph I of Braganza. An event here inspired a namesake poem by Voltaire as well as Candide. The Tagus River flooded during a devastating 1755 earthquake named for this city. For 10 points, name this capital of Portugal.

Lisbon [or Lisboa]

This leader's forces sacked Volterra during a revolt over payment from their alum mine. He was saved from an assassination attempt by the writer Poliziano, after which he stayed with Ferdinand I of Naples. This leader invited a man who would be admired by the piagnoni [PEE-ah-NYO-nee] into his city and hanged Francesco Salviati for an attack implicitly endorsed by Pope Sixtus IV. His father, nicknamed the "Gouty," and his son, nicknamed the "Unfortunate," were both named (*) Piero. This patron of Pico della Mirandola had a brother named Giuliano who was killed in the Pazzi Conspiracy, in which he himself was wounded. He invited Savonarola to his city and was a patron of many artists, including Michelangelo. For 10 points, name this Florentine grandson of Cosimo de Medici.

Lorenzo de' Medici [or Lorenzo the Magnificent; prompt on partial answers]

One king by this name invaded England in the First Barons' War and was received as king in London but wasnever crowned there. A Holy Roman Emperor of this name was the last surviving child of Charlemagne and wastitled "the Pious." Another king by this name, the son of Blanche of Castile, began the construction of a chapel tohold his relics of the Passion of Christ and was the only King of his country to be canonized. The eleventh holder ofthis name was known as the "Spider King," and another ruler of this name said, "I am the state!" For 10 points, givethis name of nineteen French kings, one of whom built Versailles and was known as the "Sun King."

Louis

One ruler with this name kept his mistresses, such as Marie-Louise O'Murphy, at a place nicknamed "Stag Park." During the reign of another ruler with this name, a clergyman named de Rohan became embroiled in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. Yet another ruler with this name was opposed by the League of the Public Weal. The execution of an attempted assassin of a ruler of this name is described in the introduction to Discipline and Punish. That ruler reportedly said the line "After me, the flood." The eleventh ruler of this name was nicknamed the "Universal Spider," while the fifteenth ruler had a mistress named Madame de Pompadour. For 10 points, give the name of the French ruler who ordered the building of the Palace at Versailles and was nicknamed the "Sun King."

Louis

This monarch was the first to mint a gold coin called the ecu d'or, and commissioned Vincent of Beauvais to write the encyclopedia Speculum majus. This king granted the appanage of Poitou to his brother, Alphonse, with whom he fought and won the Saintonge War and the Battle of Taillebourg against England. Various legends about this husband of Marguerite of Provence were told by his biographer, Jean de Joinville. This king allowed his vassal, Henry (*) III of England, to hold on to English territories in Aquitaine. This Capetian king's mother, Blanche of Castile, served as regent while he traipsed around North Africa leading the Seventh Crusade. He ultimately died in Tunisia during the Eighth Crusade. For 10 points, name this only French king to be canonized.

Louis IX [or Saint Louis; prompt on Louis]

Late in his life, the Count de Soisson allied with this man's Master of the Robes, the Marquis deCinq-Mars, to overthrow one of his advisers. One of his ministers revoked the paulette tax that hadbeen instituted by his father, antagonizing noblemen like Henri, Duke of Rohan. That early ministerof this monarch was named Charles de Luynes. During his reign, the Protestant stronghold at LaRochelle was captured. This man decided not to dismiss his chief adviser during the (*) Day of theDupes. His mother, Marie de Medici, served as his regent after his predecessor was assassinated. His reignwas dominated by his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu. For 10 points, name this French monarch, thefather of the Sun King.

Louis XIII [or Louis the Just or Louis le Juste; prompt on "Louis"]

This man escaped from the fortress of Ham by carrying a wooden plank and pretending to be a laborer. This man took the title of "Prince-President" and enlarged the role of the Catholic church in public education as part of the Falloux Law. Eugene Belgrand helped restructure this leader's capital along with Eugene Haussmann, and that city was Paris. This man named Maximilian I emperor of Mexico, and he entered into the Franco-Prussian War after the Ems Dispatch, eventually being captured at the battle of Sedan. For 10 points, name this only president of the French Second Republic and Emperor of the Second French Empire.

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte or Napoleon III, prompt on Napoleon <DG>

One ruler of this kingdom was held hostage by Epaminondas, and received the Laconic reply "if" after threatening to brutalize Sparta. This empire defeated traditional phalanxes by pioneering a very long spear called the sarissa. At Chaeronea, its army smashed the Sacred Band of Thebes. Its Phillip V lost to Rome, and Demosthenes spoke out against the earlier Phillip II. It reached its largest extent after one ruler defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, getting all the way to India before dying at age 33. For 10 points, name this Greek state and namesake of a former Yugoslav republic, which expanded into an empire under Alexander the Great.

Macedonia [accept Makedonia]

These people built terraced hill forts called pÄ and had their language documented by Thomas Kendall. The ship Hazard bombarded a town controlled by members of this ethnicity after they cut down an object on a hill given as a gift to James Rusby. These people attempted to raise a powerful monarch during their "King Movement." Duncan Cameron crushed a revolt of these people in the (*) Taranaki region. They fought the Flagstaff War under Hono Heke. Tribes of this people experienced bitter infighting in the Musket Wars. These people massacred the pacific Moriori people of the Chatham islands. William Hobson got them to surrender their sovereignty in the controversial Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name this indigenous people of New Zealand.

Maori

This non-Swede was adored by the Swedish Axel von Fersen, and was criticized for building a peasant village near the Petit Trianon. The prostitute Nicole Lequay d'Oliva obtained favors from the Cardinal de Rohan by masquerading as this woman, who was apprehended trying to escape at Varennes. Her reputation was harmed by Elizabeth Vigée-Lebrun paintings and by the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. This Habsburg gained the pejorative nickname "Madame Deficit" after being blamed for ruining France's finances. For 10 points, name this wife of Louis XVI, a queen who was guillotined during the Reign of Terror.

Marie Antoinette [or Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna] <GL>

The theology developed by this person was explained in Loci communes by Philipp Melanchthon. Forty-one errors made by this person were outlined in the papal bull Exsurge domine. This man rejected the idea of the Eucharist as symbolic at the Marburg Colloquy, at which he debated his contemporary Huldrych Zwingli. He declared "Here I stand; I can do no other" at the Diet of Worms, where he defended statements he posted on a church in Wittenberg. For 10 points, name this man whose 95 theses helped kick off the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

This man trumped up one rival's attempt to profit from the liquidation of his country's East India Company to eliminate that rival, and failed to commit suicide by a gunshot to the jaw prior to his execution. This member of a faction named for its high seating, the Mountain, was followed by Saint-Just and replaced the Cult of Reason with the Cult of the Supreme Being. Falling out of favor during the Thermidorean reaction, this rival of Georges Danton presided over the Jacobins and headed the Committee of Public Safety. For 10 points, name this leader of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Maximillien Francois Marie Isidore de R

A soldier executed for rape and murder in this country became the folk saint “John the Soldier†after there were reports of blood seeping from his grave and miracles occurring nearby. In 2012, a woman in this country was arrested for performing human sacrifice in the cult of Holy Death. That cult is popular among criminals in this country, as is the cult of the Robin Hood-esque (*) Jesús Malverde. A man in this country had four visions and was told by the fourth to collect non-native roses in his cloth as proof, and when he later opened the cloth, an image of the Virgin Mary had appeared. The Catholic Church in this country has condemned the growing popularity of syncretic “narco-saintsâ€. For 10 points, name this country where Juan Diego saw Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Mexico <Bailey>

During this man's rule, co-ops and small-scale private enterprises were legalized by the Law on Cooperatives. One western leader claimed that she and this man could "do business together." The State Committee for the State of Emergency led an August coup against this man, which was ended by a man who stood atop a tank. The announcement of one of this man's policies was delayed by the Chernobyl incident. Greater transparency and less censorship were allowed due to this man's policy of "openness," or glasnost; he also advocated a policy of "restructuring" called perestroika. For 10 points, name this last leader of the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev

The White City portion of this municipality was burned during the Salt Riot, and a Prince of this city defeated the Golden Horde at Kulikovo Field. One attempt to capture this city began with the launching of Operation Typhoon. This city was abandoned following the battle of Borodino, after which it was burned to the ground while occupied by Napoleon's troops. Princes of this city included Dmitri Donskoi and Ivan the Great, and its buildings include Saint Basil's Cathedral and one that contains the Chudov Monastery. FTP name this site of the Kremlin and capital of Russia.

Moscow

Plague-ridden residents of this city rioted in 1770 after being denied the right to mingleinfectiously with the masses around a Theotokus icon. Currency devaluation triggered this city's 1672Copper Riot. Plague also killed its Prince Simeon the Proud, whose father was known as"Moneybags". Tokhtamysh burned this city in 1382 after the Battle of Kulikovo was won by itsPrince (*) Dmitry Donskoy. Byzantine Zoe Palaeologus married a Grand Prince from this city, home to thegrave of John Reed and a cathedral built after the conquest of Kazan. This "Third Rome" was burned againafter Napoleon won a Pyrrhic victory over General Kutuzov at Borodino. For 10 points, name this home toSt. Basil's Cathedral, the oft-afflicted capital of Russia.

Moscow, Russia

A general named Bragadin from this city became a public symbol after he had both ears cut off, then was tied to a mast and was flayed alive. This city seized four bronze horse sculptures to get revenge for the Massacre of the Latins. This city first produced a nearly-pure gold coin called a ducat [duck-it]. The Histoire de ma vie was written by a notorious seducer from this city named (*) Casanova. This city led the Holy League that turned back the Ottomans at Lepanto. This "most serene Republic" sacked Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade under a blind doge. For 10 points, name this rival of Genoa, an Italian city which has lots of canals.

Most Serene Republic of Venice [or Venezia; prompt on Famagusta]

The Schlafflertanz is a ritual dance held every seven years in this city to celebrate the ending of the Black Plague there; that dance is also demonstrated daily on the glockenspiel in this city's Marienplatz. The Residenz is the palace of the Wittelsbach family in this city. After a meeting in this city in 1938 Neville Chamberlain proclaimed that he had secured "peace in our time, with honor." Adolf Hitler was arrested after an attempt to overthrow the Weimar government at a beer hall in this city in 1922. FTP what city known for its Hofbrauhaus and celebration of Oktoberfest is the capital of Bavaria?

Munich

This leader set up a network of People's Houses to encourage the growth of homegrown theaterand opera. This leader delivered a speech over six days that justified the arrest of opponents underthe Law on the Maintenance of Order and used the text of the Swiss law code as a basis for anoverhauled legal system. Troops under this man entered Smyrna shortly before that city's GreatFire. This founder of the CHP, the chronologically-first signatory of the Treaty of (*) Lausanne,picked Ismet Inonu as his successor. This man's principles, the Six Arrows, included a commitment tosecularism which led him to mandate use of the Latin alphabet and ban the fez. For 10 points, name thisfounder of the Republic of Turkey and so-called "Father of all Turks."

Mustafa Kemal [or Kemal Ataturk]

This man supported a project to develop the millitrause, which was deployed at Gravelotte, and he gained a surprise election victory over Louis-Eugene Cavignac thanks to his inaction. He mediated the end of the Anglo-Persian War and successfully broke up the Quadruple Alliance, and he agreed to provide the Confederacy with an ironclad. The heavy cost of victories at Magenta and Solferino led this man to hastily conclude the Armistice of Villafranca with Austria. His angry response to the Ems dispatch resulted in his downfall. For 10 points, name this French emperor who was defeated and captured at the Battle of Sedan, the only ruler of the Second Empire.

Napoleon III [or Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

This man's government allowed the establishment of Catholic schools with the Falloux law. He was supported financially by his mistress Harriet Howard after disguising himself as a mason and escaping life imprisonment in the fortress of Ham. This leader secretly signed the Treaty of Villafranca, thus abrogating his promise to aid Piedmontese forces in the Treaty of Plombieres. The streets of this ruler's capital were made harder to barricade by the renovations of Baron Haussmann. This man lost a war that was instigated by the Ems dispatch and that ended with his capture at Sedan. For 10 points, name this president and last emperor of France, the nephew of an emperor who lost at Waterloo.

Napoleon III [or Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte; prompt on "Napoleon"]

This man sponsored the industrial production of sugar from beets to avoid buying Caribbean-derived cane sugar. The term "guerrilla warfare" was coined to describe the resistance to one of this man's invasions. The Rosetta Stone was discovered during a scientific expedition this man commissioned in (*) Egypt. This man issued the Berlin and Milan Decrees to set up an unsuccessful embargo. Most modern European legal systems are derived from this man's namesake 1804 "Code." This man tried to destroy England's economy with the Continental System. For 10 points, name this emperor of France who was defeated in 1815 at Waterloo.

Napoléon Bonaparte [accept either name; or Napoléon I; or Napoleone di Buonaparte; accept Napoleonic Code; do not accept or prompt on "Napoléon III"] <JR>

Cape Race in this modern-day place was possibly the first place on land that received RMS Titanic's SOS signal. The Strait of Belle Isle in this location was first discovered in 1497 by John Cabot. A close 1948 referendum ended this place's British dominion status, after which it joined a neighbor to the (*) west. This place's namesake Grand Banks enabled a booming cod industry off its shores. L'Anse aux Meadows on this island was found to have been settled by the Vikings, who called this island Vinland. With its first European discovery by Leif Eriksson, for 10 points, name this island with a capital at St. John's that names a Canadian province with the Labrador peninsula.

Newfoundland [accept Newfoundland and Labrador before "Banks" is read; generously prompt on Canada before "island"; prompt on Vinland before mentioned] <DM>

A woman committed suicide in shame after an assassination attempt against this man in Otsu, Japan, and this man failed to prosecute murderers after the Kishinov Pogrom. This ruler proposed the First Hague Convention, and his coronation saw the trampling of over a thousand people at Khodynka Field. The priest George Gapon called this ruler a "soul-murderer" after his troops fired on peaceful petitioners on Bloody Sunday, and this man issued the October Manifesto to convene the first Duma after the 1905 Revolution. For 10 points, name this canonized Orthodox monarch murdered with his family in Yekaterinburg, the last Tsar of Russia.

Nicholas II [prompt on Nicholas]

An attempt to portray this man's wife as a legitimate chemist failed miserably after she pronounced the formula of carbon dioxide as codoi, or "koh-two," during a speech. This man was inspired by Mao Zedong to declare a "cultural revolution" in his (*) July Theses. In an effort to increase his country's population, he outlawed almost all forms of contraception in Decree 770, and he employed a secret police known as the Securitate. A revolution growing out of protests in Timisoara overthrew this successor of Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej ["gyor-gyu dej"], who was then executed with his wife Elena on Christmas Day 1989. For 10 points, name this Romanian Communist dictator.

Nicolae Ceausescu ["chow-SHESH-koo"]

Description acceptable. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor legally accomplished the goal of this campaign, although disputes would continue for centuries. Part of the justification for this event was given by Adrian IV when he issued a bull calling for this thing in order to implement the Gregorian reforms. A marcher lord with the nickname (*) "Strongbow" was instrumental in this campaign's success. This military victory for Henry II targeted a country ruled loosely by a "High King." The effects of this medieval campaign were not reversed until 1922. For 10 points, name this process by which an island that contains the cities of Cork and Dublin was subdued.

Norman conquest of Ireland [accept obvious equivalents and descriptive answers] <LT>

Gitta Sereny watched this event and later wrote a book about one participant in it and his "battlewith truth." Luise Jodl, the wife of Alfred, claimed that the Americans refused to share documentsduring it. Robert Ley committed suicide to avoid participating in this event, which saw Russianefforts to shift blame for the Katyn Forest massacre to another party. Julius (*) Streicher describedwhat happened after this event as "Purim-Fest 1946," and Albert Speer avoided death by acting repentant.After this event, Rudolf Hess was sentenced to life and Hermann Goering killed himself to avoid thehangman's noose. For 10 points, name this series of tribunals held in a German city after World War II tojudge Nazi war criminals.

Nuremberg trials [prompt on answers involving Nazi trials or similar answers]

10. This man was challenged to a duel involving Trichinella-infested sausages by Rudolf Virchow, which he declined. Sickness and old age insurance laws were passed under his "practical Christianity" program. Adalbert Falk administered several restrictions on the clergy that Virchow termed the May Laws, which were part of this man's (*) Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church. He gave the "Blood and Iron" speech in support of a larger war budget, which was used for conflicts that he instigated through a dispute over Schleswig Holstein and by editing the Ems dispatch. For ten points, name this "Iron Chancellor" who helped unify Germany in the 19th century.

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck <BZ>

This ruler's brother Thankmar revolted against him before being defeated in Eresburg. This man had his son and successor married to Theophano to conclude peace talks with Byzantium. He had several successful campaigns against the Slavs with the help of Gero the Great. This husband of Adelaide survived a battle that led to the deaths of Conrad the Red as well as Bulcsu and the chieftains Lel and Sur, who were executed at Regensburg. Seven years after he defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld, this man was crowned in 962 by Pope John XII. For 10 points name this Duke of Saxony who became the first German Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto I [or Otto the Great; prompt on "Otto"]

One politician with this first name was a political rival of Ludwig Windhorst, and tried to quash the ever-growing Centre Party with counterproductive programs. A monarch with this first name deposed Berengar of Ivrea in Italy, spared the turncoat Conrad the Red, and defeated an uprising of his son Liudolf before winning the Battle of Lechfeld, halting a Magyar invasion of Europe. A later politician with this first name gave the "iron and blood" speech and modified the Ems telegram to provoke war with France. For 10 points, give this first name shared by a "Great" Holy Roman Emperor of the 960s and a chancellor who helped unify Germany.

Otto [accept Otto the Great, Otto I, or Otto der Grosse; accept Otto von Bismarck or Otto Eduard Leopold]

This man offered the secret Reinsurance Treaty to a neighboring country after the Three Emperors' League broke down. In one meeting called by this man, he worked with Prince Gorchakov to revise the treaty of San Stefano, enlarging Bulgaria. Succeeded by Leo Caprivi, he threatened Schleswig-Holstein, attempted to remove Catholic influences in his country's Kulturkampf, and edited the Ems telegram to provoke the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this advisor to Kaiser Wilhelm I, an "Iron Chancellor" who helped unify Germany.

Otto von Bismarck

Much of this man's anti-Socialist legislation relied on the support of the Center Party. This man brokered the Gastein Convention after the Second Schleswig War. Count Vincent Benedetti delivered a message actually created by this man, and he had the (*) May Laws implemented to supervise Catholic clergy as part of his Kulturkampf. This man's editing of the Ems Dispatch led to war with France, and he advocated greater military spending in his "Blood and Iron" speech, which foreshadowed his campaign for German unification. For 10 points, name this Prussian politician, the first chancellor of the German Empire.

Otto von Bismarck (or Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck)

The second of these events was the result of attacks by the Targowica Confederation. The first of these events was precipitated by the Bar Confederation's attempt to kidnap Stanislaw II August. After one of these events, the Constitution of May 3, (*) 1791 replaced the system of "Golden Liberty." The third and last of these events ended a failed uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko ["TAH-doysh koh-SHYOO-shkoh"]. They partly occurred because the sejm ["same"] parliament was paralyzed by any member being able to use the liberum veto. For 10 points each, identify these agreements in which Russia, Prussia, and Austria eventually removed a Central European country from the map.

Partitions of Poland [accept any answer involving Poland being divvied up]

The city of Bremen claimed imperial immediacy in this agreement and separated from the Prince-Archbishopricof Bremen, which later caused conflict in the Swedish-Bremen Wars. This agreement partitioned Pomeraniabetween Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden and officially recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic fromSpain. This agreement officially recognized the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, first established by the Peaceof Augsburg. This agreement gave much territory to France due to the efforts of Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points,name this series of agreements in 1648 consisting of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, which ended the ThirtyYears' War.

Peace of Westphalia [accept Treaty of Osnabrück or Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis before "Dutch Republic"]

One opponent of this pact called it "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane," and "empty of meaning and effect for all times." Its mediators included Fabio Chigi, sent by Innocent X, and it divided a region containing Stettin and Bremen known as Pomerania. Its components included the Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, and it initiated the diplomatic congress format later used at Vienna and Berlin. It added Calvinism to the acceptable religions a German prince could choose, expanding the earlier Peace of Augsburg. Signed to end the conflict in which Gustavus Adolphus died, for 10 points, name this 1648 pact ending the Thirty Years' War.

Peace of Westphalia [accept equivalents like "Treaty of Westphalia"]

This man appointed Nikita Zotov, a member of his "Jolly Company," to be overseer of his "Governing Senate."This man was forced to sign the Treaty of the Pruth, in which he returned the land of Azov to Ahmed III. This manwas also forced to return from his Great Embassy to the West following his half-sister Sophia's attempt to raise arebellion of the Streltsy. Ivan Mazepa deserted this man during a war in which this ruler defeated troops underCharles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this victor of the Great Northern War andmodernizing tsar, who constructed a former capital city of Russia in honor of his namesake saint.

Peter I [or Peter the Great; or Pyotr I; or Pyotr Velikiy; prompt on "Peter" or "Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov"]

This man founded the Kunstkamera Museum of curiosities and ordered all stillborn babies with birth defects to be sent there for display. As a boy, he organized his playmates and servants, along with German military advisors, to his "toy army," which would later from the nucleus of the imperial guard regiments. He created the table of ranks and required lifetime service from the nobility while defeating Sweden in the Great Northern War. He introduced taxes to discourage traditional activities including bathing, fishing, beekeeping, and wearing beards. For 10 points, name this tsar of Russia who built on the Baltic Sea the city of St. Petersburg.

Peter the Great [or Peter I of Russia; or Pyotr Alekseyevich; or Pyotr Veliky; prompt on Peter; prompt on Pyotr]

This ruler's bureaucratic reforms were shaped by Heinrich von Fick. This man was aided byScottish general Patrick Gordon in putting down an early rebellion against him from his sister. Thisruler worked incognito in a Dutch shipyard and signed a treaty with Frederick I of Prussia as part ofan endeavor taken along with his trusted advisers Franz Lefort and Fedor Golovin. This suppressorof the (*) streltsy uprising reformed the civil service to be based on the Table of Ranks and taxed theboyars for wearing beards. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar whose "Grand Embassy" to WesternEurope inspired his Westernizing reforms and the construction of St. Petersburg.

Peter the Great [or Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich; prompt on "Peter"]

This male ruler's former secretary was the target of Irish assassin Patrick O'Collun. That secretary was involved in the murder of this man's rival, Don John of Austria. This ruler dispatched a Governor who executed men like the Count of Egmont after establishing the "Council of Blood." After being pissed off by the Treaty of Nonsuch, he placed the Duke of (*) Medina Sidonia in charge of a force defeated at the Battle of Gravelines. This husband of "Bloody Mary," the queen of England, dispatched the Duke of Alba to quell resistance in the Netherlands. In 1588, this man's navy was defeated by a force featuring Sir Francis Drake. For 10 points, name this ruler who dispatched the failed Spanish Armada to invade England.

Philip II [or Philip I of Portugal]

One of this ruler's wives was Anna of Austria, the mother of his successor to the throne. This man appointed Antoine Granvelle chief counselor to Margaret of Parma, and he fought against Henry IV of France as part of the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. This man had William the Silent assassinated, and his advisor Antonio Pérez killed Juan de Escobedo. He sent his half-brother Don Juan of Austria to command his fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. For 10 points, name this Habsburg king of Spain who attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada.

Philip II of Spain [accept Philip the Prudent; prompt on Philip]

6. This man instituted a group of taxes known as the "Three Graces." This ruler consolidated power in Italy by signing the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis with Francis II. In response to the Beeldenstorm, a deputy of this monarch created the Council of Troubles. This king appointed the (*)Duke of Alba as Governor of the Netherlands, and he built the Escorial. This ruler was briefly married to "Bloody" Mary, and he ordered an invasion that was stopped with the help of the "Protestant Wind." For 10 points, name this Habsburg monarch who unsuccessfully tried to subdue England with the Spanish Armada.

Philip IIofSpain (accept Philip I of Portugal;accept Philip the Prudent;accept Felipeand Filipein place of "Philip;" prompt on just "Philip")

A confederation founded in this nation's fortress of Bar resisted eastern encroachment. This nation, first established under the Piast dynasty, once had a three-house parliament that allowed any member to veto a bill, the Sejm. The thirteenth of Wilson's Fourteen Points demanded this nation's free access to a northern seaport. This country's Union of Lublin phase was ended by three partitions, and a union leader who organized a strike in its shipyards, Lech Walesa, became its first post-Communist President. For 10 points, identify this nation, the location of Solidarity, Auschwitz, and the Warsaw Ghetto.

Poland

In this country, the Bar Confederation opposed foreign rulers. The first historical leader of this nation, Mieszko I, founded the Piast dynasty and was baptized in 966. Under the Jagiellon dynasty, this nation helped repel an Ottoman invasion into Europe under John III Sobieski. This country's Sanacja movement deposed Josep Pilsudski. The 1569 Union of Lublin joined this nation with Lithuania. For 10 points, name this country that underwent partitions and was invaded by Hitler in 1939.

Poland

This nation was ruled by the Szlachta, and it signed the Union of Lublin, which introduced an elected monarchy. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for the recreation of this nation formerly ruled by the Jagiellon Dynasty. Stanislaw Poniatowski led the Kościuszko Insurrection in this country which frequently fought the Teutonic Knights. Partial democratization of this polity was a result of the Round Table Talks, and it often used Hussars during its union with Lithuania. For 10 points, name this often-partitioned Eastern-European country with capital at Warsaw, the home of Solidarity.

Poland

In the prelude to this event, protesters at the Writers Union Congress replaced Antonin Novotny with LudvikSvoboda. During this period, farmers were allowed to form independent cooperatives and legislators and regainedthe ability to vote freely, and in protest of the end of this period, Jan Palach lit himself on fire in Wenceslas Squarein the namesake city. This period included the Action Programme and was ended at the Bratislava Conference byBrezhnev, and it attempted to install "socialism with a human face." For 10 points, name this 1968 liberalizationeffort led by Alexander Dubček ("DUB-chek"), which ended when Soviet troops marched into the capital ofCzechoslovakia.

Prague Spring [or Pražské jaro; or Pražská jar]

This man led a commando action to capture the Duc de Villeroi during the battle of Cremona. In his later years, he led an unsuccessful relief campaign against the siege of Philippsburg during the War of Polish Succession. This man's first major victory prompted the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz. He grew up in a French court, but after being rejected for military service by Louis XIV, he transferred his services to a rival empire, for whom he won the battle of Zenta and the 1717 siege of Belgrade against the Ottomans. During the war of Spanish Succession, this man teamed with the Duke of Marlborough to win the battle of Blenheim. For 10 points, name this military commander for the Habsburgs, a nobleman from Savoy.

Prince Eugene of Savoy [do not accept "Duke of Savoy"]

This nation's southern borderlands were the subject of the Log Revolution, which sought to isolate the town of Knin. In 1991, a man from this nation, Stjepan Mesic, was appointed nominal head of a country from which this nation was trying to secede. The Vukovar massacre occurred in this nation during its war for independence, which began shortly after a contested soccer match involving its Dinamo side and included Slobodan Milosevic's attack on its Dalmatian coastal city of Dubrovnik. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation with capital at Zagreb.

Republic of Croatia [or Republika Hrvatska; prompt on Yugoslavia before read]

This country became famous for its ornate winged hussar cavalry during the 16th through 18th centuries. A king of this nation that extended royal protection to Jews and invested in his country's first university was Casimir III. This country's failure to turn back a Russian invasion led to its occupation in (*) 1795, and while Napoleon freed this nation in 1807, it saw itself partitioned again in 1815 during the Congress of Vienna. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country that, from 1569 to 1795, was part of a commonwealth with Lithuania with capitals at Kraków and Warsaw.

Republic of Poland [accept "Rzeczpospolita Polska"]

A popular legend recounts how this man drew inspiration from seeing a spider spin a web while he hidin a cave on Rathlin Island. Pope Clement V excommunicated this rival of John "the Red" Comyn, whosupported the overthrow of a king nicknamed "empty coat" for the ripping-off of his seal after the Battleof Dunbar. The kingship of this successor to John Balliol was the subject of a letter directed to Pope JohnXXII, called the Declaration of (*) Arbroath. This man's sovereignty was recognized by the Treaty ofNorthampton. Near the River Forth, this man defeated a force attempting to relieve a siege of Stirling Castle andwon a decisive victory over Edward II at the Battle of Bannockburn. For 10 points, name this king who won theFirst War of Scottish Independence.

Robert I [or Robert the Bruce; or Robert Brus; or Roibert a Briuis; or Robert de Bruys; or Raibeart Bruis; prompt on Robert]

A woman born into this family was a pioneering motorist who competed under the pseudonym "Snail." When a member of this family decided to visit Athens, the Greek government tried to ban the tradition of burning Judas' effigy, leading the populace to vent their frustrations on Don Pacifico. Another member of this family used carrier pigeons to learn about the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo one day before the British government did. This dynasty arose in the Frankfurt (*) ghetto and was founded by Mayer Amschel. The Balfour Declaration was originally addressed to a member of this family. Its member Lionel provided funds to Benjamin Disraeli so that Britain could purchase a controlling interest in the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this Jewish banking family.

Rothschild family

William Pitt the Younger unsuccessfully pursued an armament policy against this country as part of the Triple Alliance. This country warmly received the explorer Richard Chancellor. Ramsay MacDonald's Labor Party lost the 1924 general election in part due to a controversial and probably forged letter written by a government official from this country. Its navy accidentally fired on some British fishing vessels in the (*) Dogger Bank incident. In the Great Game, this country and the United Kingdom vied for supremacy of Central Asia. In the 16th century, this country granted trade privileges to England at its port of Arkhangelsk. For 10 points, name this country that opened trade relations with England during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

Russia [or the Soviet Union or USSR]

One of these events unfolded after the newspaper Bessarabetz published a story about a girl whocommitted suicide in a hospital. The Black Hundreds enthusiastically participated in these events. In hisbook Two Hundred Years Together, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn controversially asserts that these events arosespontaneously, and Nikolai Ignatyev claimed that reducing them was the aim of passing the (*) MayLaws. They happened in Kishinev in 1903 and in Odessa multiple times, and were especially common in the Pale ofSettlement during the reign of Alexander III. These events were often sparked by allegations of blood libel, whereinthe targets supposedly used Christian blood to bake Passover bread. For 10 points, name these organized massacresof Jews.

Russian pogroms [accept things like killing Jews or violence against Jews until the end]

During this conflict one side's ships fired upon English fishing boats in the Dogger Bank incident, which nearly caused Great Britain's entry into this war. General von Kaulbars led the right flank for one side in this war at the Battle of Mukden. One of the losing side's fleets in this war was blockaded and captured at (*) Port Arthur. That country's Baltic fleet was destroyed when its T was crossed by Admiral Togo at Tsushima Straits in this war. Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended this war. For ten points, name this East Asia war, fought between the world's largest country and an Asian island.

Russo-Japanese War

This country attempted to create a colonial empire in Panama during the Darien scheme. The death of Margaret, Maid of Norway led to a succession crisis in this country known as the Great Cause, which was won by John Balliol. A refusal to marry the future Edward VI led to the War of the Rough Wooing in this country, whose Auld Alliance with France would later lead to the Battle of Flodden Field. This country was joined to its southern neighbor by the Act of Union, and the Battle of Bannockburn was important in its independence. For 10 points, name this country in the United Kingdom once led by Robert the Bruce, with capital at Edinburgh.

Scotland [accept Kingdom of Scotland]

The Neolithic town of Skara Brae is known as this country's "Pompeii." Some sources claim that nearly all landowners in this country invested in the Darién scheme, its plan to establish a colony in present-day Panama. The Romans knew inhabitants of this present-day country as the "Picti" and called it Caledonia. This country allied itself with (*) France in the Auld Alliance, and its independence leaders won the Battles of Stirling Bridge and Bannockburn. The knight William Wallace was a leader of this country during its wars of independence against England. For 10 points, name this country, the home of Robert the Bruce and many highland clans.

Scotland [or Alba; accept Caledonia until read] <AP History>

This country's worst school shooting occurred at Dunblane. One invasion of this country, a few decades after itbecame a part of a larger country, began at Prestonpans and climaxed at Culloden. This country's War ofIndependence saw it face off against Edward II. One leader of this country resigned as Guardian after the battle ofFalkirk. Before ruling England, the House of Stuart ruled this country. For 10 points, name this country whoseleaders include Robert the Bruce, Mary, and William Wallace, which joined with England in the 1707 Act of Union.

Scotland [or Alba; accept United Kingdom or UK before "Independence"]

In the aftermath of this event, the title of Baron was awarded to Philip Fabricius. One cause of this event was the impending death of the issuer of the Letter of Majesty, Matthias I. This event was triggered when Jaroslav Borzita and Vilem Slavata confessed to their approval of Ferdinand II's dissolution of an assembly of the Bohemian estates. Proclamations that divine intervention was involved in this incident were countered by an apocryphal claim that its victims had been saved by a pile of horse manure. For 10 points, name this 1618 incident in the buildup to the Thirty Years' War, in which three Catholic nobles were thrown from a castle window.

Second Defenestration of Prague

One victim in this event was Philip Fabricius. Instigated by Count Jindrich Thurn after a cessation order violated the Letter of Majesty from Rudolph II, its participants opposed the replacement of Matthias with the elected monarch Ferdinand II in their country. It almost killed Vilem Slavata and Jaroslav Martinitz, who claimed the Virgin Mary interceded for them and were saved from death by a pile of cow manure. For 10 points, name this incident which helped spark the Thirty Years' War, in which Protestants threw three Bohemian Catholic nobles out of a window.

Second Defenestration of Prague

The secretary Filip Fabricius gained the title "von Hohenfall" for his role in this event. It was a response to a violation of the Letter of Majesty in the dispersal of an assembly convoked by the Defensors. During this event, Count von Thurn led a group of fellow nobles into the Hradschin council room. Certain participants in this event claimed they had been saved by Churmusian angels, although they were probably saved by piles of horse manure. This action helped lead to the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this event in which Catholic officials in Bohemia were thrown out of a window.

Second Defenestration of Prague [prompt on descriptions before the end]

During this war, John Byng was executed for failing to stop the "fall" of Minorca. In a theater of this war, twelve Mingo warriors helped win the Battle of Jumonville Glen. This war spilled over into a more local war where the Battle of Plassey was won by Robert Clive. A commander in another theater of this war had to surrender at Fort Duquesne. A theater of this war was won by Britain after the Marquis de (*) Montcalm was killed at the Plains of Abraham. It followed the War of the Austrian Succession in a series of "world wars." The French and Indian War was the American theater of—for 10 points—what war that lasted from 1756 to 1763, the namesake period of time?

Seven Years' War [prompt on French and Indian War until it's mentioned] <MK>

Methods such as torture and hostage-taking were employed against this organization in a campaign led by the "Iron Prefect" in the 1920s. Protests against this organization were staged following the death of Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa, one of the reasons why 475 of its members were tried in the Maxi trial. In the 1960s, this organization spread northward thanks to groups like the 'Ndrangheta (in-DRAHN-gay-tah) . Operation Husky was assisted by members of this organization thanks to the connections of (*) Charles Luciano. Giovanni Falcone was killed by this organization for prosecuting its members, who follow the omertà code. It began in 19th-century Sicily with groups such as the Stidda and Cosa Nostra. For 10 points, name this Italian organized crime syndicate.

Sicilian Mafia [or the mob ; anti-prompt on Cosa Nostra ]

In a photograph taken by Robert Capa near this island’s city of Sperlinga, a peasant helps a soldier by pointing in the direction of where enemy troops had moved. Using the body of a homeless man named Glyndwr Michael, British intelligence forces successfully concealed the invasion of this island in Operation Mincemeat. Native son Lucky Luciano was returned to this island in return for his help assisting the American invasion of this island, codenamed Operation Husky, during which rival commanders Bernard Montgomery and George Patton raced to capture cities such as Palermo and Messina. For 10 points, name this homeland of the mafia, an island off the southern coast of Italy.

Sicily [or Sicilia]

The youngest son of Tancred de Hauteville ruled as Count of this region, and his nephew Bohemund was a leader of the First Crusade. One city in this island used a giant mirror to burn Roman ships attacking it, and was ruled by Agathocles as well as Hiero I. The disinformation campaign Operation Mincemeat preceded an Allied invasion of this island that was codenamed Operation Husky. Alcibiades urged for a disastrous Athenian invasion of this island, whose local population massacred Charles of Anjou's officials in an event known as this island's namesake vespers. For 10 points, name this location of Syracuse and Palermo, the largest island in the Mediterranean.

Sicily [or Sicilia]

Along the River during the Qingming Festival was originally painted in this dynasty, whose first emperor tookpower in a coup at Chenqiao. After much of the imperial family was captured in the Jingkang Incident, this dynastymoved its capital from present-day Kaifeng to Hangzhou. Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi founded Neo-Confucianism duringthis dynasty, during which movable type printing was invented. This dynasty was the first to use gunpowder forwarfare and allied with the Mongols against the Jurchen Jin Dynasty but was later defeated by Kublai Khan. For 10points, name this Chinese dynasty that followed the Tang and preceded the Yuan.

Song Dynasty [or Song Chao; accept Northern Song Dynasty or Bei Song Chao; accept Southern Song Dynasty or Nan Song Chao]

A military vehicle developed in this country had fuel tanks attached to its rear doors, which would explode when hit and burn the infantry sitting inside alive. This country built the BMP-1, as well as planes nicknamed the "Flogger" and "Fishbed." The Mosin-Nagant was the main infantry rifle of this country during (*) World War II, during which it also built the T-34 tank. Aircraft built in this country include the Tu-95 "Bear" and several jets with the prefix "MiG" [pronounced like "mig"]. The flag of Mozambique features the most popular assault rifle in the world, a weapon invented in this country by Mikhail Kalashnikov. For 10 points, name this country, the birthplace of the AK-47.

Soviet Union (or the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics; or the Sayuz Sovetskich Socialističeskich Respublik; or the CCCP; prompt on Russia)

This entity came into existence in response to the Treaty of Nonsuch, which aimed to help lift the Siege of Antwerp. The Duke of Medinia Sidonia helped lead this entity. Key defeats of this entity occurred at the Bay of Cadiz, which became known as "singeing the king's beard," and at Gravelines. One figure gave a speech concerning this entity at (*) Tilbury admitting to it having "the body of a weak, feeble woman." The defeat of this force was attributed to a Protestant Wind, but was probably aided by victories by Francis Drake and Lord Howard. For 10 points, name this naval fleet that unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1588.

Spanish Armada

This group, which irrationally feared that Federico Giambelli's "hell-burners" would be used against them, provoked their chief enemy to declare "I have the heart and stomach of a king" at Tilbury. A response to the Treaty of Nonsuch, which in turn responded to the Sack of Antwerp, it was commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia and supported by Sixtus V. This losing group at the battle of Gravelines [gravel-EEN] departed from Lisbon and was wrecked by storms after losing to Francis Drake. For 10 points, name this force meant to Catholicize Elizabethan England by sea, sent by decree of Phillip II in Madrid.

Spanish Armada [accept Grande y FelicÃsima Armada or translations of that; prompt "Spanish navy"]

One foreign party to this conflict lent the Condor Legion, which saw action at Brunete [broo-NEH-tay] and Teruel [tay-rwel]. To solidify support for the losing side, the NKVD organized the dismantling of the leadership of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. The Connolly Column and Dimitrov Battalion were among the International Brigades that fought in this war. The Republicans, led by the Popular Front, were defeated by the Nationalists, led by the Carlists and Falange [fah-LAHN-hay]. Name this conflict in which General Francisco Franco rose to power, fought on the Iberian Peninsula.

Spanish Civil War

Prior to the outbreak of this conflict, the Confederation of the Autonomous Right lost power to the Popular Front, an event that was immediately followed by an attempted coup d'état. Fierce fighting occurred at the Battle of Jarama during this conflict, where American volunteers distinguished themselves as members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. German participants in this conflict were organized into the Condor Legion, and notably carried out a bombing attack on the village of Guernica. For 10 points, name this conflict that saw victorious Nationalist forces under Francisco Franco seize Madrid.

Spanish Civil War

In 2003, this city's NK department store was the site of the assasination of a foreign affairs minister. This city was the site of an event that included a man wandering around a bank vault singing "Killing Me Softly," the Norrmalmstorg robbery. In order to root out supporters of Sten (*) Sture the Younger, people in this city on an enemies list made by Archbishop Trolle were killed on the orders of the foreign king Christian II. Shortly after a screening of the comedy The Mozart Brothers in this city, an unknown assassin possibly working for the South African government shot prime minister Olaf Palme in 1986. For 10 points, name this site of a 1520 "bloodbath" and of a bank hostage crisis that inspired the term for a namesake "syndrome."

Stockholm

Foreign Affairs Minister Anna Lindh was killed in this city in September 2003. This city was once known as Gamla stan. Members of the Sture party in this city were taken into this city's cathedral, the Storkyrkan (STORE-KEER-KAN), paraded into the Stortorget, and executed. After seeing a movie with his wife, Prime Minister Olof Palme was gunned down in this city in 1986. A massacre led by Christian II is now called this city's "bloodbath." A bank holdup in this city caused Kristin Enmark to sympathize with her captor, giving rise to this city's namesake "syndrome." For 10 points, name this crime-infested Scandinavian city, the capital of Sweden.

Stockholm, Sweden [or Gamla stan before mention]

This man's reign began almost immediately with an attempted revolt by the Governor of Egypt, who marched on Aleppo. This ruler executed the only son he had with his wife Mustafa, and he expelled the Knights Hospitaller from Rhodes. An admiral of this ruler named Hayreddin Barbarossa defeated Andrea Doria and the Holy League at the Battle of Preveza, and (*) Louis II drowned while trying to escape another battle that this man had won; that conflict was the Battle of Mohacs. After revising his country's kanun, this ruler was nicknamed "the lawgiver". For ten points, name this 16th century sultan of the Ottoman Empire who was known as "the magnificent".

Suleiman the Magnificent (accept Suleiman I, Suleiman the Lawgiver, or Suleiman the Magnificent) <RP+AN>

An "Old Confederacy" in this modern-day nation was defeated at the Battle of Marignano. Alois von Reding led an uprising against a "One and Indivisible" republic in this nation whose constitution was written by Peter Ochs. After the collapse of the Helvetic Republic, its leaders took refuge in this nation's city of Lausanne [loh-ZAN]. During the Kappel Wars in this country, followers of Zwingli founded an alliance between the cities of Strasbourg and Zurich. For 10 points, name this modern-day nation, which was notably neutral during both World Wars and which is divided into cantons.

Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation]

During this event, the destroyer ORP Piorun was set up to defend the Beardmore Diesel Works, which were the intended landing point for KD-40. During this event, Directive 23 was launched, ordering the X Gerat instruments to destroy searchlight emplacements at Chesil Beach. During this event, the Black Book was written, outlining a plan for Lord Halifax to be arrested and to place Oswald (*) Moseley at the head of a new government. This operation was intended as the prelude to the never-launched Operation Sea Lion and included the destruction of Liverpool. For 10 points, identify this event in which Herman Goering commanded the Luftwaffe on a military action, mostly against London, that resulted in 45,000 British civilians being killed by bombs.

The Blitz [or the Battle of Britain; prompt on "German bombing of the United Kingdom" or other descriptive answers]

During this campaign, people frequently used locations named for Herbert Morrison. Keith Park became incensed that participants in it continually overestimated their totals of victories. Much fighting occurred during this campaign at places like Biggin Hill and Portsmouth. This campaign’s failure resulted in a cancellation of Operation Sea Lion. Pieces of technology used in this campaign included Hurricanes, Spitfires, and Messerschmitts. Participants in it were praised in a speech with the line “never, in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few.†This campaign was carried out by the Luftwaffe while battling the Royal Air Force. For 10 points, name this World War II bombings perpetrated by the Germans on an Allied power.

The Blitz [or the German bombing of London, or other equivalents, or the Battle of Britain]

Employers and unions in this country made the Wassenaar Agreement in 1982, leading to a political consensus called the Polder model that was criticized by Pim Fortuyn until he was assassinated. During World War Two, the Nazis stopped food shipments in this country, causing the Hunger Winter. Part of a kingdom that includes Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten, this country considers its first king to be William the First of Orange, and it was recently headed by Queen Beatrix. During the 1830s, Belgium separated from this country. Name this country often referred to as Holland.

The Netherlands [prompt on Holland]

This war was the subject of Pope Urban VIII's failed general council at Cologne. Ferdinand III reconvened the Imperial Diet to try to end this war. The second phase of this war began after the Battle of Stadtlohn with the so-called "Kejserkrigen" of Danish king Christian IV. Envoys from Ferdinand of Styria were thrown out of a second-floor window in Prague, sparking the first phase of this war, the Bohemian Revolts. For 10 points, name this war in Central Europe, which ended with the Peace of Westphalia and lasted from 1618 to 1648.

Thirty Years' War

This emperor instituted civil reform in the provinces by creating the office of "corrector." He formalized his predecessor's social welfare program, the alimenta. This emperor defeated Decebalus at the Battle of Sarmisegetusa in modern-day Romania. He had several projects built by Apollodorus of Damascus, including his namesake Market and Forum. He annexed the Sinai Peninsula, Parthia, and (*) Dacia. This second of the Five Good Emperors was succeeded by Hadrian. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor at the beginning of the 100s, who is commemorated by a Column in Rome, and under whom the Empire reached its greatest extent.

Trajan [or Nerva Trajanus Divi Nervae filius Augustus; do NOT accept any name by itself unless that name is "Trajan"]

The Fontainebleau Memorandum criticized some of this treaty's initial proposals and warned against the threat of "spartacism". This treaty granted Saarland a referendum over its status, and Article 10, a guarantee against future aggression, caused Henry Cabot Lodge to oppose it. One power was forced to cede the Polish Corridor, reduce its army to one hundred thousand men, and pay twenty billion marks in reparations. Resulting in the return of Alsace-Lorraine, For 10 points, name this treaty negotiated by Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson which ended World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

A crankish biologist from this country argued that plants could inherit the hardiness from deep-freezing parent seeds in his theory of "vernalization." This country was forced to import grain from Canada after it failed to create a national breadbasket in the Virgin Lands campaign. The Cheka and NKVD terrorized people in this country, where the Secret Speech denounced a "cult of personality." This country screwed up its industries with the New Economic Policy and the first Five Year Plans. For 10 points, name this largest modern state EVER, whose rulers included Leonid Brezhnev and Joseph Stalin.

United Soviet Socialist Republics [or USSR; or Soviet Union; or Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; or CCCP; or "Se Se Se Err"]

John II sent this man to Setúbal to capture a French trading envoy in the Algarves. The Jerónimos Monastery wasfounded in this man's honor. He forcibly took several Nairs and sixteen fisherman with him to Africa in protest afterthe Zamorin of Calicut rejected his gifts. Nicolau Coelho was the captain of the first ship commanded by this man toreturn home, the Berrio. This man burned the São Rafael near Malindi and refused to return to Mombasa, andBartolomeu Dias accompanied this man on his first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope. For 10 points, name thisPortuguese explorer who became the first European to sail around Africa to India.

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira [accept either underlined name]

Pope Julius II initially founded the League of Cambrai to oppose this city-state. Its rulers included the blind Enrico Dandolo, who helped sack Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, and Ludovico Manin, who surrendered it to Napoleon. Its government included a Great Council, or Maggior Consiglio, and a Council of Ten, based in the Piazza San Marco. It lost control of Cyprus to the Ottomans before Lepanto, but kept territories in Dalmatia to its east, in what is now Croatia. This rival of Genoa controlled a Most Serene Republic. For 10 points, name this Italian city whose executives were called doges, home to many canals.

Venice [accept Venezia or Venesia but not "Venetia," its successor state. Be careful and ask them to spell it if necessary]

This city forced its Jewish population to live in an abandoned cannon factory whose name is the origin of the term "ghetto." On Ascension Day, the leader of this city would stand on the Bucentaur and throw a ring into the sea. A blind, ninety-year-old leader of this city masterminded the siege of Zara before redirecting the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople; that man was Enrico Dandolo. This city called (*) itself the "Much Serene Republic," and its annual carnival still takes place in St. Mark's Square. Like Genoa, this city's ruler was called the doge. For 10 points, name this Italian city on the Adriatic known for its many canals.

Venice [or Venezia] <JB History> Bonuses

A revolting drink made from chickpeas known as "national coffee" was drunk bycitizens of this government. After the end of this government, women accused of"horizontal collaboration" had their heads shaved during public shamings. During thisgovernment's tenure, the founder of the underground paper Combat was shot by theparamilitary Milice (mil-LEASE) force. Many of this government's ships were destroyed inan attack on Mers-el-Kebir by the British and in a scuttling of the fleet after the (*)armistice army was disbanded. This government adopted the slogan of "Work, family, fatherland." This government was headed by Prime Minister Pierre Laval and the hero of the Battle of Verdun, Philippe Petain. For 10 points, name this pro-German French government during World War II.

Vichy France [or Etat Francais]

11. Alexis Carrel headed a "Foundation for the Study of Human Problems" during this regime, which sought to create a selective reproduction program. This government operated internment camps in Gurs and Drancy for Jews living under it. It adopted a new motto of "Work, Family, Fatherland" to replace that of the (*) Third Republic, which it succeeded. This regime, whose name derives from its capital located in a spa town, was headed by Pierre Laval and a hero of the Battle of Verdun named Philippe Petain. For ten points, name this French government which collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II.

Vichy France or Vichy government [accept French State or l'État français] <BZ>

This man's government refused to ratify a treaty which handed over Alessandria, leading him tofire de Launey. After this man's forces, led by the Duke of Gaeta, won the Battle of Castelfiardo, thisleader was excommunicated. This man came to power after his predecessor lost the Battle of Novara,after which he signed the Truce of Vignale with Josepth Radetzky. His prime minister arranged forhim to sign a treaty at Plombiers with Napoleon III, and his forces won the battles of (*) Magenta andSolferino against the Austrians. He supported Garibaldi's campaign against the Two Sicilies, and this rulerof PiedmontÂâ€"Sardinia and employer of Count Cavour gained the title "Father of the Fatherland". For 10points identify this first ruler of unified Italy.

Victor Emmanuel II [or Vittorio Emmanuelle II; prompt on "Victor Emmanuel"; prompt on "Vittorio Emmanuelle"]

A famous saying about this city states that, while the situation in a nearby city is serious but not desperate, the situation in this city is desperate but not serious. That saying has been attributed to the Hungarian Count Istvan Tisza ("EESHT-von TEE-sa"). The ransom of (*) Richard the Lionheart legendarily paid for this city's walls. Those walls have since been replaced by this city's famous ring road. A charge that stopped Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha's attempts to take this city was notably led by John III Sobieski's winged hussars. Schonbrun and Hofburg Palace are here. For 10 points, name this Austrian city at which European forces defeated Islamic invasions in 1527 and 1683.

Vienna [accept Wien] <LT>

This man called Turkey an "accomplice of terrorists" after two fighter jets from his country were shot down over Turkey's southern border. This man was investigated on charges of corruption for understating the price of metals while Mayor of (*) St. Petersburg. He won his country's 2012 elections to secure a third term, but the election was criticized by the OSCE for procedural irregularities. In 2014, his country was sanctioned by the US after annexing Crimea. For 10 points, name this former KGB agent and current president of Russia.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

During this worldwide conflict, Christopher Codrington led a failed English attempt to seize the island of Guadeloupe. A battle in this conflict saw Vauban dismissed in a failed siege of Turin. It was not World War I, but in this conflict, Allied forces captured Mons in the Battle of Malplaquet. At the Battle of Blenheim, Duke Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy gained renown by saving Vienna from French capture. The American phase of this conflict was named after the ruling English monarch, Queen Anne. For 10 points, name this conflict ended by the Treaty of Utrecht fought over the ascension of Philip V to the throne of an Iberian country.

War of the Spanish Succession [do not accept "Queen Anne's War"]

Pál Meléter was executed for opposing this body, and Cardinal-Archbishop Mindszenty was exiled from Esztergom by it. Exercise Zapad-81 was the largest such activity undertaken by this group, and some of this body's members joined the CTSO after this group's dissolution. Enver Hoxha's openly siding with China led to Albania's withdrawal from this group, and Alexander Dubček's reforms during the Prague Spring led to this organization's invasion of Czechoslovakia. For 10 points, name this international organization of communist states, formed to oppose NATO by a treaty in the Polish capital.

Warsaw Pact [accept Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance]

A battle in this city was the major thrust of a campaign known as Operation Tempest. The Wola massacre occurred in this city, the largest city ruled under the General Government's occupation. In a special 1.3-square-mile section of this city established by Hans Frank and led by an Ältester, the ZOB and ZZW resisted Jürgen Stroop's attempt to deport Jews. During the Home Army's attempt to liberate this city, Soviet army advances halted at Praga on the east bank of the Vistula River. For 10 points, name this Eastern European city where Jewish fighters led a ghetto uprising, the first capital to fall to Hitler during World War II.

Warsaw [or Warszawa]

This monarch told troops departing for China to make a name for themselves just as Huns under Attila had done a thousand years earlier. This monarch admitted that "the prevailing sentiment among [my people] is not friendly to England" in an interview in which he stated "You English are mad, mad, mad as March hares." This man dismissed an important minister in an action satirized in John Tenniel's "Dropping the Pilot." This monarch sent an inflammatory (*) telegram congratulating Paul Kruger on defeating the Jameson Raid, and further worsened relations with Britain during the two Moroccan Crises. This Hohenzollern king fled to the Netherlands after abdicating in 1918. For 10 points, name this last German Kaiser.

Wilhelm II [or William II ; prompt on Wilhelm or William ]

During this war, the Ghadar Party in the United States attempted to conspire with Germany to intervene in India. After the Battle of Vimy Ridge during this conflict, Canadians began to refer to their army as "forged by fire." In the wake of this conflict, a losing country was broken up in the Treaty of St. Germaine and Hungary was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon. In this war, the French halted the German's Schlieffen Plan at the First Battle of the Marne. For 10 points, name this conflict that lasted from 1914 until 1918, often called the Great War.

World War I [or First World War; or Great War until stated; prompt on World War]

At this event, an agreement to set a certain national border at the Curzon Line was made official. In the aftermath of this event, one of the involved parties began formulating Operation Unthinkable in case agreements made during this event were not adhered to. This event's agreement to hold fair elections in Poland was completely ignored by one of its participants. All of the delegations at this event agreed to join the United Nations, and one of them agreed to declare war on Japan shortly after this event. For 10 points, name this second "Big 3" conference after Tehran, in which Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met near a resort town in Crimea.

Yalta Conference [or Argonaut Conference; or Crimea Conference until "Crimea" is read]

A man who had earlier failed in committing this action attempted to commit suicide, but his cyanide pill had expired and the river he jumped in was only inches deep. People accused of planning this event were tried three years after it occurred in the Salonika Trial, which condemned to death the planner of this event, codenamed Apis. This event led to the issuance of an ultimatum that was meant to be rejected, precipitating the July Crisis. The nationalist organization Black Hand planned this event, though it was actually carried out by Gavrilo Princip. For 10 points, name this June 1914 event in which a Serbian nationalist killed the heir to the Austrian throne that triggered World War I.

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, the first Latino with this job, now sits in the Cuban legislature. Oneman with this occupation apocryphally threw his drink at Brezhnev, angry about the death ofanother, Vladimir Komarov. Khrushchev claimed that one person "didn't see any god" while doingthis job, and Valentina Tereshkova was the (*) first woman with this occupation. Alexey Leonov, a manwith this job, was the first to conduct an EVA. Before heading to Baikonur, people train for this job at StarCity. They were the primary employees of the Soyuz and Vostok Programs, and staffed the station Mir. For10 points, name this profession, of which Yuri Gagarin was the first, the heroes of the Space Race.

cosmonauts [or astronauts of the Russian/Soviet Space Program; or kosmonavty; accept equivalents]

This action was carried out on the body of Gaspard de Coligny after he was stabbed in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Abraham Lincoln performed this action to deny Democrats in the Illinois legislature a quorum for a vote in 1840 after Democrats locked the chamber doors. After fire and smoke inhalation, this action led to the deaths of many victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Wenceslaus IV legendarily died from shock after one event of this type in 1419, in the same city where four Catholic regents suffered this action but survived due to the fortuitous placement of a manure pile. FTP what are these actions, two famous examples of which occurred in Prague.

defenestrations (accept "jump[ing] out of a window)

The first of these events occurred in Sicily, which led to its independence for 16 months. During one of these events, the prohibition of the campagne des banquets united the popular Republicans and Orléanists against the French king. Lajos Kossuth led the Hungarian one of these events, prompting Metternich's resignation, and was crushed by the "gendarme of Europe," Czar Nicholas I. Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused the offer of the German crown by the Frankfurt Assembly during this event. For 10 points, name this series of political upheavals in Europe that took place in a certain year.

revolutions of 1848 [or Springtime of the Peoples; or Spring of Nations]

Members of this profession were kept at sharashkas , a special agency within the Gulag, by Lavrentiy Beria. One member of this profession was married to Helsinki Accords activist Yelena Bonner, who delivered his 1975 Nobel Lecture "Peace, Progress, and Human Rights." Another person in this general profession headed the agency VASKhNIL (vahkh-NEEL) , where he championed "Michurinism" and "vernalization." Igor (*) Kurchatov headed a group of people in this profession whose work culminated with the "First Lightning" event in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. People in this profession included the fraud Trofim Lysenko and the activist Andrei Sakharov. For 10 points, name this general profession whose practitioners helped the Soviet Union create its atomic bomb.

scientist s [or specific types, like physicist s or biologist s or engineer s]

These weapons were sent with fascines in order to capture Flesquieres at the Battle of Cambrai. Flails were used with these weapons to avoid the Devil's gardens set up by Erwin Rommel's Afrika corps during the Battle of El Alamein. Boris Yeltsin used one of these weapons to deliver a speech asking soldiers to disobey the orders of Communist hardliners. The largest scale engagement of these weapons occurred between the Red Army T-34s and a Wehrmacht corps at Kursk. They were first used by Douglas Haig during the Battle of the Somme. For 10 points, name these heavily armored vehicles that include the Panzer and M1 Abrams and run on caterpillar tracks.

tanks

During this event, hoards of gold like the Colmar treasure were created in response to mass burnings in cities like Strasbourg. This event ended Alfonso XI's siege of Gibraltar, and Guy de Chauliac advised another leader to sit between two fires in response to it. This event led to the passage of the Statute of Laborers in England, and it may have begun when Janibeg had (*) corpses thrown over the wall of the Genoese port at Caffa. This event prompted the activities of the Flagellants. Jews were accused of causing this event by poisoning wells, though it was actually spread by rats. For 10 points, name this epidemic of bubonic plague that decimated Europe's population.

the Black Death [prompt on "bubonic plague"] <JB History>

Per the Act of Montevideo [mon-tay-vee-DAY-oh], this leader was asked to mediate a conflict between Chile and Argentina. Upon reaching his highest post, this leader declared his goal of reuniting Europe "from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains." The target of an assassination attempt by Mehmet Ali Agca, he criticized the West for moving towards a "culture of death," predicated by acceptance of euthanasia and abortion. Name this Polish Catholic who was elected Pope in 1978.

(Pope/Blessed) John Paul II (accept Karol Józef Wojtyła)

To marry the Countess von Chotek, this person renounced his children's regal claims, which led to the coronation of his nephew Charles the First of Austria. This person's demise was preceded by performing army maneuvers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which led to his being targeted by the Black Hand. Name this Austro-Hungarian leader assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Erzherzog von Osterreich-Este

This body was attacked by the newspaper The Old Cordelier, which criticized it and another body governing "general security." This body was responsible for carrying out the Law of the Maximum, which set price limits. This body was described as "a hand to grasp the weapon of the (*) Revolutionary Tribunal." The National Convention created this body that was originally led by Georges Danton before he was ousted by the Jacobins, and it was disbanded by the Thermidorian Reaction. Maximilien Robespierre headed, for 10 points, what body that ordered many executions by guillotine during the Reign of Terror and the French Revolution?

Committee of Public Safety [Comite de salut public; accept National Convention before "hand"]

One political cartoon depicts this ruler smoking hookah with Sultan Abdul Hamid II. E.D. Morel became famous for discovering that trade ships were primarily shipping weapons and ammunition to this man's colonies instead of actual supplies. Robert Casement's namesake report first drew accusations that this man's (*) Force Publique had been cutting off the hands of field workers who failed to meet their quotas. For 10 points, name this Belgian king who became known for the atrocities committed in the Congo Free State.

King Leopold II [prompt on just "Leopold"]

During a siege of this city, two zoo elephants were eaten by a crowd and Leon Gambetta fled in a balloon. The Bloody Week ended a government established in this city which notably had a decorative column here torn down and dismantled. This city was the site of that revolutionary (*) commune, which was able to put up barricades even though this city's boulevards had been widened by the renovations of Baron Haussmann. This capital city was besieged after an emperor was captured at the Battle of Sedan by Prussian troops. For 10 points, name this city which served as the capital of two emperors named Napoleon.

Paris <JB History>

This modern-day political party first won its country’s highest executive office two years after its CERES faction was defeated at a gathering at Metz; in that election, this party ran a platform called the 110 Propositions. Early in this party’s history, it was rivaled by a “Unified†party of the same name known as the PSU, whose leader, Michel Rocard, later joined this party. At the 1969 Alfortville Congress, this party replaced the SFIO, which had elected (*) Leon Blum president in 1936. During the Fifth Republic, this party first came to power in the 1981 presidential election, in which Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of the UDF was defeated by Francois Mitterand of this party. For 10 points, name this left-wing party, to which the current president of France, Francois Hollande, belongs.

[French] Socialist Party [or Parti Socialiste; accept Socialists; prompt on “PSâ€]

Claud Cockburn accused supporters of this policy of meeting as the "Cliveden Set"in Nancy Astor's mansion. After the failure of this policy, its chief promoter was told "inthe name of God, go!" in a speech which Leo Amery gave during the "Norway Debate."The pamphlet Guilty Men savaged architects of this policy, including "the UmbrellaMan" and Lord Halifax. Edvard Benes was not invited to a (*) meeting orchestrated as partof this policy which was attended by Edouard Daladier. This policy's most notable implementation was followed by a declaration of "peace for our time" and allowed the cession of the Sudetenland by the Munich Agreement. For 10 points, name this informal policy of Neville Chamberlain which involved giving into Germany's demands to avoid a war.

appeasement [accept word forms; prompt on being pro-German or pro-Hitler or proNazi or similar answers]

In the aftermath of this event, an "ultimatum as had never been written in modern times" was made that was designed to be rejected. This event which led to the July Ultimatum was organized by a group led by a man nicknamed Apis. A bomb was thrown under a car during this event, injuring 20 people but not killing the (*) intended occupants. This event was planned by Danilo Ilic, a member of the Black Hand, and was perpetrated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, the capital of Serbia. For 10 points, name this event that sparked World War I, in which an heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed in Sarajevo.

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (accept reasonable equivalents)

An inventor of these types of weapons learned his wife Clara Immerwahr had killed herself after he returned from watching their first use. Hugo Stolzenberg supplied weapons of this type for use in Spain's conflict with Abd el-Krim during the Third Rif War. In the 1930s, the company IG Farben developed a new weapon of this type codenamed GA. One weapon of this type was developed at the (*) Kaiser Wilhelm Institute under the direction of Fritz Haber and was first used on April 22, 1915, at Ypres (EEP-ruh) . P helmets dipped in hexamine were used by Allied troops against these types of weapons. Some of these types of weapons make use of blister agents and were dispersed through the wind. For 10 points, name this type of weapon that might choke soldiers in trenches not wearing masks.

chemical weapons [or mustard gas ; or chlorine gas; or poison gas ; or phosgene gas]

The 1763 Treaty of Paris allowed France to retain its rights to this commodity in Newfoundland. In 1475, the Hanseatic League barred Bristol merchants from selling this commodity, which the Basques preserved via salting. Izaak Walton wrote a 1653 treatise describing the gentlemanly appeal of gathering this resource. One dispute regarding rights over this commodity saw the HMS Andromeda ram the Thor in waters that Iceland considered part of their exclusive economic zone, and Iceland retaliated by threatening to cut the nets of British trawlers trying to harvest this commodity. For 10 points, name this general commodity over which the Cod Wars were fought.

fish [accept cod before mention; accept more general answers like seafood; prompt on "meat"]

1791's Le Chapelier Law banned these entities from France, though the law was repealed in 1864. The Ciompi Revolt was led by wool workers who were not part of these entities against their power. A term derived from how far a man could travel in a day names its middle rank, the journeyman, achieved after this type of organization inducted an apprentice. FTP what were these medieval and later associations of craftsmen led by a master, the name of which lives on in the union of screen actors.

guilds

Henry IV of France promoted this industry through a royal corporation at Savonnieres. Innovators in this industry included Huguenot Lewis Paul and the Oldham Limiteds. The Waltham System was used in this industry in the United States. Laborers in this industry who lacked representation in a guild launched the 1378 (*) Ciompi Revolt in Florence. Lord Liverpool's government executed several people working in this industry in York who destroyed its mechanized equipment; that group was the Luddites. This industry was made more efficient by John Kay's flying shuttle. For 10 points, name this key industry in the first industrial revolution, helped by advancements like power looms for spinning and weaving.

textile industry [or clothing industry; or cotton industry; or wool carding industry]

Townspeople respond to this event by throwing the child of a prostitute into a well as a sacrificeto Hel in the novel The Cross, whose protagonist Kristin Lavransdatter joins an abbey during it.Such details as the placement of a severed head in a pot of basil suggest that the love betweenLorenzo and Lisabetta is a metaphor for this event. One author claimed that many women becameless chaste due to the necessity of using male servants during this event in the introduction to acollection about Dioneo, (*) Filostrato, and Fiammetta, who flee from Florence to escape it and spend twoweeks telling stories. For 10 points, name this historical event that shaped the frame story of theDecameron and wiped out half the population of Medieval Europe.

the Black Death [or the Black Plague; prompt on "the Plague" or "the Bubonic Plague" or " Yersinia Pestis"]

During this war, groups of unemployed mercenaries such as the Flayers of Dead Men and the Routierspillaged the countryside. A ruler during this war suffered from the glass delusion and held a party atwhich some knights dressed as wild men were accidentally set on fire. In a battle of this war, the blindKing John of Bohemia was killed, leading the victor to adopt his crest of three ostrich feathers. JeanFroissart wrote a history of this war. William Cale led the Jacquerie revolt during this war after John IIwas captured at the Battle of Poitiers and ransomed. For 10 points, name this war which also includedthe Battles of Crecy and Agincourt, a lengthy conflict between France and England.

the Hundred Years' War

A group of Swiss cantons allied with this organization were defeated in the Sonderbund War. This organization expressed "burning anxiety" about Nazi Germany in ​Mit brennender Sorge. This organization was supported by the "Centre Party." A set of laws aimed at this institution were released in May (*) ​1873 and named for education minister Adalbert Falk. This institution, which issued the "Syllabus of Errors," was targeted by Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf. For 10 points, name this institution recently led by the German Joseph Ratzinger, also known as Benedict XVI.

the Roman Catholic Church​ [accept answers like "the Pope​," "the Papacy​," or "the Vatican​"; prompt on answers like "the Church" or "Christianity"]

A pope named Pius who had this regnal number was the only person to write an autobiography while pope, and wrote the erotic novel The Tale of the Two Lovers before becoming pope. Another pope of this number commissioned the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. A pope of this number gave a speech ending with the rallying cry "God wills it" at the Council of Clermont, calling for the First Crusade. Mehmet Ali Agca tried to assassinate a pope of this number, who preceded Benedict XVI. For 10 points, give the number of the most recent Pope John Paul.

two

Along with the Wool Act, an act which allowed the import of this product fromEurope contributed to Scotland's worsening relations with England prior to the 1707Act of Union. Decades after his country secured a market for this product in England bythe Methuen Treaty, the Marquis of Pombal created a national company to regulate itsquality. The Duke of Clarence was allegedly killed using the Malmsey variety of thisproduct. This good was exported from (*) Oporto in Portugal as part of a trade with English wool. A region known for producing this good was once an independent duchy which was ruled by Philip the Good and Charles the Bold; that duchy also handed Joan of Arc over to the English. For 10 points, name this product, varieties of which are named for Burgundy and Champagne.

wine [or Burgundy wine; or port wine; or vinho; or vin; prompt on alcohol]

Charles Minard used a gradually-narrowing westward-line in a famous map set during this year. In this year, the Bagration [buh-grate-ee-ON] fleches [fletches] were built and the first battle at Smolensk was fought. Count Rostopchin ordered his own capital city be burned to the ground during this year. "General Winter" began to destroy the (*) Grand Armée during this year. The War of the Sixth Coalition began near the end of this year, after Mikhail Kutuzov won a victory at the Battle of Borodino during the "Patriotic War". For 10 points, name this year in which Napoleon led an unsuccessful invasion of Russia, commemorated by a Tchaikovsky overture.

1812

This man's invasion of the Sassanid Empire ended with a defeat in Armenia. This son of Mundzuk defeated Arnegisclus at the Battle of the Utus, and he turned away from Rome after negotiating with Pope Leo the Great. This man sacked the city of Margus and Singidunum, and fought against the Franks, Visigoths, and the Romans at the Battle of Chalons. He became the sole ruler after the death of his brother Bleda, and he was known as the "Scourge of God". For 10 points, name this leader of the Huns.

Attila the Hun

The "petit bleu" in this incident came from the office of a man having a homosexual affair with Alessandro Panizzardi, Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen. One participant in this incident was demoted and sent to Tunis; that man was Georges Picquart. Ferdinand Esterhazy's treason led one man to be exiled to Devil's Island in this incident. Libel charges were given to Emile Zola after he wrote an open letter condemning the government for anti-Semitism in this event. For 10 points, name this incident in which espionage charges were levelled against a Jew in the French Army.

Dreyfus affair

19. Members of this organization were raided by privateers hired by Albrecht von Mecklenburg called the Victual brothers, whom it initially supported. The Treaty of Stralsund was signed between this organization and the Danish king Valdemar IV, who had attacked Visby, one of its members. Bergen contains the only surviving example of (*) trading posts called kontors established by this organization. Members of this organization could appeal to the council of its capital, Lübeck. For ten points, name this trade confederation which consisted of towns along the Baltic and North seas.

Hanseatic League [or Hansa] <BZ>

An "American Committee of Defense" for this man was headed by the philosopher John Dewey. While in prison, he formulated the concept of "permanent revolution" which stated that socialist revolutions in other countries would follow the one in his own nation. This one-time chairman of the Petrograd Soviet founded the Fourth International and wrote The Revolution Betrayed in 1937. This man was offered sanctuary by Lazaro Cardenas, but was assassinated by Ramon Mercador. For 10 points, name this exiled Communist who was killed with an ice-pick in Mexico.

Leon Trotsky [or Lev Trotsky or Lev Davidovich Bronstein]

22. After instigating a failed 1840 coup, this man was imprisoned in Fort Ham, where he wrote a socialist pamphlet called "The Extinction of Pauperism". His Prime Minister Emile Ollivier urged him to create a more liberal government, and he commissioned Baron Haussmann to renovate his capital, whose actions resulted in wider streets. The Suez Canal was completed during his rule, which began a few years after the Second (*) Paris Commune. This ruler abdicated after losing to Helmuth von Moltke's troops in the Franco-Prussian War. For ten points, identify this ruler of the Second French Empire and nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (accept Napoleon III; prompt on "Louis Bonaparte" and "Napoleon") <KT> BONUSES

This leader sent Fritz von Holstein to spy on the ambassador to France, Harry von Arnim, and find evidence to try him for treason. He gained several new territories for his country in the Peace of Nikolsburg, which ended a war in which his forces won the decisive Battle of Königgrätz. This man authorized Adalbert Falk to pass the May Laws as part of his targeting the Catholic Church in his Kulturkampf. After his appointment by Wilhelm I, this man practiced realpolitik as chancellor of Prussia. For 10 points, name this German statesman known as the "Iron Chancellor."

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck

During one period in this city,

Prague

This campaign ended after the Treaty of Ramla, and during it, Conrad of Montferrat was elected as king days before his assassination. This campaign avenged a loss at the Horns of Hattin, and during it the foreign armies won the Battle of Arsuf against Ayyubid forces. Leopold V of Austria and Philip II Augustus of France both left this enterprise after the successful siege of Acre. Drowning in a river killed its prospective leader, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. For 10 points, name this military undertaking, in which leaders like Richard the Lionheart clashed with Saladin in the Holy Land.

The Third Crusade [Accept The Kings' Crusade, prompt "The Crusades"] <SJW>

During this war, the Battle of Wistock saw an allied army under John Baner and Alexander Leslie defeat an army under John George I. One side in this conflict signed the Treaty of Stettin to occupy the Duchy of Pomerania. The Treaty of Lubeck ended the Danish phase of this conflict, which allowed Christian IV to retain Denmark in exchange for abandoning support for the Protestant States. The Swedish phase of this war was ended after Gustavus Adolphus died at the Battle of Lutzen. For 10 points, name this 17th century conflict that began with the Second Defenestration of Prague and ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

The Thirty Years' War

During this war, a priest wrote the text Cautio Criminalis, which questioned the prosecution of witches. The expression “I know my fellow Pappenheims†refers to an officer in this war, and its battles included the defeat of the Spanish at the Battle of Rocroi and the miserable Battle of the Rain. A commander in it was assassinated on orders of Emperor Ferdinand II when he contemplated switching sides; that man was (*) Albrecht von Wallenstein. This conflict featured such leaders as the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus and was ended by the Peace of Westphalia. For 10 points, name this war which effectively pitted Protestant and Catholic alliances against each other, fought primarily in modern-day Germany between 1618 and 1648.

Thirty Years’ War

An object usually believed to be a Celtic example of these things was unearthed in Coligny, France.After Chesterfield's Act implemented one of these things, a mob chanting the number eleven rioted inLondon. One of these things was supported by the papal bull Inter Gravissimas. Charles-Gilbert Rommedeveloped one of these things that included Pluviose, Prairial, and Fructidor. A Roman example of thesethings named for Numa Pompilius was replaced by one named for Julius Caesar that was used until1582. For 10 points, name these systems, one of which is named for Gregory XIII and is divided intotwelve months.

calendars [or Gregorian calendar; or Julian calendar; or French Revolutionary calendar]

Scythians whipped people with a rope covered in red paint until they participated in this activity. The proedroi [pro-uh-droy] supervised this event. The leges tabellariae [lej-uhs tah-bell-are-ee-ay] introduced rules for this activity in the comitia [com-it-ee-uh] in Rome. The boule [boo-lay] organized the ecclesia [uh-clay-zee-uh], during which people participated in this activity. Participants in this event were given one white and one black (*) stone. A form of this activity, which involved writing on shards of pottery, was used to determine which citizens were ostracized. Solon's reforms greatly expanded the number of people who could do this. For 10 points, name this activity by which citizens of the Athenian democracy chose their leaders.

voting [or electing; or suffrage; prompt on participating in politics or participating in the assembly or assembling other answers implying a civic duty]

This man negotiated with Joel Brand in the "blood for trucks" scandal and misused stockphrases which he called "winged words." This employee of RHSA branch IV-B-4 was interrogatedby Gideon Hausner about his actions in Budapest. This sometime user of the pseudonym RicardoKlement compared himself to Pontius Pilate after meeting Reinhard (*) Heydrich and others at theWannsee conference, according to reports in The New Yorker which emphasized his "thoughtlessness".This man sat in a glass box during a months-long trial ending with his 1962 hanging. For 10 points, namethis subject of Hannah Arendt's "banality of evil" thesis, who was captured by Israel from Argentina forarranging the logistics of the Nazi Holocaust.

Adolf Otto Eichmann

This monarch banned writing in the Ukrainian language via the Ems Ukaz. Early in his reign, this man declared, "Gentlemen, let us have no dreams," thus sparking the January Uprising in Poland. This man's minister Nikolai Milyutin implemented his country's first conscription system late in the (*) Crimean war. This czar sold Russia to the US and created local governments called zemstvos. A member of the People's Will threw the bomb that killed this czar. For 10 points, name this reforming Russian czar who emancipated the serfs.

Alexander II [prompt on "Alexander"] <JH History>

On this peninsula, oral epic poetry is sung by guslars, who play a single-stringed instrument calleda gusle in its Denarides region. One namesake war on this peninsula was preceded by the Goudicoup, after which the new Venizelos government supported unifying this peninsula under the Megaliidea. Just before his death, Otto von Bismarck predicted trouble from "some (*) damned fool thing" inthis region. The Treaty of Bucharest resolved two namesake wars fought on this peninsula in 1912 and1913, which the Ottoman Empire lost. In the buildup to World War I, this peninsula was known as the"Powder Keg of Europe." For 10 points, name this Eastern European peninsula that contains Greece andBosnia.

Balkan Peninsula [or Balkans]

This place is the subject of the book The Hell of the Living, which has a cover showing dragons destroying it. It was the supposed residence of the mythical "Count de Lorges," an old nobleman who had written satires. The 1652 Battle of the Faubourg St. Antoine occurred partly beneath its walls during the Fronde Rebellion. Jacques Necker proposed (*) closing it for economic reasons alone. Bernard-Rene du Launay, the hated governor of this place, was killed at the Hotel de Ville after his Swiss grenadiers were overwhelmed. The Marquis de Sade was transferred from here to an insane asylum shortly before the events of July 14, 1789. For 10 points, name this infamous prison stormed during the French Revolution.

Bastille Saint-Antoine

A man from the Utigur branch of this people named Kubrat or Kurt was the founder of an “old great†confederation of them north of the Caucasus. Another member of this people, Asparukh, won the 688 CE Battle of Ongal over Constantine IV, thus becoming the founder of a state of this people that had a major cultural center at Preslav. The “golden age†of that state of this people occurred after Byzantine general Leo Phocas was defeated at the Battle of (*) Achelous by an emperor of this people named Simeon I. A leader of this people named Samuel was defeated at the Battle of Kleidion, whose victor was given an epithet signifying his conquest of this people. For 10 points, name this ethnic group whose members Byzantine emperor Basil II was known as the “slayer†of.

Bulgars [accept Bulgarians]

A certain history asserts that one ruler of this polity was a demonic figure who could make his own head vanish. Nikephoros Xiphias led the forces of this polity to victory over the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion, and following that battle, the epithet "Bulgar-Slayer" was given to a future emperor of this polity, (*) Basil II. Procopius wrote a "Secret History" of a ruler who was the subject of a revolt that emerged from a chariot race, the Nika riots and Tribonian compiled a law code for this empire, the Corpus Juris Civilis. Iconoclasm became dominant in this empire, whose capital housed the Hagia Sophia. For ten points name this empire that Theodora and Justinian I ruled, with capital at Constantinople.

Byzantine Empire <RP>

Though not Byzantine iconoclasts, mobs of this religious sect carried out the Beeldenstorm riots to smash religious images. The founder of this sect burned Michael Servetus at the stake for anti-Trinitarian views. William the Silent of Orange-Nassau converted to this sect before liberating the Netherlands. This religion was added as a legal option for princes to choose in the Peace of Westphalia. Its namesake founder ran a theocratic government in Geneva. For 10 points, name this Christian sect that included France's Huguenots and believed in predestination.

Calvinism [or Reformed Christianity; do not accept or prompt on "Protestant"]

Jean Guitton was the leader of a group that opposed troops led by this man in one battle. This man oversaw negotiations that led to the Treaty of Stettin, which allied his country with Sweden during the Thirty Years War. This man rose to power after the death of Concino Concini. Marie de Medici was exiled after an attempt to remove this man in an event called the Day of the Dupes. In the Peace of Alais, signed after the Siege of La Rochelle, this man stripped away the rights of the Huguenots. He was succeeded in his highest position by Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this Chief Minister of France under Louis XIII.

Cardinal Richelieu

Ferdinand I of this region defeated Bermudo III of another region, merging those two regions together. A ruler dubbed "the Cruel" from this region engaged in a conflict with his neighbor called the War of the Two Peters. Alfonso VIII hailed from here; he was the victorious commander at Las Navas de Tolosa, which led to the downfall of this region's Kingdom of Toledo. This was the home region of the mother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Joanna the Mad. This region was united with Aragon when its queen married Ferdinand II. For 10 points, name this historical region that today is paired with La Mancha or Leon (lay-OWN), the home of Isabella.

Castile [or Castilla]

Avitus of Vienne corresponded with this ruler, whose paternal grandfather was said to be the child ofPharamond and a sea monster. This man personally axe-murdered a soldier who broke the Vase ofSoissons, which was plundered after this man's victory over Syagrius. After he collaborated with theEmperor Anastasius I at the Battle of Vouillé, he was granted the title "consul" according to Gregory ofTours. At the urging of his wife Clotilde, this king and three thousand of his men were baptized by SaintRemigius at Reims. For 10 points, identify this son of Childeric who commissioned the Salic Law andunified the Franks under the Merovingian dynasty.

Clovis I

The last native-born king of this country was died in 1097 while trying to stop aHungarian invasion at Gvozd Mountain, which is now called Petrova Gora in his honor.In 926, this country defeated Bulgaria at the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands,strengthening the Trpimirović dynasty under Tomislav. This country gained control ofBaranja, Western Syrmia, and Eastern Slavonia during the 1990s under the (*) ErdutAgreement, which was negotiated when this country was led by its first president, Franjo TuÄ'man. During World War II, this country became a puppet state under the Ustaše group after the Axis Powers invaded Yugoslavia. For 10 points, name this country that controls Dalmatia and is ruled from Zagreb.

Croatia

The Nagodba was an 1869 agreement by which this country was governed and which was opposed by the Party of Right under Ante Starcevic. The arrest of a politician from this country, the leader of the People's Populist Party Stejpan Radic prompted revolt around its capital. During World War II, this country was ruled by Ante Pavlevic and his fascist Ustasa, which conducted a massive ethnic cleansing campaign in areas like Slavonia and Krajina. Under the leadership of the nationalist Franjo Tudman and along with Slovenia, this country declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. For 10 points, name this nation, vying for control of Bosnia with Serbia, with capital Zagreb.

Croatia [or Hrvatska]

Raymond-Roger de Trencavel was forced to defend the castle of Carcassonne during one of these conflicts, which had earlier seen the death of Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. Another of these conflicts left the War of the Lombards in its wake and occurred after John of Brienne was succeeded by Frederick II. A later one saw the capture of Damietta by French forces but resulted in the capture of Louis IX. The defeat of Guy of Lusignan at the Battle of Hattin triggered one of these wars in which Richard I was victorious at the Siege of Acre but was unable to retake Jerusalem. For 10 points, name these religious wars in which Christians fought for the Holy Land.

Crusades [Accept Albigensian Crusade before "Lombards" is read.]

Leonard Dawe was suspected of leaking information about this event due to the answer selection of his Daily Telegrapher crossword. To spread disinformation before this event, numerous dummy aircraft and airfields were created as part of Operation Fortitude. Its perpetrators modified large numbers of tanks with extendable ramps, flotation screens, or flamethrowers, known as Hobart's (*) Funnies. Artificial Mulberry harbors were developed for this event, which fortuitously happened when Erwin Rommel was on leave for his wife's birthday. The "Atlantic Wall" was challenged by this event, which took place at sites nicknamed Sword, Gold, Juno, Utah, and Omaha. For 10 points, name this June, 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Europe

D-Day [or Normandy landings; or Operation Overlord; or Operation Neptune; prompt on Allied invasion of Europe or similar answers]

In a battle fought in this city, Napoleon's troops rallied at Prince Anton's garden but were sooncaptured at the Battle of Kulm. An alchemist from this city, Johann Friedrich Bottger, became thefirst European to perfect hard-paste porcelain while working in its nearby neighbor of Meissen. TheSecond Silesian War was ended with a peace treaty signed in this city. The failed 1848 May Uprisingin this city led to the exile of its (*) artistic intelligentsia, including Richard Wagner. The plaza outsidethis city's Frauenkirche has become a major battleground for skinheads and anti-fascists in Germany due tothe destruction of its Old Town by incendiary bombs in 1945. For 10 points, name this "Florence on theElbe," a German city firebombed in World War II.

Dresden

One cartoon of this event depicted a family fighting after "they have discussed it." The petit bleu was discovered by Major Picquart while investigating this event; Picquart was then falsely accused of forgery by the government using other forgeries. Ferdinand (*) Esterhazy was the true perpetrator of the espionage causing this scandal. The central figure of this scandal was imprisoned at Devil's Island and Emile Zola published an open letter criticizing the government for anti-Semitism during this scandal titled J'Accuse. For 10 points, the French government wrongfully imprisoned a Jewish officer for treason in what political scandal?

Dreyfus Affair

This event was triggered because of an intercepted memorandum addressed to Maximilian vonSchwartzkoppen. During this event, a secret dossier was compiled by the suicidal Hubert-JosephHenry and the bizarre Armande Mercier Du Paty De Clam. The supposed perpetrator of this eventwas pardoned by Rene Waldeck-Rousseau as a result of Georges Picquart's discovery thatdocuments were forged to protect Ferdinand Walsin (*) Esterhazy. The second trial in this eventhappened after the namesake man was retrieved from Devil's Island. The army was attacked for this eventin the newspaper L'Aurore containing a letter entitled J'accuse written by Emile Zola. For 10 points, namethis French political scandal in which a Jewish officer was charged with treason.

Dreyfus Affair

One important document in this event was the "Panizzardi telegram." During it, an assailant shot lawyer Fernand Labori in the back and Hubert-Joseph Henry slit his throat with a razor while in a prison cell. Georges Picquart's actions during this event resulted in him being reassigned to Tunisia. The public was stirred up in this event by the racist writings in the paper La Libre Parole. Much of the blame eventually went to Ferdinand Esterhazy. A letter about this scandal was addressed to Felix Faure, published by Georges Clemenceau in his newspaper L'Aurore, and was titled "J'accuse" by author Emile Zola. For 10 points, name this French political scandal in which the namesake Jewish artillery officer was erroneously sent to Devil's Island.

Dreyfus affair

This man told his former mistress Harriette Wilson, when she threatened to release her memoirs, "Publish and be damned!" This man scored a victory over the Maratha [muh-RAH-tuh] Empire at the Battle of Assaye. Forces under this man liberated Madrid following his victory at the Battle of Salamanca, and crushed the forces of King Joseph at Vitoria to end the Peninsular War. This man won a later battle thanks to a reckless charge ordered by Marshal Ney. At that battle, this man's army was reinforced by troops led by Gebhart von Blucher. That victory ended the "Hundred Days." FTP, name this man who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Duke of Wellington

Construction workers in this country began a massive strike on June 17, 1953,following an increase in individual work quotas and the announcement of the moderate"New Course" policy. Many young Olympic athletes in this country were unwittinglygiven performance-enhancing drugs as part of a state-sponsored doping program.Countries that recognized this country were shunned according to the HallsteinDoctrine. The "death strip" was a component of a (*) structure built by this country'sgovernment. This country was ruled by the SED government, whose leaders included Walter Ulbricht and Eric Honecker. The secret police in this country were known as the Stasi. For 10 points, name this country, whose people included those on the Communist side of the Berlin Wall.

East Germany [or German Democratic Republic or GDR or Ostdeutschland or Deutsche Demokratische Republik; do not accept or prompt on "Germany"]

This country's neighbor tried to prevent other countries from recognizing it through the Hallstein [HAHL-shteen] Doctrine. For most of the time this country existed, Erich Mielke [AIR-ikh MIL-keh] headed its dominant secret police force, the Stasi [SHTAH-see]. This country was ruled by a State Council after the death of its only president, Wilhelm Pieck [VIL-helm PEEK]. For many years, that council was headed by Walter [VAL-tair] Ulbricht and then Erich Honecker. This country started as the occupation zone agreed to at the Yalta Conference under the control of the Soviet Union. Name this country that merged with its neighbor in 1990 following the fall of the Berlin Wall.

East Germany [or German Democratic Republic or GDR or Ostdeutschland; do not accept or prompt on "Germany" or "Deutschland"]

This nation's "New Economic System" improved industrial production under its de facto leader, Chairman of the Council of State Walter Ulbricht. This nation's 1950 constitution created a bicameral legislature comprising the Landerkammer and Volkskammer. Its security apparatus was called the Stasi, and its last serious leader, Erich Honecker, presided over this state's decline and its eventual "wende" [VEN-duh], or turn to more capitalist policy. FTP, name this long-gone nation which ceased to exist soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

East Germany [or German Democratic Republic; or GDR; go ahead and prompt on "Germany"]

This man's namesake "asparagus" refers to wooden poles meant to deter aerial invasion, while he dismissed the idea of an Atlantic Wall as "cloud cuckoo land." He rose to prominence after capturing a 10,000-man division retreating after Caporetto. Operation Bodyguard tried to mislead this man and his superior about a potential landfall at Calais, while Operation Crusader prevented this man's troops from succeeding in its siege of Tobruk. He was allowed to take poison rather than face trial after the failed July 20 plot of Claus von Stauffenberg. This man's forces lost to Bernard Montgomery at the battle of El Alamein in Egypt. For 10 points, name this German leader of the Afrika Korps during World War II, a man known as "the Desert Fox."

Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel

. Poles stuck upright in the ground to foil glider-borne troops were known as this general’s “asparagus.†He was the highest-ranking commander to refuse to shoot enemy commandos on sight, disobeying the infamous Commando Order. This man broke through the Mareth Line after defeating American troops at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass. This commander was forced to commit suicide after his role in the July 20th plot was discovered. As commander of the Afrika Korps, this man was bested by Bernard Montgomery at the decisive Battle of El Alamein. For 10 points, name this German tank commander during World War II, nicknamed “the Desert Fox.â€

Erwin Rommel Bonuses

This man, who defended himself in a letter to Benedetto Castelli, was opposed by elevenQualifiers who called his arguments "foolish and absurd." This man greatly improved a devicepatented by Hans Lipperhey. After this man was defended in a treatise by Paolo Antonio Foscarini, adispute that he started was adjudicated by Robert (*) Bellarmine. This man supposedly muttered "eppursi muove," or "and yet it moves," after Paul V called him before the Inquisition, where he recanted. For 10points, name this Italian thinker whose Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems supportedCopernican heliocentrism after he made surprising observations with his telescope.

Galileo Galilei [accept either]

After one ruler involved in this war fled to the Ottoman Empire, they defeated this war's victor in the Pruth ["prooth"] River Campaign. During this war, Augustus the Strong signed the Treaty of Thorn, allying his kingdom with the victorious side. The losing ruler of this conflict was shot and killed during a siege of Fredriksten. Despite being heavily outnumbered, one side in this war relieved a siege at the Battle of Narva. This war, which ended with the Treaty of Nystad, resulted in a nation led by Charles XII losing its status as the dominant Baltic power. For 10 points, name this war in which Peter the Great's Russia won at Poltava against the Swedish Empire.

Great Northern War

Heinrich Sudermann served as the first Syndic of this organization. This organization built a trading center onthe Thames called the Steelyard, employees of which included George Giese. This group's trading post at Toruń wasfounded by the Teutonic Knights, and members of the three Drittels in this polity elected aldermen to lead itsindependent trading outposts, called kontors. Waldemar VI of Denmark signed the Treaty of Stralsund with thispolity to give it a monopoly over Scandinavian trade, and the capital of this polity was located in Wendish, the firstof its five quarters; that capital was Lübeck. For 10 points, name this Northern German medieval trade union.

Hanseatic League [accept Hansa; or Dudesche Hanse; or Hansa Teutonica; or Liga Hanseatica]

Rulers of this state were depicted as assemblages of fruit and veg and in other strange fashions, since they were the main patrons of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. This state forced the Treaty of Karlowitz after its victory in the Battle of Zenta over the Ottomans. Two regents from this state supposedly (*) fell into a dung heap in 1618. Under Leopold I, this state was led to many military victories by Eugene of Savoy. This empire's army was led by Pappenheim, Tilly, Wallenstein, and other Catholics during the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this empire that included modern Germany, and which was ruled by Charles V.

Holy Roman Empire [do not accept or prompt on "Roman Empire"] <JR>

This ruler established his country's first printing press, the Print Yard, at Kitai-gorod, and aidedthe rise of the Stroganov family by awarding them a settlement patent along the Kama river in newlyconquered Siberia. This ruler concluded the ten-year Truce of Yam-Zapolsky with Poland-Lithuaniaafter a long failed siege of Pskov by Stephen Bathory. This man's suspicion that the ArchbishopPimen was a traitor led to the massacre of (*) Novgorod by his secret police, the Oprichniki. This ruler,who instigated the Livonian War, was succeeded by the incompetent Feodor I after he killed his son andheir-apparent. For 10 points, name this Rurikid ruler and first "Tsar of all Russia," whose epithet signifiedhis fearsomeness.

Ivan the Terrible [or Ivan IV Vasilyevich; or Ivan Grozny; prompt on "Ivan"]

This man's finance minister Peter Barsymes broke the Sassanid silk monopoly by establishing the silk industry for this ruler's empire. This man fought the Lazic Wars with Khosrau I after the failure of his Perpetual Peace, having earlier reconquered Gelimer's Tunisian kingdom in the Vandalic War. A revolt led by the Greens nearly replaced this ruler with the senator Hypatius, but he and his supporters were massacred by this man's generals Mundus and Belisarius in the Hippodrome. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor, who suppressed the Nika riots and was blasted by Procopius in the Secret History, the husband of Theodora.

Justinian I [accept "Justinian the Great," prompt on "Justinian"]

The losing side in this war defiantly held an April 17th marathon, during which runners twice crossed a bridge that bombers had failed to destroy. During this conflict, human organs were harvested at the "yellow house." This conflict was ended by the Kumanovo Agreement, several months the failure of the Rambouillet (rom-boo-YAY) Accords. Jiang Zemin (jyong dzuh-meen) called for the end of this conflict after a Chinese embassy was bombed. While (*) NATO was conducting a bombing campaign during this war, the leader of one side, nicknamed "Sloba," was charged with war crimes by the ICTY. This war featured ethnic cleansing of Muslim Albanians in the namesake territory, which declared its independence in 2008. For 10 points, name this late 1990s conflict between the KLA and the Yugoslav government.

Kosovo War [or Kosovo Conflict; prompt on Yugoslav ian Civil War or Yugoslav War(s) until "namesake" is read]

In the Bielefeld school of history, this policy is the standard example of the "negative integration" strategy. Under this policy, the salaries of individuals who didn't comply with it were suspended via the "Breadbasket Law." One aspect of this policy was the formation of a Settlement Commission to target Polish culture in Posen. The name of this campaign was coined by a pathologist who later challenged its initiator to a duel involving a parasite-laden sausage; that pathologist was (*) Rudolf Virchow (FUR-khoh) . Under Ludwig Windhorst, the Centre Party opposed this campaign. Leo XIII helped end this campaign, during which Adalbert Falk released the May Laws, seminaries were closed, and the Jesuits were banned. For 10 points, name this anti-Catholic campaign initiated by Otto von Bismarck in Prussia.

Kulturkampf [prompt on translations such as Culture War or descriptive answers such as Bismarck's anti-Catholic campaign]

This organization's leaders included Eric Drummond, who was succeeded by Joseph Avenol. It helped resolve disputes over the city of Memel and the Aaland Islands. This organization oversaw the allocation of Class A, B, and C territories known as "mandates," and the three types of "sanctions" permitted by its covenant could not prevent one of its members from occupying the Ruhr valley. Henry Cabot Lodge derailed the US's plans to join this organization by preventing the Treaty of Versailles from being ratified. For 10 points, name this failed transnational organization which was much weaker than its successor, the UN.

League of Nations

One battle that was fought over this city featured a successful night attack by Swiss mercenaries on a French camp, which prompted La TreÌmoille to flee. That battle, Novara, was fought when the Swiss were hired by Emperor Maximilian I to restore a duke here. That duke, who was later deposed by Francis I after the 1515 battle of Marignano, came from a family that included (*) Ludovico and Francesco, who had ruled it by betraying the Golden Ambrosian Republic. This city led a league against Barbarossa and was the capital of the Cisalpine Republic. During the Renaissance, it was famously ruled by the Sforzas. For 10 points, name this Italian city that has historically been the capital of Lombardy.

Milan [accept Novara before mention]

An archbishop of this city who presided over and was responsible for implementing the Council of Trent was named Charles Borromeo. The Della Torre family were Guelph rulers of this city. A viceroy ruling from this city named Eugène de Beauharnais (boh-ar-NAY) founded its stock exchange in 1808. Napoleon I crowned himself King of Italy in a cathedral here. In 286 CE, Diocletian made it the capital of the Western Roman Empire. One dynasty in this city secured power after the (*) death of signore Filippo Maria Visconti by allying with Florence to secure the Peace of Lodi. A patron of Leonardo da Vinci from this city earned the nickname "The Moor" for his dark skin and was named Ludovico Sforza. For 10 points, name this capital of Lombardy, the financial capital of Italy.

Milan [or Milano ; or Mediolanum ]

An attempt to tax fruit by this city's Spanish rulers led to the rebellion of Masaniello. A later rebellion here involved this city liberating itself from Nazi occupation in a namesake "four days." This city, where the rulers were supported by the lower-class Lazzaroni, was where Emma Hamilton met Horatio Nelson during Nelson's mission against the (*) Parthenopean Republic here. Later in the Napoleonic era, this home of the Camorra was ruled by Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat. This target of Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand was the seat of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For 10 points, name this Italian city in the environs of Vesuvius.

Naples [or Napoli]

This ruler created the Order of the Iron Crown after becoming King of Italy, and one of this ruler's military campaigns saw the capture of an island ruled by Ferdinand von Hompesch. During his Middle Eastern campaign, he ordered the execution of prisoners after his Siege of Jaffa, and he signed the Treaty of Tilsit with Tsar Alexander I, whom he later failed to defeat at the Battle of Borodino. Although after his abdication he was exiled to the island of Elba, he briefly regained his throne during the Hundred Days. For 10 points, name this Emperor of the French who suffered his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte [accept Napoleon I; prompt on Napoleon]

Dagobert von Wurmsur attempted to break this man's Siege of Mantua, but was defeated by this man at the Battleof Castiglione. This man's Imperial Guard never entered combat until the inconclusive Battle of Eylau. Thiscommander won a bloodless victory at the Battle of Ulm against Karl Mack, allowing him defeat the Prussians at theBattle of Jena-Auerstedt. He defeated Mikhail Kutuzov at the Battle of Borodino during his 1812 invasion of Russiaand retreated from the Pratzen Heights to win the Battle of Austerlitz. For 10 points, name this Corsican-borngeneral and self-crowned Emperor of the French, who was exiled to St. Helena following his defeat at the Battle ofWaterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte [accept either underlined part; accept Napoleon I or Napoleone Buonaparte]

This man lost one battle when his cavalry fell into a ravine at the hollow road to Ohain, and he was beaten by an opposing commander's use of the reverse slope defense. This commander executed the "Ulm Maneuver" in a successful campaign which vanquished Mikhail Kutuzov, Alexander I, and Francis II. This man blamed two of his military defeats on "the Spanish Ulcer" and "General Winter". Waiting for mud to dry, this leader lost a battle when Prussian troops led by Gebhard von Blucher outflanked his cuirassiers. This man's defeat by the Seventh Coalition ended the Hundred Days and left him exiled to St. Helena. For 10 points, name this Frenchman who lost at Waterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte [or Napoleon I; prompt on "Bonaparte"; do not accept "Louis-Napoleon" or "Napoleon III"]

This event took its popular name from an event that saw only St. Abban the Hermit and Vortigern escape from a banquet crashed by a bunch of Saxons. The central target of this event was captured, given a pistol, and told to shoot himself, but refused and was shot point-blank by Michel Lippert. During its conception it was often referred to as "Operation Hummingbird" Those loyal to Franz von Papen were targeted, and the main objective was to end the independence of the SA under Ernst Röhm. For 10 points, name this 1934 mass execution in which the Nazis killed at least 85 political opponents.

Night of the Long Knives [or Röhm-Putsch; or Nacht der langen Messer; accept early: Operation Hummingbird]

This man responded to the threat of multiparty elections in Hungary by ordering the deposition of Imre Nagy.One story about this man involves his response to Lorenzo Sumulong's indictment of his country's foreign policy.He denounced his predecessor in the "Secret Speech," which precipitated a "thaw" named for him. Under this man,the Partial Test Ban Treaty was signed in the wake of his unsuccessful attempt to put nuclear missiles in Cuba. For10 points, name this Soviet politician who de-Stalinized the Communist Party as Premier in the 1950s and '60s.

Nikita [Sergeyevich] Khrushchev

2. British military officer Alfred Knox observed the capture of an important building in this event. Leaders deposed during it were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. This event was preceded by an attempted coup during the Kornilov Affair. Mostly bloodless, the only military action to occur was the (*) Aurora firing on the Winter Palace. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was negotiated with Germany following this event. For 10 points, name this 1917 event that saw the Provisional Government under Kerensky fall to the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin.

October Revolution

This man called for leniency in punishing James Nayler for recreating Christ's entry into Jerusalem.This man was given the power to appoint a new chamber of government in the Humble Petition andAdvice. This man built a pontoon bridge over the Thames to win the Battle of Worcester, one year to theday after he defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar. This man's son-in-law Henry Ireton was capturedby Prince (*) Rupert of the Rhine at the Battle of Naseby. Large numbers of prisoners and civilians were killedduring the Siege of Drogheda during this man's invasion of Ireland. This commander of the New Model Army wasbriefly succeeded by his son, Richard, who himself was succeeded by Charles II. For 10 points, name this LordProtector of England.

Oliver Cromwel

n an attempted assassination, Ferdinand Cohen-Blind shot at this man five times before slicing his own throat. This man, whose tenure was supported by Albrecht von Roon, organized a conference that formalized the process of colonization in Africa and passed a series of laws allowing for state regulation of the clergy named after education minister Adalbert Falk. Born to Junker parents, he was responsible for the Schnaebele incident and doctored an exchange with Count Benedetti that lead to war with France, the Ems telegram. He opposed Catholics in the "Kulturkampf" and was known for developing his "Realpolitik" during the reign of Wilhelm I. For 10 points, identify this "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia.

Otto von Bismarck [Accept Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg.]

A comic by Sir John Tenniel, showing this man walking down a ladder off a ship, is called "Dropping the Pilot," and satirized his dismissal. This figure proposed the Reinsurance Treaty and formed the short-lived League of the Three Emperors. Adalbert Falk's May Laws aided this man's fight against Catholic Church influence in his country, the Kulturkampf. He provoked a crisis over the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein to start the Seven Weeks' War, and edited rudeness into the Ems dispatch to help provoke the Franco-Prussian War while serving Wilhelm I. For 10 points, name this "Iron Chancellor" who presided over the unification of Germany.

Otto von Bismarck [or Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck] <SJW>

The failed Bergmann Offensive attempted to breach this empire's northern border. This empire gained the ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau after British ships failed to capture them, which this empire used to bombard targets in the Black Sea. This empire was partitioned in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement. Tribes in the Hejaz region were encouraged to revolt against this empire, led by T.E. Lawrence. This empire was largely controlled by a ruling triumvirate of "Three Pashas," who organized a genocide of its Armenian population. For 10 points, name this empire that fought on the side of the Central Powers during World War I, and was invaded in the Gallipoli Campaign.

Ottoman Empire [do not accept or prompt on TurkeyÂâ€"none of these clues pertain to the state of Turkey founded after World War I]

The French king of this name and number chartered the University of Paris and supported Simon de Montfort in the Albigensian Crusade. That French king of this name and number later deposed Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor by winning the Battle of Bouvines. The Spanish king of this name and number built El Escorial as the palace of Spanish monarchs and sent the Duke of Medina-Sedonia to invade England with his "Invincible Armada." FTP what name and number is shared by these monarchs, the Spanish one of which was briefly married to Mary I of England and the French one of which feuded with Richard Lionheart during the Third Crusade?

PHILIP II

Europe's largest orangery, housing nearly 3,000 orange trees, was built at this location. Nearly 7,000 armed women descended on this location chanting "Bread! Bread!," an event that precipitated the toppling of the Ancien Régime (awn-seen ray-zhem). Charles Le Brun painted much of the ceiling and arches of the largest room in this location, which is stocked with an enormous amount of mirrors. The Louvre Palace was the seat of France's government until Louis XIV moved it to this location. For 10 points, name this French palace where the treaty ending World War I was signed.

Palace of Versailles [accept Château de Versailles] <CV>

This place is home to sculptures like Winter and Apollo Tended by the Nymphs of Thetis, as well as the Latona Basin. The Gobelin tapestry factory was nationalized to decorate it. Lemoyne made a massive painting of Hercules for this place. Jules Mansart planted an orange grove near it. It was designed by Le Nôtre, Le (*) Brun, and Le Vau. It includes seven apartments corresponding to Roman deities and planets, all centering on the Sun or Apollo. Its gardens include two smaller palaces or "Trianons," and its main building includes a Hall of Mirrors. For 10 points, name this massive palace just outside of Paris, which took its modern form under Louis XIV.

Palace of Versailles [or Château de Versailles]

During one set of riots in this city, Marie Louisa of Savoy was killed. This site of the September Massacres was once ruled by an organization that held archbishop Georges Darboy hostage and had Jaroslaw Dabrowski as a member. This city was renovated by Baron (*) Haussman, and taxi cabs from this city supplied troops at the First Battle of the Marne. One revolt in this city was crushed by Adolphe Thiers. A king once proclaimed that this city was "well worth a mass." For 10 points, name this city where the Marquis de Lafayette led the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution.

Paris

The Day of Dupes that occurred in this city was a failure, and Count Odo defended this city from a Viking siege in 885, though Charles the Fat payed off the besiegers anyway. Jaroslaw Dabrowski became the de facto leader of this city during one event, and Adolphe Thiers crushed that uprising here. A golden rose was sent here by Pope Gregory XII in response to the sending of the severed head of Gaspard de Coligny. Declared to be "well worth a mass" by Henry of Navarre, this city was the city of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre as well as a brief Commune. For 10 points, name this European where the Bastille was stormed.

Paris

Early on, this monarch sat on a throne with a hole made such that his regent could overhear his conversations with nobles and feed him responses, though he would later depose that regent in a power struggle, and disband the streltsy. Bellinghausen named an Antarctic island after this ruler after he founded his country's navy. After the failure of his Grand Embassy in gaining support to fight the Ottomans, he would incite the Great Northern War and win at Poltava against Sweden. For 10 points, identify this Westernizing Russian tsar who founded a city later known as Leningrad.

Peter I [accept Peter the Great]

This ruler put down rebellious rifle regiments hoping to place this ruler's sister Sophia Alekseyevna or her lover Vasily Galitzine in power. In addition to dealing with the Streltsy Uprising, this man established the Table of Ranks to keep track of his government. This ruler participated in his own Grand Embassy through Western Europe to seek allies against the Ottomans, after which he imposed a tax on beards. The largest conflict during this man's reign saw him avenge a defeat against Charles XII at Narva by crushing the Swedish at the Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar who fought the Great Northern War and founded a city later renamed Leningrad.

Peter the Great or Peter I [Accept Pyotr I Alexeyevich Romanov]

This king briefly appointed the conciliatory Luis de Requesens to administer one of his rebellious territories. A duke serving this king imposed the hated "tenth penny" tax on commerce. His half-sister Margaret of Parma resigned as governor after one of this king's dukes executed the Count of Horn and Count of Egmont on charges of heresy. To crush a rebellion against this king, the (*) Council of Blood was founded by the Duke of Alba. Pirates known as "sea beggars" supported a revolt against this king that intensified after his mutinous troops sacked Antwerp in the "Spanish Fury." William the Silent led a largely successful 16th-century rebellion against him in the Netherlands. For 10 points, name this Spanish king who sent the Spanish Armada.

Philip II [or Felipe II ; prompt on Philip or Felipe ]

Apocryphally, this man declared "the carnival is over!" after being elected to his current position, upon which he also refused to wear a mozzetta. In private remarks made in June, this man seemed to acknowledge a "stream of corruption" and a "gay lobby," and later while on a plane flight back from Brazil, this man offhandedly said "who am I to (*) judge?" This man has been noted for his humility. He succeeded a man who became the first to resign a position in 600 years and is the first Jesuit to hold that position. For 10 points, name this Argentinian cardinal who succeeded Benedict XVI as Pope.

Pope Francis I (or Jorge Mario Bergoglio; prompt on "the Pope" before end)

Operation Triangolo attempted to discredit this man by claiming he had an illegitimate son, and the Bojinka plot was to begin with the assassination of this man. This man used a motto translated as "totally yours," and he criticized what he saw as a "culture of death" in the (*) Evangelium Vitae. This man officially condemned Liberation Theology, and he unofficially supported the Solidarity movement in his home country. A member of the Grey Wolves named Mehmet Ali Ağca shot this man in the abdomen, and he was the first non-Italian to hold his position in 400 years. For 10 points, name this Polish pope who preceded Benedict XVI.

Pope John Paul II (prompt on "John Paul"; accept Karol Józef Wojtyła)

This country was forced to accept the Humiliation of Olmuetz in 1850, and one king of this country had a regiment of giant soldiers known as the Potsdam Grenadiers. This country failed to capture Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark in the Three Years War. It evolved from the Electorate of Brandenburg, and this country's general Helmuth von Moltke won the battle of Koenniggratz in 1866. This country's king Frederick the Great fought Maria Theresa of Austria for control of Silesia, and it led a coalition against France in a namesake 1870 to 1871 war. For 10 points, name this country that unified Germany under Otto von Bismarck.

Prussia

This conflict began after the forces of Munuza and Al Qama were ambushed in a valley by the Visigoth leader Pelayo, who had refused to pay a tax. During it, the Disaster of Alarcos was avenged with the capture of the city of Calatrava and the defeat of the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. This period ended after Muhammad the twelfth surrendered Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, who had recently united their kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Name this period during which Christian forces expelled Muslim kingdoms from the Iberian Peninsula.

Reconquista [or Reconquest or unification of Spain; prompt on descriptive answers about the Christian conquest of Muslim Spain]

he cession of Kosovo to Serbia severely hampered Ismail Qemali's efforts to form a provisional governmentfor this country in Vlora, which was also the proposed site of a Soviet submarine base that this country's communistdictator refused to build. In the fifteenth century, Skanderbeg defended the region that would become this nationfrom incursions by the Ottomans. One dictator from this country used the Sigurimi police to control his populationand built seven hundred thousand bunkers in case of invasion. In this country, Fan Noli led the June Revolution inopposition to King Zog. For 10 points, name this Balkan country which Enver Hoxha once ruled from capital cityTirana.

Republic of Albania [or Republika e Shqipërisë; accept Provisional Government of Albania or Qeveria e Përkohshme e Shqipërisë; accept Albanian Republic or Republika Shqiptare; accept Albanian Kingdom or Mbretnija Shqiptare or Mbretëria Shqiptare; accept People's Socialist Republic of Albania or Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë]

To avoid war with the Soviet Union, this nation evacuated the region of Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia after the Molotov-Ribbentroff pact. This country experienced the only violent overthrow of a Communist government during the revolutions of 1989. The Soviet NKVD helped establish his country’s secret police. This country’s final Secretary General, Nicolae Ceausescu [chou-SHES-koo], was executed by firing squad after a quick trial. For 10 points, name this former Warsaw Pact member that has its capital at Bucharest.

Romania

During this war, the Chinese occupation of Mongolia was ended by "Mad Baron" Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, who attempted to revive the Mongol Empire. The Far Eastern Republic was a buffer state established during the later years of this conflict. The United States intervened in this war on the behalf of the losers by sending the Polar Bear Expedition. "War communism" was implemented by the winners of this conflict to ensure supplies for its army. Early in this war, Nicholas II and his entire family were executed at Yekaterinburg. For 10 points, name this war between the White Army and the Bolshevik Red Army, fought in the aftermath of the October Revolution.

Russian Civil War [or Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiy; prompt on war between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks]

The size, location, and travelling direction of an army that invaded this country were graphed by Charles Minard. Troops from this country retreated under the leadership of Barclay de Tolly and harassed invaders during a crossing of the Berezina. One invasion of this country began after it violated a treaty that was signed on the Neman River, the Treaty of Tilsit. This nation used scorched-earth tactics on its own capital afer it lost the Battle of Borodino. This country withdrew from the Continental system under Alexander I. In order to slow Napoleon's invasion, troops from, for 10 points, what country burnt down Moscow?

Russian Empire

This organization, currently led by Piotr Duda, was given a tacit sign of approval in the encyclical "On Human Work" issued by Pope John Paul II. Its founding document was called the "21 Postulates," a document co-written by this organization's founder, who went on to win the 1983 Nobel Peace prize. That document was posted on the gate of the Lenin Shipyard in 1980 when this organization was formed as a non-communist union. FTP name this labor organization and political party that was founded by Lech Walesa in Poland

SOLIDARITY

According to Innocent Gentillet, this event was the fault of Machiavellianism. Vasari was commissioned to produce twin frescoes depicting the Battle of Lepanto and this event. Pope Gregory XIII reportedly sent a golden rose to one ruler after this event. Effectively ending the brief Peace of Saint-Germain, it was kicked off by the ringing of bells for matins at a church in the capital. Labeled a preemptive strike against a plot by (*) Charles IX, this event saw the death of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Instigated by Catherine de' Medici, it took place shortly after the wedding of Margaret of Valois and Henry III of Navarre, which was why many Protestants were in Paris. For 10 points, name this August 1572 massacre of many Huguenots which began on the eve of the namesake saint's day.

Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre

After this man captured an important city, an unpopular "tithe" named for him was raised in order to gather funds to oppose him. A proposed marriage between this man's brother and Joan of England fell through when it was opposed by some priests. This man beheaded Raynald de Chatillon after he captured both Raynald and Guy de Lusignan, though he spared the latter. This loser of the Battle of Arsuf signed the Treaty of Jaffa allowing safe passage of pilgrims. As a result of this man's victory at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin, Richard the Lionheart led an attempted retaking of Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this Muslim commander, who opposed Christian forces in the Third Crusade.

Saladin [or An-Nasir Salah-ad-din Yusuf ibn Ayyub]

This country's prime minister was killed when his car flipped over a five-story building in an assassination called Operation Ogre. The lower house of this country's legislature was held hostage in the 23-F coup, which quickly fell apart after this country's king denounced it. The "Pact Of Forgetting" attempted to dissociate this country from one of its dictators, under whom the only legal party was the Falange. After the Ifni War, this country relinquished Morocco as a colony. During this country's civil war, the Condor Legion terror-bombed its city of Guernica. For 10 points, name this country currently ruled by Felipe VI, whose 1930s civil war was won by Nationalists under Francisco Franco.

Spain [or Espana]

One religious movement in this modern-day country began in a printer's house during Lent when two sausages were cut up and eaten. The burning of anti-Trinitarian Michael Servetus occurred in this country, where religious tension fueled the Kappel wars. A reformer from here argued for a purely symbolic Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy. The first society based around the book Institutes of the Christian Religion was here; that society's founder believed in an elect that God chose by predestination. For 10 points, name this country split into cantons, the home country of Ulrich Zwingli, where John Calvin ran a theocracy in Geneva.

Switzerland [or Old Swiss Confederation; or Republique de Suisses; or Confoederatio Helvetica; or Republica Helvetiorum; or either underlined part of Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft] <MJ>

20. Forces fighting for this country were victorious in a battle, sparked by a raid on the Abbey of Einsiedeln, against Leopold I. That battle at Morgarten saw its "oath brothers" become one of the first bands of dismounted commoners to defeat a force of knights in the Middle Ages. This country, which did not grant suffrage to women until 1971, has (*) Romansh as one of its four official languages. Napoleon established the Helvetic Republic in this country to secure control over the Simplon and Great Saint Bernard passes. One military force from this country apocryphally wears uniforms designed by Michelangelo and first served under Julius II. For 10 points, name this country which provides mercenaries to guard the Pope.

Switzerland [or Schweiz; or Suisse; or Svizzera; or Svizra; or Swiss Confederation; accept Confoederatio Helvetica before "Helvetic Republic" is read]

After forces from this modern-day country lost the Battle of Marignano (mar-EEN-yah-noh), they were forced to sign an “eternal peace†with a western neighbor, which lasted about three centuries. A man killed in this modern-day country rejected the Trinity in a book translated as The Restoration of Christianity; that man burned at the stake here was Michael Servetus. The first edition of the (*) Institutes of the Christian Religion was published by a man living in this modern-day country, whose religious groups fought the Kappel Wars. A leader from this country met Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy (CALL-uh-kwee). Once known as the Helvetic Republic, this country was where the religious leaders John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli worked. For 10 points, what modern-day country comprises twenty-six cantons?

Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation; or Swiss Confederacy; accept “Helvetic Republic†until mentioned] <Cheyne>

A speech proclaimed from one of these objects warned of those who would "bring eternal night"and was delivered in front of a parliamentary building called the White House. That speech givenfrom one of these objects led to the Belavezha Accords, and was delivered in support of Gorbachevby Boris Yelstin to stop a 1991 coup. Roberto Souper's failed coup against Salvador (*) Allende inChile is named for these objects, many of which faced off at Checkpoint Charlie in the Berlin Crisis of1961. First appearing at Flers-Courcelette in the Somme offensive, 8000 of them took part in OperationCitadel at the Battle of Kursk. A lone man was photographed in front of four of these objects in TiananmenSquare in 1989. For 10 points, name these armored military vehicles.

Tanks

These people centrally administered their territory by appointing three Landmasters , and they were opposed in Culmerland by the Lizard Union. Their taxes and customs were at issue before they lost the Thirteen Years' War, and they lost a battle on the frozen Lake Peipus to Aleksandr Nevsky. The Golden Bull of Rimini confirmed some land holdings of this group, which absorbed the Livonian Order. Their master Ulrich von Jungigen lost to Poland-Lithuania at the 1410 battle of Grunwald, also called First Tannenberg. Originally founded to help central European pilgrims go east, for 10 points, name this military order founded by Germans during the Crusades.

Teutonic Knights [or Teutonic Order; accept Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem; or Haus der Ritter des Hospitals Sankt Marien der Deutschen zu Jerusalem; or Domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum in Jerusalem; prompt "Deutscher Orden"; prompt "Deutscher Ritter-Orden"] <MJ>

One woman with this title kept muskets by her windows every morning to shoot crows when she woke up. Another individual with this title destroyed his nation's economy in the Livonian War, which he lost. Individuals who held this title were also the Prince of Ryazan. One holder of this title had to deal with the Streltsy Revolt led by his sister, and also established a "Grand Embassy" in his visit throughout Europe. This title was first held by the last monarch of the Rurik Dynasty. For 10 points, identify this royal title which was held by such people as Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great.

Tsar of Russia (accept "Emperor"; prompt on "ruler")

One monarch during this dynasty with the epithet "the Victorious" curtailed the Pope's authority in the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges and was served by Jacques Coeur. Heptameron author Marguerite of Navarre belonged to its Angoulême branch, and dukes of Burgundy from this dynasty included Charles the Bold. One monarch from this dynasty met an English king at the Field of the Cloth of Gold and was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire at Pavia. Another monarch from this dynasty was crowned at Reims after Joan of Arc's liberation of Orléans. For 10 points, name this French dynasty that included Francis I and Charles VII, preceding the Bourbons.

Valois Dynasty [or House of Valois]

The first leader of this state published Mit Brennender Sorge in opposition to Nazi treatment of Jews, althoughhe credited that publication to his eventual successor, who represented this state at the signing of theReichskonkordat. The creation of this state ended the Roman Question with the signing of the Lateran Treaty. Abutler to one head of state of this polity was found guilty of stealing classified documents regarding corruptionamong high ranking members in this state's hierarchy. For 10 points, name this smallest recognized sovereign state,which is the location of St. Peter's Basilica and is governed by the Pope.

Vatican City State [accept Stato della Città del Vaticano; prompt on the "Holy See"; do not accept "Papal States"]

Hans Kung has harshly criticized this meeting’s most controversial decision, which was explicitly reaffirmed in the later Lumen Gentium. This meeting’s Pastor Aeternae officially documented the Church’s belief in Peter’s primacy over the other apostles. It was preceded by a document which outlined reprehensible contemporary trends like rationalism and atheism. This council was called by the author of the (*) Syllabus of Errors and was cut short by the Franco-Prussian War. This council officially asserted the pope’s right to proclaim doctrines ex cathedra, which makes them free from human error and was called by Pius IX. For 10 points, name this 1869-1870 century ecumenical council that established papal infallibility and shares its name with the city the Pope lives in.

Vatican I [or First Vatican Council; or Concilium Vaticanum Primum]

Because of an attempted coup, one ruler of this city is represented by a black shroud in this city's ancient Council Hall. The Aldine Press, which invented italic type, was founded in this city, and Paolo Sarpi defended this city when it was threatened with an interdict by Pope Paul V. Rulers of this city celebrated their accession by casting a ring from the Bucentaur. A fleet from this city, led by a blind octogenarian, sacked Constantinople, and St. Mark's relics are housed here in a basilica named for him. For 10 points, name this "Queen of the Adriatic," once a maritime republic, where the Doge's Palace can be found on the Grand Canal.

Venice

In this town, a monarch pledged to retain his chief advisor during the Day of the Dupes. One ceremony here was attended in June by Vittorio Orlando, who had left the nearby "Big Four" the preceding March. The unification ceremony for Germany occurred here, and a bread shortage led women to march to it on October 5, 1789. Charles Lebrun worked on a former hunting lodge's expansion in this town, creating its Hall of Mirrors. For 10 points, name this suburb whose royal palace was built for Louis XIV ten miles southwest of Paris, the namesake of a treaty ending World War I.

Versailles [do not prompt "Paris" at any point, though the Paris Peace Conference preceded the Treaty of Versailles]

Magnus Barefoot saved this kingdom by stumbling into an uprising and inadvertently shootingHugh Montgomery's eye. This kingdom's lore appears in the Red and White Books of Hergest. It wastraditionally divided into commotes. Eleanor de Montfort was captured by pirates en route to thiskingdom, forcing its ruler to sign the Treaty of Aberconwy. Its eastern border was governed by theMarcher Lords, and it lies west of (*) Offa's Dyke. Powys and Dyfed are sub-kingdoms within thiscountry, where a rebel known as "the Last" lost to Edward Longshanks. Henry V subjugated OwenGlendower here. For 10 points, name this kingdom whose pre-Anglo-Saxon peoples were once led byLlywelyn the Great, whose namesake prince is the crown prince of the United Kingdom.

Wales [or Cymru]

The Trilateral Contact Group attempted to end this conflict. People who died early in this conflict were known as "Heaven's Hundred" after they were killed by the Berkut police. A group of unknown soldiers in this war were called the "little green men." Two protocols signed at Minsk attempted to end this conflict. Two battles were fought during this war at an (*) airport named for Sergei Prokofiev in Donetsk. The Euromaidan protests against president Viktor Yanukovych [yawn-oo-KOH-vitch] led to this war, which is mostly centered in Donbass. For 10 points, name this conflict in which troops under Vladimir Putin have invaded a neighboring country.

War between Russia and Ukraine [or the War in Donbass; or Russian invasion of Ukraine; or Russian intervention into Ukraine; or Russian intervention into Crimea; or Ukrainian Civil War; accept any answer that mentions either the Ukraine or Crimea]

E.P. Thompson identified these devices as the fundamental precursor of capitalism and themodenr state. Julien Le Roy made these devices for King Louis XV, and Richard of Wallingfordspent over 30 years creating one of these devices in St. Alban's. The earliest forms of these devicesmost likely made use of a verge-and-foilot escapement. John Harrison won a prize for designing thesedevices to solve the problem of (*) longitude. Digital forms of these devices make use of crystaloscillators, and Abraham-Louis Perrelet improved one of these devices to reduce the amount of windingnecessary. For 10 points, name these devices, a large one of which can be seen on the face of London's BigBen.

clocks [or watches; or chronometers; or astronomical clocks; or timepieces]

A promoter of this practice entered towns displaying a letter on a velvet cushion as part of a plan to pay off the debt Albert of Magdeburg had acquired while bribing his way to the Archbishopric of Mainz. John XXIII's (the 23rd's) use of this practice for a crusade against Ladislaus of Naples was attacked by Jan Hus (yon HOOS) . This practice was advertised by a rhyme beginning "As soon as coin in coffer rings." This practice was (*) defended in the letter Exsurge Domine in response to an attack on Johann Tetzel's promotion of this practice. Leo X's use of these things to finance the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica led a priest to denounce them in the 95 Theses. For 10 points, Martin Luther denounced the sale of what things, which provided remission from afterlife punishment to their buyers?

indulgence s [or plenary indulgence s; accept the buying or selling of indulgence s; prompt on remission s; prompt on buying or selling relic s]

This issue was addressed by a monarch shortly after a squelched revolt at the Battle of Langensalza. Legendarily, in the midst of a debate over this issue, a man sent a letter saying “come down, come down, and be damned throughout the agesâ€. Matilda of Tuscany shared communion with men who were squabbling over this controversy. This issue was settled at the (*) Concordat of Worms (WURMZ), which stated a man could grant power “by the lance†but not “by ring and staffâ€. In an earlier battle over it, a man stood in the snow barefoot during the “Walk to Canossaâ€. In a dispute over this issue, Emperor Henry IV was excommunicated by Gregory VII. For 10 points, name this medieval conflict in which the Holy Roman emperor and the pope disagreed about who should name local church officials.

lay investiture <Cheyne>

They're not Hussites, but during a conflict named for these people, the Wagenburg tactic was used. During a war named for these people, Martin Luther wrote a pamphlet decrying the "Murderous, Thieving Hordes" of them. A preacher who asked "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" helped galvanize support for an event named for these people, who were protesting Richard II's poll tax. For 10 points, name this class of relatively poor people that named a revolt led by Wat Tyler.

peasants [or farmers; or Bauern]

A split in this organization that destroyed its Citizens Committee was known as the"war at the top." In its Electoral Gazette, this organization published an image of GaryCooper from High Noon before an election to the so-called "contract" legislature. Thesunglasses-wearing general who succeeded S. Kania implemented martial law to dealwith this organization. The government led by this organization oversaw an abruptmove to a (*) market economy, known as "shock therapy," via the Balcerowicz (balt-seh-RO-vitch) Plan. The Round Table talks occurred between this group and the Jaruzelski (yuh-roo-ZEL-ski) regime. This group was founded in the Lenin shipyards by former electrician Lech Wałęsa (vah-WEN-suh). For 10 points, name this independent trade union that opposed the communist government of Poland.

Solidarity [or Solidarność; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union before "independent" is read]

During a 1944 battle in this country, Polish troops used a bear named Wojtek [VOY-tehk] to move ammunition. A microhistorian from this country wrote a work in which a miller compares angels to worms that appear in cheese. A group called the Red Brigades assassinated a Prime Minister during the Years of Lead in this country. A different PM of this country enjoyed bunga bunga sex parties. This country lost the Battle of Adwa and was forced to accept Ethiopian indendepence. For 10 points, name this country that has been led by Silvio Berlusconi and Benito Mussolini.

Italy

. This man’s illegitimate daughter was known as “Madonna Felice.†His former secretary became the controversial cardinal Francesco Alidosi. This man excommunicated Alfonso d’Este, a duke of Ferrara, and he placed a republic under interdict during a conflict that featured the Battle of Agnadello. In attempting to fight (*) Venice, he created an alliance with such rulers as Louis XII, Maximilian I, and Ferdinand Ii of Aragon. This pope united various monarchs as the League of Cambrai. His tomb was initially to feature such sculptures as the “Dying†and “Rebellious Slave.†This pope commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. For 10 points, name this 1500’s pope known as the “Warrior Pope.â€

Julius II [or Giuliano della Rovere] Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament 2014: We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy Questions by Billy Busse, Rob Carson, Mike Cheyne, Andrew Hart, Melanie Keating, and Bernadette Spencer Round 3: Bonuses

This city, which collected tributes of honey through the poliudie system, was constantly sieged by the Pechenegs. The now-discredited theory that the Normans founded it relies on information from this city's Primary Chronicle. This city welcomed Christianity after one of its rulers married a Byzantine princess named Anna Porphyrogenita. In medieval times, this city experienced zeniths under Iaroslav the Wise and Vladimir the Great. In the outskirts of this city, during the 20th century, thousands of Jewish people were shot and tossed into the Babi Yar ravine. For 10 points, name this city once home to a namesake Rus' that currently serves as the capital of Ukraine.

Kiev

According to legend, a gate in this city gave a notch to the sword Szczerbiec when struck by thePolish king Boleslaw the Brave. The Church of the Tithes replaced a pagan temple in this city after amass conversion, according to a history attributed to the monk Nestor, the Primary Chronicle. Aruler from here married the Byzantine princess Anna Porphyrogeneta before a succession crisisbetween the brothers Sviatopolk the Accursed and (*) Yaroslav the Wise. A ruler originally fromNovgorod, Oleg, began a Rurikid line here which included Vladimir the Great. More recently, this city wasthe site of the anti-Jewish Babi Yar massacre. For 10 points, name this city which once ran a pre-Russian"Rus" state, the center of the 2004 Orange Revolution.

Kiev [or Kievan Rus]

Two rulers of this city led a raid that was legendarily repulsed when Photios put a holy veil into the sea.The history of this city is detailed in Nestor's Primary Chronicle. This city lost the Battle of Kalka River,allowing it to be sacked by Batu Khan. Hilarion was made the archbishop of this city by a ruler whocreated its legal code, Yaroslav the Wise. After learning that Muslims could not drink alcohol, Vladimir Iof this city threw its idols into a river and converted to Christianity. During World War II, the Jewishpopulation of this city was massacred in the Babi Yar ravine. For 10 points, name this city on the Dnieperriver that was once the capital of the Rus and is now the capital of Ukraine.

Kiev [or Kyiv]

After this man's wife died, an assassination attempt was made on his life by Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino. Before dying, George Washington Williams wrote an open letter blaming this person for slaves being buried alive and being sold to be eaten. This king maintained control of his private army known as the Force Publique, and the accusations against him became known as the "rubber atrocities". The Berlin Conference in 1885 supported the work that Henry Morton Stanley had done for this person. Name this Belgian King who established and was the sole owner of the Congo Free State.

King Leopold II [prompt on "Leopold"]

John XXI was the only pope ever born in this city, which names a treaty signed in 2007 that amended the EU and EC treaties. This city is home to the Monastery of Sao Vicente de Fora, where many members of the House of Braganza are buried. This city's 25th of April Bridge was originally named for Antonio Salazar, but now commemorates the Carnation Revolution against the Estado Novo regime. In this city, the Marquis of Pombal supervised the rebuilding efforts after a 1755 earthquake. For 10 points, name this city on the Tagus that is the capital of Portugal.

Lisbon [or Lisboa]

This ruler's armies won the Battle of the Dunes under Marshal General Turenne. At the end of the Nine Years' War, his claim to Caribbean territory was recognized in the Treaty of Ryswick, and he was threatened by a triple alliance during the War of Devolution. This survivor of the Fronde employed finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He revoked protections for Huguenots in the Edict of Fontainebleau, but the expansion of his House of Bourbon faltered in the War of Spanish Succession. This king, served in youth by Cardinal Mazarin, proclaimed "I am the state." For 10 points, name this builder of Versailles, an absolutist "Sun King" of 17th-century France.

Louis XIV [or Louis Quatorze; or Louis the Great; or Louis le Grand; accept "Louis the Sun King" or "Louis le Roi-Soleil" until mentioned; prompt on "Louis"; prompt on "Sun King" or "Le Roi-Soleil" until mentioned] <JW>

This man ordered an equestrian statue of himself to be changed to depict Marcus Curtius HurlingHimself into the Flames. He ordered the creation of the Grand Trianon. A portrait of this man is putaway in The Shop Sign of Gersaint by Jean-Antoine Watteau. In one portrait, he wears an elaborateblue and gold cape with a sword at his side, as well as white stockings and red high heels; thatportrait was painted by Hyacinthe (*) Rigaud. His best known artistic commission included the Basin ofNeptune reflecting pool and was built by men like Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin Mansart. That samebuilding commissioned by this man contains the Hall of Mirrors. For 10 points, name this French monarchwho dramatically expanded the Palace of Versailles.

Louis XIV [or Louis the Great or Louis le Grand; prompt on "The Sun King"]

A black footprint in a church in this city commemorates Jorg von Halsbach winning a bet with thedevil that he could build a church without visible windows. This city was home to Geiselgasteig filmstudios, and it contains the headquarters of Siemens and BMW. This city was the seat of theWittelsbach dynasty, who built its Nymphenburg Palace. The Isar and Wurm rivers flow throughthis metropolis, once of the home of Der (*) Blaue Reiter. The sixteen "Blood Witnesses" died during theBeer Hall Putsch here. Operation Wrath of God took revenge on Black September members who murderedIsraelis in this city. Napoleon made this city the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. For 10 points, namethis German city, the site of a massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Munich [or Munchen or Minga]

This man led the Camarilla, a ring of inner advisors who formed to neutralize the liberal threat to the crown. This man was nearly assassinated by Ferdinand Cohen-Blind, who committed suicide while in the custody of the police. This man disliked the papacy of Pius IX and the dogma of Papal Infallibility, reacting by abolishing the Catholic Department, inaugurating the Kulturkampf. He also helped foment the Franco-Prussian War by ghostwriting the Ems Dispatch. For 10 points, name this Iron Chancellor of Germany.

Otto Von Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg

Eberhard of Franconia attempted to depose this man and replace him with Thankmar (tahnk-mahr), but this man defeated Eberhard and his allies at the battle of Andernach. He also invaded Italy after his son and brother attempted to do so, and he married the woman who was held captive by Berengar, Adelaide. He divested Liudolf and Conrad the Red of their titles at the Diet of Auerstadt. He established his capital at Magdeburg, though he is better known for defeating the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld. For 10 points, identify this son of Henry the Fowler, who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962.

Otto the Great or Otto I

This man stated that "We will not walk to Canossa" following Pope Pius IX's rejection of his country's ambassador. A conference organized by this man protected the right to free trade in the Congo basin. The training and appointment of clergy were made state responsibilities when this man passed the Falk laws. He chatted with the captured Napoleon III after the Battle of Sedan, which ended a war he provoked by editing the Ems Dispatch. This man's "culture war" against the Catholic Church was known as Kulturkampf. This man engaged in realpolitik and is famous for his "blood and iron" oration. For 10 points, name this "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia.

Otto von Bismarck

The first phase of these policies was an increase in the price of vodka and in the legal drinking age to 21. In response to the implementation of these policies, a resolution was issued demanding an emergency Party Congress by the Union for Leninism and Communist Ideals. Acceleration, or uskorenie, was initially grouped with these policies, which contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union as nationalist movements grew and citizens saw the higher quality of life in the West. For 10 points, name this pair of Soviet policies which called for greater transparency and economic reforms, advocated for by Gorbachev.

Perestroika and Glasnost [prompt on publicity, openness and restructuring]

This man created the ratusha, a central council of merchants and artisans in his capital that administered other municipalities. This man put down the Bulavin Rebellion and passed a law forbidding anyone under 50 years old from joining a monastery. When this ruler and his half-brother Ivan ascended to a dual-throne, his half-sister Sophia became regent. This ruler tortured a son named Alexei who died in jail. This Czar defeated Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava and taxed his people if they had beards. For 10 points, name this Romanov Czar, who modernized Russia and built a namesake city as a "Window to the West".

Peter I or Peter the Great, prompt on "Peter"<DG>

This ruler's first wife was Eudoxia Lopukhina, but he forced her to become a nun ten years after their marriage. The Bulavin Rebellion occurred during this man's reign. This ruler gave a portrait of himself as a gift to William III, and established his country's first naval base, which was named Taganrog. This ruler went on a tour in the West with his "Grand Embassy," and upon his return, he imposed a beard tax on his people. He won the Battle of Poltava, forcing Charles XII to flee into the Ottoman Empire. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar who won the Great Northern War and built St. Petersburg.

Peter the Great [accept Peter I]

To find the victim of this action, the minstrel Blondel supposedly traveled aroundsinging verses of a secret song. During this event, its victim told Henry VI "I am born ina rank which recognizes no superior but God" after being accused of murdering Conradof Montferrat. Its victim's loud complaints about bad chicken may have allowed Duke(*) Leopold V of Austria to carry out this action. This action was carried out against a man disguised as a Templar on his way back from a campaign where he had massacred the defenders of Acre. The victim of this action was ransomed for 150,000 marks, a sum similar to the Saladin Tithe which he had earlier collected. For 10 points, name this event where a king of England was imprisoned on his way back from the Third Crusade.

Richard I's imprisonment [or Richard I being taken hostage; accept anything involving Richard I or Richard the Lionheart being held captive; prompt on Richard I's return from the Third Crusade]

This group's early symbols included the labarum battle standard. Pliny's ninety-sixth letter to Trajan questioned whether torturing these people was acceptable. In third-century North Africa, some of these people became traditores and others became Donatists. The emperors Decius and Diocletian ordered roundups of these people, who buried their dead in underground vaults called catacombs. These people's practices were tolerated after the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine. For 10 points, name this once-persecuted religious group led by bishops.

Roman Christians [or Roman Catholics]

The word "prince" derives from a title given to the "first" member of this organization. This organization created texts called consulta. Non-hereditary members of this organization were described by a term meaning "new man." Members of this organization wore dark red shoes and a purple (*) stripe. This organization issued "final" or "ultimate" decrees in extreme emergencies. At one point, this body was appointed by the censors. This body is juxtaposed with "the people" in the acronym SPQR. Members of this body passed through ranks like quaestor and praetor in the cursus honorum. For 10 points, name this aristocratic governing body of Ancient Rome.

Roman Senate <JR>

A leader of this country enjoyed demolishing huge swathes of urban areas as part of his North Korea- inspired "systematization" campaign. This country was represented on the world stage by female diplomat Ana Pauker. A dictator in this country encouraged women to become "heroine mothers" by having ten or more children, and controlled his populace with the Securitate secret police. The (*) Iron Guard carried out the Final Solution in this country, which joined Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in the Little Entente, and was led throughout most of World War II by the pro-German Ion (EON) Antonescu. A leader of this country was tried and executed with his wife Elena on Christmas, 1989. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country ruled by the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu (chow-SHES-koo).

Romania

During the early 1600s, Michael the Brave briefly united this nation. During World War II, this nation was the site of a pogrom called the Legionnaire's Rebellion, which was committed by members of the far right Iron Guard. A modern ruler of this nation attempted to increase its population by prohibiting abortion and designating women who bore over ten children "Heroine Mothers." That ruler was executed on Christmas Day, 1989, along with his wife Elena. Historically, its regions have included Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. For 10 points, name this country, which suffered through the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu.

Romania

Russian promises to respect the sovereignty of this nation after the Russo-Turkish War were broken, but this nation's independence was provided by the Treaty of Berlin. This country gained a Black Sea coast in Southern Dobrudja in the treaty ending the Second Balkan War, which was signed in this nation's capital. Its King Carol II abdicated during World War II, during which this nation allied with the Axis under the leadership of Ion Antonescu. Part of the Eastern Bloc after World War II, this country transitioned to a capitalist system after executing its dictator and his wife in 1989. FTP, name this country once led by Nicolae Ceausescu [chou-SHES-koo].

Romania

"Hunger circuses" were built in this country's capital during the "Systemization" of its urban planning. In this country, the Mineriad and Golaniad riots occurred after the overthrow of a ruler who outlawed abortion and contraceptives to encourage "heroine mothers." Protests in this country began when police attempted to evict László Tőkés from his flat in (*) Timișoara for criticizing the regime of the constructor of the Palace of the People. The Securitate were the secret police of a dictator from this country who was executed on live TV with his wife Elena in 1989. For 10 points, name this country once ruled by Nicolae Ceaușescu from Bucharest.

Romania <AP History>

K. D. Kavelin argued that these people's immobility made them a static workforce. An 11th century law code stipulated a fine of five grivnas for killing one of these people and classified them as zakups and smerds, while the 1497 Sudebnik allowed them to change loyalties during St. George's Feast Day. An imperial edict by Paul I forbade compelling these people to perform corvee labor on Sundays. The major legislation that permanently improved their status also bound them to redemption payments over 49 years, leading to anti-boyar riots. For 10 points, name this class of land-bound peasants supposedly freed by Czar Alexander II in the Emancipation Reform of 1861.

Russian serfs [or krepostnoi krestyanin; prompt on "peasants" but do not accept any nationalities other than Russian]

This leader wielded an ancient sword found hidden behind the altar of St. Catherine de Fierbois. This commander was captured while leading a sortie against enemy troops at Compiegne, when Guillaume de Flavy accidentally lifted the drawbridge before this combatant had returned. After being captured by John of Luxembourg, this leader was tried for heresy by Bishop Chaucon. This commander lifted the Siege of Orleans and brought about the coronation of Charles VII before being burnt at the stake. For 10 points, name this female saint of France.

Saint Joan of Arc [or Saint Jeanne d'Arc]

This city is home to St. Isaac's Cathedral, and the "White Nights" occur here. A fortress in this city has the same names as two men assassinated here, one of whom was supposedly murdered by the lover of Count Orlov. This city, home to the Peter and Paul Fortress, was built on land conquered from Sweden. Granite embankments surround the river Neva in this city, which is known for causing disastrous floods. Home to the Smolny Institute and the Winter Palace, For 10 points, name this former capital of the Russian Empire founded by Peter the Great.

Saint Petersburg [accept Sankt-Peterburg]

Fighting at Laodicea saw the annihilation of much of this movement's forces, which were meant to reinforce the armies of Joscelin II, and it was also routed at Dorylaeum. It spawned a companion Wendish campaign, and some of its members captured Lisbon. Eugenius III's papal bull Quantum praedecessores called this campaign, which failed to recapture Edessa and alienated former ally Damascus when it attacked that city. It was preached by St. Bernard of Clairveaux and led by Conrad III, Louis VII, and Eleanor of Aquitaine. For 10 points, name this disastrous crusade that preceded the one led by Richard the Lionheart and followed the one called by Urban II at Clermont.

Second Crusade

During this conflict, Italo Balbo was killed by friendly fire in Libya. The French Foreign Legion's active defense during the Battle of Bir Hakeim prolonged the Siege of Tobruk during this conflict. Operation Torch saw the first divisions of US troops enter this conflict. One battle during this conflict prevented the capture of Alexandria, the First Battle of (*) El Alamein. The Italian 10th Army was reinforced by the Afrika Korps during this conflict. For 10 points, name this conflict which saw commanders Bernard Montgomery and Erwin "the Desert Fox" Rommel compete for control of North Africa.

Second World War [accept World War II]

A city in this country was saved from troops scaling its walls by Catherine Cheynel's boiling soup duringthe Escalade. Felix Manz was drowned in this country, where a copy of The Restoration of Christianitywas chained to the leg of Michael Servetus when he was burnt at the stake. The Kappel Wars werefought in this country. Heinrich Bullinger authored some Confessions named for this country. Atheologian from this country travelled to Germany to debate transubstantiation in the Marburg Colloquy.A ruler of a city in this country was advised by William Farel and authored The Institutes of the ChristianReligion. For 10 points, name this country where Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin led the Reformation inZurich and Geneva.

Switzerland [or Confederatio Helvetica]

During this war, the end of the House of Gonzaga resulted in the War of the Mantuan Succession. During thiswar, the Edict of Restitution was passed by a ruler who, along with Count Tilly, defeated the Bohemians at theBattle of White Mountain. The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitated this conflict, whose participantsincluded Albrecht von Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus. For 10 points, name this conflict between Catholicsand Protestants that ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, a war lasting from 1618 to 1648.

Thirty Years' War

One cause of this conflict was the violation of the terms of the Letter of Majesty, and Ferdinand of Hungary won a great victory during this war at Nordlingen. Frederick V was defeated at the Battle of White Mountain, and one commander in this conflict was advised by Axel Oxenstierna. That commander won at the Battle of Breitenfeld, and General Tilly was a chief commander for one of the sides in this war. Wallenstein retreated at the Battle of Lutzen following the death of Gustavus Adolphus in this war, which was sparked by the Second Defenestration of Prague. For 10 points, name this war lasting from 1618 to 1648.

Thirty Years' War

One battle that occurred in this location saw intense fighting over Hill 304 and constant shelling on the "Sacred Way." One treaty was signed here as a result of the Oaths of Strasbourg, and split Louis the Pious' empire. Crown Prince Wilhelm opposed French forces commanded by Robert Nivelle here, and both sides sought to take Fort Vaux in this location. Falkenhayn sought to "bleed to death" his enemy in this place after his offensive was stopped at the Marne. Marshal Petain declared that "They shall not pass!" in, for 10 points, what site of a ten-month long World War I battle?

Verdun [accept Battle of Verdun]

Before Wessex united them against the Vikings, this number of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms ruled over ninth-century England. An English king with this regnal number faced the impostors Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. After the 1356 Golden Bull, this was the total number of electors who chose the Holy Roman Emperor. This number of United Provinces broke from Spain to form the Netherlands. The victor of the Wars of the Roses was a Henry with this regnal number. For 10 points, give this number that was also the number of hills Rome was built on.

seven [or the seventh; accept Heptarchy during the first sentence]

These events are analyzed in the first chapter of Extraordinary Popular Delusions by Charles Mackay. Robert Walpole came to power in the aftermath of one of these events. One of these events in France was masterminded by the Scotsman John Law. Another of these events began after the British national debt was traded for the (*) asiento. The economies of France and Britain were devastated by events of this kind named for the Mississippi and South Sea Companies. The first one of these events hit the Netherlands in 1637 and was dubbed the "tulip mania." For 10 points, name these events in which speculators drive the price of a good up well past its real value.

speculative bubbles [accept any kind of bubble; prompt on mania] <JR>

One action in support of this effort was a boycott of tobacco, which led to riots called the "Five Days" of a major city that were put down by Joseph Radetzky. One commander during this campaign had led a regiment during the (*) Uruguayan Civil War and won the Battle of the Volturnus. During this event, Papal forces were defeated by the Expedition of the Thousand, which included the "Redshirts." Leaders of this campaign included Count Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Also known as the Risorgimento, for 10 points, name this 19th century campaign in which cities like Milan and Naples became part of the same country.

the unification of Italy (accept synonyms for unification or creation of Italy; accept Wars of Italian Independence; accept Risorgimento before mention; anti-prompt [ask for less specific] on Expedition of the Thousand after "Uruguayan")

The Basic Treaty acknowledged the realities of life after this structure was built. A standoff occurred here when Lucius Clay ordered tanks to it. President Kennedy publicly opposed it but privately said, "it is a hell of a lot better than a war." Peter Fechter was shot and killed here, and wooden crosses near Checkpoint Charlie commemorate its victims. It was built in response to Eastern European migration into Western Europe and was demolished in 1989. For 10 points, name this structure in the formerly divided capital of Germany that President Ronald Reagan demanded that Mr. Gorbachev "tear down."

Berlin Wall

During this war, one ruler gave himself up as a prisoner after his son dishonorably escaped from being held captive in place of him. That king, John the Good, was ransomed in the Treaty of Brétigny after being captured at the Battle of Poitiers during this war, which grew out of a succession dispute between Philip VI and Edward III. Its major turning points included Henry V's victory at Agincourt and the siege of Orléans, which was broken by Joan of Arc in 1429. For 10 points, name this really long war between England and France.

Hundred Years' War

This nation defeated the British in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias, fought against the Venetians in the War of the League of Cambrai, and lost the Battle of Chacabuco. It fought against William the Silent in the Eighty Years War, leading to the creation of Belgium. This nation was victorious at Lepanto and fought Napoleon in the Peninsular War. Philip II ruled this nation. For 10 points, name this country that colonized most of South America and launched a namesake Armada against England.

Kingdom of Spain [accept Reino de España]

This organization's founding document was partly drafted by Wellington Koo. An emissary of this organization was murdered in the Corfu Incident. This organization issued a form of identification for refugees named for Fridtjof Nansen. This organization's founding (*) Covenant incorporated colonial "mandates." Its unenforceable sanctions did nothing to stop the remilitarization of the Rhineland. Henry Cabot Lodge successfully got the United States to boycott this organization, even though its creation had been the last of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. For 10 points, name this precursor to the United Nations.

League of Nations <MK>

This event was partly spurred by the failure of Novotny's New Economic Model. The Action Programme was initiated during this event, and Jan Palach set himself on fire in protest of its suppression. The Bratislava Declaration forced foreign troops to exit the country where this event was taking place. However, the USSR passed the (*) Brezhnev Doctrine two weeks later in order to suppress it. Reformers during this movement included Alexander Dubček. For 10 points, name this 1968 Czechoslovakian movement that sought to create "socialism with a human face".

Prague Spring

This nation lost a significant part of its south after an embarrassing defeat at the battle of Maritsa, and this nation suffered another loss to Louis the Great, leading to the creation of the Dusan Code. The retreat of forces under Vuk Brankovic at the Field of the Blackbirds led to the conquest of this nation, home to the Chetnik resistance during World War II. A member of the Black Hand organization based here, Gavrilo Princip, shot Sophia and the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to the start of World War I. For 10 points, identify this nation that was the base of operations for the Partisans of Josip Tito with a capital at Sarajevo.

Serbia

A ruler of this name commissioned the first of Fabergé's eggs for his wife, Dagmar of Denmark, which contained a golden hen enclosing a royal crown. Another ruler of this name gained territory from Abdul Hamid II after his forces won the Siege of Pleven. That ruler concluded the displacement of the Circassians. A ruler of this name was nicknamed the "Peacemaker" for reviving the League of the Three Emperors and created the (*) Okhrana. The second ruler of this name had his gains decreased in the Congress of Berlin after securing the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottomans in the Treaty of San Stefano. That ruler promoted local councils called zemstvos and was assassinated by the People's Will. For 10 points, give this name of several Russian tsars, including the emancipator of the serfs.

Tsar Alexander [or Alexander II; Alexander III; Alexander the Liberator; Aleksander Osvoboditel; accept Alexander the Peacemaker or Aleksander Mirotvorets before "Peacemaker"]

One politician from this nation accused President Kuchma of suppressing criticism by ordering the kidnapping of dissident journalists, thus triggering the Cassette Scandal. The Primary Chronicle recorded the history of a kingdom centered in this nation where the Khmelnytsky Rebellion occurred. A Hetmanate formed here was split among several nations, and one king from here promulgated the Rus Pravda legal code. In this country once ruled by Yaroslav the Wise, the Orange Revolution took place following the 2004 elections. For 10 points, identify this nation controlled at different times by the Cossacks and Kievan Rus.

Ukraine

19. In 1996, this country switched its national currency to the hryvna after the karbovanet experienced hyperinflation. After Leonid Kuchma's term ended in 2004, alleged voter fraud in this country led to the Orange Revolution and the eventual election of (*) Victor Yushchenko. During the reign of Joseph Stalin, millions of this country's citizens died in the Holodomor famine. An Exclusion Zone in this country includes the city of Pripyat and was formed after a level 7 nuclear disaster at Chernobyl. For ten points, name this modern-day country home to the Crimea, where a Slavic kingdom once grew around its capital of Kiev.

Ukraine [accept Ukrayina] <BZ>

One political cartoon depicting the immediate aftermath of this event shows a figure who has thrown his crown in the trashcan in exchange another larger one. One nation created the Zollverein customs union to assert its dominance over Austria in regards to completing this action. This event could have been completed earlier if the (*) Frankfurt Convention's proffered crown had been accepted. Following the Franco-Prussian War, Kaiser Wilhelm I completed this action in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. For 10 points, name this action, which consisted of Prussia consolidating small states into one large empire in 1871.

Unification of Germany [accept obvious equivalents]

In the late 1600s, this city lost control of Crete in a 24-year siege but gained control of Morea from the Ottomans. Under Franscesco Carmagnola, this city's army won the battle of Maclodio, forcing the Visconti family to resign and allowing the Sforza family to gain control of Milan. This city negotiated the Pactum Warmundi, granting them autonomous communities in the Levant, and that city's forces led the Siege of Tyre. One of this city's early competitors occupied colonies as far as the island of Chios and Kaffa, and that city was Genoa. Pope Julius II formed the League of Cambrai with the French to fight this city's condottiere army in 1508. For 10 points, name this Italian city on the Adriatic famed for its canals.

Venice

This city was added to Austrian territory in the Treaty of Campo Formio, which was signed at the home of its last independent ruler, Ludovico Manin. Forces from this city under Bartolomeo d'Alviano were crushed by Louis XII of France at the Battle of Agnadello during a war named for the League of Cambrai, which was formed by Pope Julius II to oppose this city's power. Enrico Dandolo convinced a large fleet to pay its debts to this city by attacking Zara in Dalmatia and then sacking Constantinople. For 10 points, name this Italian city formerly led by Doges, who participated in the annual "Marriage of the Sea" ceremony held to honor this city's dependence on its many canals.

Venice [Accept Venezia or Venexia.]

19. This city once contained a statue of Apollo and six nymphs in the Grotto of Thetis. The Grand Trianon in this city was built by Jules Mansart, and another building in it includes seven rooms named after the Roman gods like Jupiter and Neptune. One treaty named after this city had an infamous "Article 10" that (*) Henry Cabot Lodge opposed, and it is the site of a royal palace that contains a "Hall of Mirrors" and was used by later members of the Bourbon dynasty. For 10 points, identify this French city home to a palace expanded by Louis XIV which also names a treaty ending World War I.

Versailles ("ver-sigh") (accept Palace of Versailles or Chateau de Versailles; accept Treaty of Versailles) <BZ>

The lowest class in these people’s society were slaves known as thralls. These people encountered indigenous people they called “skraelings†on their most far-flung expedition. Vessels built by these people utilized the clinker method. The personal bodyguard of the Byzantine emperor was made up of six thousand of these people called Varangians. Their sack of the abbey of Lindisfarne shocked contemporary observers. The remains of one of their settlements can be found at L’Anse Aux-Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in Vinland, which was reached by Leif Erikson. These people settled Iceland and Greenland. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian seafarers.

Vikings [prompt on Scandinavians; prompt on Norsemen; anti-prompt on Varangians before mentioned]

This thinker, who co-founded the newspaper The Spark, wrote Materialism and Empiriocriticism while living in exile in Geneva. This leader formulated his April Theses while traveling back from Switzerland in a sealed boxcar. Fanya Kaplan's attempt to assassinate this man led to the Red Terror. He instituted the New Economic Policy after he established the Cheka in the wake of his country's signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. For 10 points, name this revolutionary Russian, the predecessor of Joseph Stalin.

Vladimir [Ilyich] Lenin

. This kingdom is the subject of a comprehensive history titled God's Playground by the historian Norman Davies. The Collegium Maius was founded in this kingdom using funds donated by its only female ruler, St. Hedwig. This kingdom oddly made future French King Henry III its first elected monarch. This kingdom's nobility passed the Nihil novi act and could singlehandedly bring parliamentary action to a halt with the (*) liberum veto. With a northern neighbor, this kingdom adopted one of the world's first constitutions on May 3, 1791. This kingdom's szlatcha [SHLOCK-tah] nobility participated in a legislature called the sejm ["same"]. A neighboring "Grand Duchy" was united with this kingdom by the Jagiellon [yah-gyell-on] dynasty. For 10 points, what kingdom united with Lithuania to form a Commonwealth?

(Kingdom of) Poland [accept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or Poland-Lithuania after "Nihil Novi;" accept Regnum Poloniae or Polska or Królestwo Polskie]

An institution created in this year called for tax resistance in the following year'sViborg Manifesto. During this year, the delivery of "The Most Humble and LoyalAddress" was led by a man who was later shot for working with the secret police. TheBlack Hundreds began carrying out pogroms in this year. The capture of Port Arthurduring this year inspired unrest in the country of the (*) loser. During this year, soldiersopened fire on demonstrators led by Father Gapon outside in the Winter Palace on Bloody Sunday. In this year, the Duma was created by the October Manifesto, which was issued in response to strikes and uprisings by Nicholas II. For 10 points, name this year in the first decade of the 20th century during which a Russian revolution occurred.

1905 [prompt on 05]

For this event, a line from "The Song of the Bell" was inscribed on a giant bell commissioned by Theodor Lewald. Avery Brundage rejected a US boycott of this event, and a never-held "People's" version in Barcelona was planned to protest it. The Garmisch-Partenkirchen (PART-in-KEER-kin) was the site of a dress rehearsal for this event, the first of its type to be televised. This event was captured on film by a (*) woman who'd earlier made a propaganda film about the Blood Flag ceremony. Helene Mayer and Rudi Ball were allowed to participate in this event despite the Völkischer Beobachter 's (FULL-kish-er BAY-oh-"Bach"-ter's) protest about their religion. It was preceded by the first torch relay, and Jesse Owens won four gold medals during it. For 10 points, name this athletics competition held in Germany in 1936.

1936 Berlin Summer Olympics [or 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics ; Games of the 11th Olympiad ; prompt on the Nazi Olympics or Summer Olympics ]

During this calendar year, a naval evacuation mission called Operation Hannibal was ruined by the sinking of the cruise ship MV Wilhelm Gustloff. Escape networks called "ratlines" began to operate in this year, during which the Oder-Neisse line was established as a border and the Flensburg government briefly held power. Clement Attlee became Britain's Prime Minister in this year between the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference. For 10 points, name this calendar year in which Adolf Hitler committed suicide and World War II ended.

1945

Tension during this year was defused by police chief Maurice Grimaud. In this year, the leader ofthe 22 of March Movement, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, became known as "Danny the Red". During thisyear, the minimum wage was increased 35% by the Grenelle Agreements, and a national presidentmet with Jacques Massu in Baden-Baden after leaving his country and drawing rebukes fromGeorges (*) Pompidou for fleeing. In this year, the Situationist pamphlet On the Poverty of Student Lifeinspired spontaneous labor strikes, and Sorbonne students took over public buildings in the Left Bank areaof Paris. For 10 points, name this year in which protests in May nearly brought down the last de Gaullegovernment in France, the same year as Prague Spring.

1968 [accept answers referring specifically to May 1968; prompt on 68]

In ancient times this country was home to the Molossian Greeks, who were at times invaded by rulers like Bardyllis of Illyria. The League of Lezhë ("le-juh") in this country won the Battle of Torvioll and resisted the Ottomans until the death of its leader, Skanderbeg, and Egyptian pasha Muhammad Ali's ancestry was from this country. Its King Zog was deposed by Mussolini, who attempted to invade Greece from this country, and it was formerly ruled by the communist dictator Enver Hoxha ("ho-sha"). This country shares its main ethnic group with neighboring Kosovo. For 10 points, name this Muslim-majority country with capital at Tirana.

Albania [accept Shqiperia]

An uprising in this country was caused by the assassination of Avni Rustemi. A leader of this country was overthrown in the June Revolution by the founder of this country's Orthodox Church, Fan Noli. Another ruler of this country controlled the Sigurimi secret police. That ruler helped make this country the first to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and declared this non-USSR country to be "the world's first atheist state". During World War II, this nation's King Zog was overthrown with the assistance of Fascist Italy. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation which was ruled by Enver Hoxha ["HO-sha"] during the Cold War from its capital at Tirana.

Albania [or Shqiperia]


A warlord of this ethnicity was assassinated in a castle on Lake Pamvotis after his disregard forthe Ottoman Empire got him the epithet "Lion of Yannina." Prince William of Wied ruled a nationof these people that grew out of the League of Prizren and asserted independence in the VloreProclamation. A fighter for these people named George Kastrioti took a title meaning "LordAlexander" in Turkish; that national hero was (*) Skanderbeg. People of this ethnicity formed the KLAduring a 1998-1999 war that provoked a NATO response, and declared independence in 2008 from Serbia.For 10 points, name this ethnicity of King Zog, a mostly-Muslim people that dominates Kosovo and along-isolated Balkan nation once led by Communist dictator Enver Hoxha.

Albanians [prompt on "Kosovars"]

A man with this name pledged loyalty to Sigismund the Old in the Treaty of Krakow, andresigned as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights to become the first duke of Prussia. The firstmargrave of Brandenburg was a man with this name nicknamed "the Bear." Another man of thisname, whose wife grew up in the Kensington system, worked with Henry Cole to organize anexhibition of science and industry in his adopted country. That man from the house of (*)Saxe-Coburg-Gotha popularized the Christmas tree in England and oversaw the Great Exhibition of 1851.After that man's death, his widow wore mourning garments for the rest of her reign. For 10 points, give thisname of the father of Edward VII of England and prince consort of Queen Victoria.

Albert [or Albrecht]

During this man's reign, a series of agricultural-military colonies where peasants were overseen by soldiers modeled on Aleksei Arakcheev's (ah-rock-CHAY-eff's) Gruzino (GROO-zee-nuh) estate were founded. A popular legend holds that this emperor, who died in faraway Taganrog, faked his own death and lived as a hermit named Feodor Kuzmich. His younger brother, the Grand Duke Constantine, was supposed to succeed this king, who convinced other European powers to join his Holy Alliance. While on a (*) raft in the middle of the Niemen River, he agreed to a treaty with a man he'd soon fight the Patriotic War against. This Russian emperor agreed to the Treaty of Tilsit. The Battle of Borodino was fought during his reign. For 10 points, name this Russian emperor who withstood the invasion of his country by Napoleon.

Alexander I [or Alexander Pavlovich ; prompt on Alexander ]

This monarch spurned his wife Marie of Hesse and entered a morganatic marriage with his mistress Catherine Dolgorukov. The Synodal Bible in the modern form of his nation's language was published during this man's reign. This man's country expanded eastward by signing the Treaty of Aigun. Universal male military service was introduced by this man's Minister of War, Count (*) Milyutin. The Loris-Melikov Constitution was never enacted during the reign of this man, who set up many local governments called zemstvos. The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood was erected at the site where a grenade was tossed under this man's carriage. For 10 points, name this Russian emperor who was assassinated by a member of the People's Will, and who freed the serfs.

Alexander II [or Aleksandr II Nikolayevich; prompt on Alexander]

When this man assumed his highest post, an observer warned "Now we are in the power of a wolf... And if we do not flee, he will inevitably devour us all." This man put to rest any rumors that his son Gioffre had murdered his other son Giovanni. This man commissioned Pinturicchio to decorate his namesake apartments and organized the simultaneous opening of the holy doors of the four major basilicas as part of the Jubilee for the year (*) 1500. Charles VIII formed a coalition against this nephew of Calixtus III, who issued bulls dividing Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World, and excommunicated Girolamo Savonarola. This Pope's son inspired Machiavelli's The Prince. For 10 points, name this Spanish-born pope, father of the notorious Lucrezia and Cesare (say-ZAR-ay).

Alexander VI [or Rodrigo Borja y Doms; or Rodrigo Borgia; prompt on Alexander]

One pope of this name quarreled with Antipope Victor IV and created the Archbishop of Uppsala, while another pope of this name attempted to oust Manfred from Sicily as the guardian of Conradin. One of them quickly canonized the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and convened the Third Lateran Council, while another formed a Holy League in order to counter Charles VIII's invasion of Italy. That man also conferred the Archbishopric of Valencia to his son, and supposedly ordered the poisoning of many rivals according to testimony obtained by his successor Julius II. For 10 points each, give this papal name used by Rodrigo Borgia.

Alexander [accept Adrian until "Uppsala"]

In a drunken accident, this man killed Cleitus the Black, who had previously saved this man at the Battle of theGranicus. At the Battle of the Hydaspes, this man held enemy troops in place using a military formation developedby his father and executed the hammer-and-anvil technique using his "companion cavalry." This man was advisedby Parmenion, and he left his home region under the regency of Antipater during his conquests. This man capturedand executed Bessus after the Battle of Gaugamela for assassinating Darius III. After his death in Babylon, hisempire was divided among the Diadochi. For 10 points, name this Macedonian ruler who conquered the PersianEmpire.

Alexander the Great [or Alexander III of Macedon; or Alexándros ho Mégas]

After his family was expelled from Portugal, this city became the home of rabbiMenasseh ben Israel, who later negotiated with Oliver Cromwell to allow Jews to residein England. The high prices fetched by items such as the Semper Augustus in thiscapital city are described in an exaggerated account by Charles MacKay. In 1603, theworld's first stock exchange was founded in this city by the world's first multinationalcorporation, which was known by the initials (*) VOC. Tulip bulbs were traded on that stock exchange in this capital city during a 17th-century mania. In 1656, its Jewish community expelled the young philosopher Baruch Spinoza. For 10 points, concentric rings of canals surround what capital of the Netherlands?

Amsterdam

This city's switched from Catholic to Protestant rule in the bloodless Alteratie revolt, and itprotested Jewish persecution in the February Strike of 1941. El Al Flight 1862 crashed into this cityin 1992. Joseph de la Vega's Confusion of Confusions describes the stock exchange in this city, thecenter of a famous example of windhandel discussed in The Madness of (*) Crowds . Victor Kugler wasone of the few people to know of a certain "Achterhuis" in the Prinsengracht neighborhood in this city. Atext written in this city described people like Fritz Pfeffer and the Van Pels family, before its author wasshipped out to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. For 10 points, name this Dutch city where Anne Frankwas captured.

Amsterdam

The Diet of Leipzig countered the alleged bias in an earlier arrangement named after this city,where the world's first social housing project was established in 1521 by Jacob the Rich. This citywas home to the banker Bartholomeus Welser and his rivals, the Fuggers. A "grand alliance" namedfor this city was organized by Emperor Leopold I and fought the (*) Nine Years' War against LouisXIV. Philipp Melanchthon drafted a statement of the Lutheran faith in this city. An agreement signed inthis city established the policy of cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed each prince to set whether hisstate would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism. Home to a namesake "Confession", for 10 points, namethis Bavarian city.

Augsburg

This country's tourist industry was targeted by the Thousand Mark Blockade, and it is the subject of theso-called "Victim theory." A leader of this non-Bulgaria country was assassinated by Otto Planeta andused the crutch cross to symbolize his Fatherland Front party. A president of this country, WilhelmMiklas, was forced to appoint Arthur Seyss-Inquart as its chancellor. This country was ruled by thediminutive fascist Engelbert Dollfuss. This country was dubbed "Ostmark" after it was annexed by aneighbor in 1938. For 10 points, name this country which was united by the Anschluss with Germany,and had earlier been part of a dual monarchy with Hungary.

Austria

During the medieval era, this sea became the starting point of a trade route called the "Amber Road" due to its location near the world's largest amber deposits. The Wilhelm Gustloff sank in this sea, which was the worst maritime disaster in history. Passage through the western end of this sea historically required payment of the "Sound Dues." In the 1300s, a group of privateers in this sea called the Victual Brothers fought a powerful trading organization consisting of kontor trading posts and free imperial cities such as Lubeck. The Kalmar Union challenged the Hanseatic League for dominance of this sea. For 10 points, name this sea whose namesake "states" include Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

Baltic Sea

It's not the Mediterranean, but Fernand Braudel highlighted how grain shipments originating from this body of water allowed the Dutch to accumulate Spanish silver. Ships that traveled east [emphasize] towards this body of water were subject to the Sound Toll. An organization based around this body of water set up kontor trading posts, including on river cities like Torun. A ruler chose to build his capital near this sea in order to provide a (*) "window on the West." Dominion over this sea shifted east after the Treaty of Nystad. Monopoly rights of a league organized around this sea were affirmed by the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund, signed by Valdemar IV. Dominating this sea helped free cities like Lübeck, Novgorod, and other Hanseatic towns prosper. For 10 points, Sweden and Russia dueled for domination of what sea?

Baltic Sea [accept Gulf of Bothnia or Gulf of Finland specifically]

Richard de Beaumont threw a banner over one commander in this battle, which was prefaced bya mass Norman mooning. A feathered emblem and the motto "Ich Dien" was adopted by one victorhere, whose father, headquartered at a windmill, was assisted by John Chandos. Preceded byextended looting after the Battle of Blanchetaque, it claimed the lives of Charles II of Alençon and ablind king who rode strapped to other knights, John of (*) Bohemia. Sixteen waves of knights werestopped by English longbowmen at this battle, which was followed by the Siege of Calais and saw wetbowstrings cripple the Genoese crossbowmen hired by France. Edward, the Black Prince "won his spurs"at, for 10 points, what 1346 victory for Edward III over Phillip VI during the Hundred Years' War?

Battle of Crécy [or Battle of Cressy]

One commander at this battle failed to take advantage of the extended range of his four "bigcats". Another commander at this battle went on to issue the suicidal 24 October Order two yearslater, triggering the Kiel Mutiny. A discrepancy between Lyddite and TNT explosive shells hurt oneside in this battle. This clash included a chaotic night-fighting portion that saw limited radiocapabilities, and began with a skirmish between Franz Hipper and (*) David Beatty. Reinhard Scheer'sships sank the Indefatigable and Queen Mary at this battle, where British forces were commanded by JohnJellicoe. For 10 points, identify this "Clash of the Dreadnoughts," an indecisive naval battle off the coast ofDenmark during World War I.

Battle of Jutland [or Battle of the Skagerrak]

In this battle the command of Mamayev Kurgan changed multiple times; one army in this battle was aided by the 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment. Vasilevsky and Zhukov planned Operation Uranus during this battle, in which Yakov Pavlov held onto an apartment building termed his "house". During this battle, the Nazis suggested using a so-called "air-bridge" in order to replenish the (*) German Sixth Army. This battle's beginning involved an attempt to gain the oil fields of the Volga, and this siege was part of the failed Operation Barbarossa. For 10 points, name this World War II siege in which the Germans attempted to gain a Russian city now known as Volgograd.

Battle of Stalingrad

One side in this battle employed the tactic of "hugging the enemy," where fighting from close range minimized the effectiveness of long-range firepower. Prior to this battle, one side's orders declared "Not a step back." In this battle, an apartment building was held for two months through an anti-tank rifle mounted on the roof at Pavlov's House. This battle featured an assault on the Romanian 3rd Army to allow the encirclement of the German 6th Army of General Paulus in Operation Uranus. This battle reversed the eastward momentum of Operation Barbarossa. For 10 points, name this battle in which German forces were unable to capture and hold a Russian city on the Volga River.

Battle of Stalingrad

10. In this battle, Colonel Raiynin led the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, which was composed entirely of young women. The command of Mamayev Kurgan altered several times during this battle, during which Yakov Pavlov used an apartment building as a fortress. During this battle's Operation Uranus, Vasilevsky and (*) Zhukov encircled the enemy, including General Paulus and his Sixth Army who were unsuccessful in constructing an air bridge with the Luftwaffe. For ten points, name this Eastern Front battle in which the Nazis were unable to take control of a certain Russian city on the Volga.

Battle of Stalingrad <KT> HALFTIME

The losers of this battle made an alliance with the patrician Maurontus several years later. Troops fleeingfrom this battle were massacred along a road that became known as "the pavement of the martyrs." Thisbattle, which is described in detail in the Mozarabic Chronicle, was fought shortly after the Battle ofGaronne in which Duke Odo the Great was defeated. One side in this battle was apparently intending tosack the Abbey of St. Martin. The Umayyad commander Abd-ar-Rahman died at this battle, whichearned another general a nickname meaning "hammer." For 10 points, name this victory for CharlesMartel that is believed to have halted the Muslim invasion of Europe.

Battle of Tours [or Battle of Poitiers]

News of this battle was communicated by John Richards Lapenotiere, who arrived at Falmouth on the Pickle. Prior to it, John Pasco suggested to his superior that the word “confides†be changed. After this battle, Federico Gravina died from wounds suffered during it. This battle resulted in the capture of Admiral Villeneuve, and during it, Cuthbert Collingwood rallied the forces by an aggressive maneuver on the Royal Sovereign. The British commander in this battle was based on the (*) Victory, signaled “England expects that every man will do his duty†prior to it, and was killed by a French sniper during it. For 10 points, name this October 1805 naval battle in which Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon’s navy off the coast of Spain.

Battle of Trafalgar

The surgeon William Beatty authored an account of the single most famous event of this battle. This battle's losing commander was probably murdered on the orders of his sovereign several months after it. That man was Pierre-Charles Villeneuve ("vee-yuh-NEUV"). Villeneuve was captured along with his flagship the (*) Bucentaure here. As a result, Villeneuve was present at this battle's victor's public funeral at St. Paul's Cathedral. Before this battle, the winning commander famously signaled, "England expects that every man will do his duty" from the HMS Victory. For 10 points, name this 1805 battle at which Horatio Nelson soundly defeated a Franco-Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain.

Battle of Trafalgar <LT>

Before the start of this battle, the attacking general promised his superiors three Allied soldiers dead for each one of his. During this battle, German forces under Erich von Falkenhayn hoped to crush the opposing forces in a "meat-grinder" effect inside an old Roman fort. However, (*) Philippe Pétain managed to secure a supply line for his forces during this battle known as La Voie Sacreé, or the Sacred Way. For 10 points, name this 1916 battle during World War I that saw nearly one million men perish in an offensive near the Meuse River in France.

Battle of Verdun

One side in this battle fought to gain control of a high point known as The Dead Man. One commander in this battle maintained supply lines and reinforcements along La Voie Sacrée, or the Sacred Way. Erich von Falkenhayn planned to "bleed France white" during this battle. This battle popularized General Robert Nivelle's phrase "They shall not pass." Due to this battle, Philippe Petain became a national hero in France. It occurred at roughly the same time as the Battle of the Somme. For 10 points, name this ten month long battle in World War I that resulted in over 750,000 casualties as the Germans tried to capture a French fortress.

Battle of Verdun

At this battle, the largest defensive structure was captured by a group of less than one hundred men on its first day because it had been judged that the development of massive siege howitzers made it obsolete. That structure was Fort Douaumont ("DOO-oh-mont"). One of the primary French commanders at this engagement, Robert (*) Nivelle, declared "They shall not pass!" A different French general who served at this battle, Philippe Pétain, would go on to lead the collaborationist Vichy government during the Second World War. For 10 points, name this major 1916 World War I battle in which German forces failed to break through French lines at a famous salient.

Battle of Verdun <LT>

One side at this battle supposedly detailed its strategy in the now-disputed "Christmas Memorandum." Despite the efforts of Radtke and Kunze, Cordt von Brandis was given credit for capturing Fort Douaumont at this battle. This battle was meant to "bleed [France] to death" according to General Falkenhayn. Supplies during this battle were delivered along a road known as the Sacred Way. The phrase "They shall not pass" was uttered by Richard Neville at this battle. The Battle of the Somme was fought to draw troops away from this it. For 10 points, Petain was dubbed the "savior" at what 1916 World War I battle fought at a city surrounded by fortresses?

Battle of Verdun [or Siege of Verdun]

A commander in this battle mistook casualties for retreating soldiers and committed Milhaud's cavalry to a seriesof charges. Its loser tried to use the Imperial Guard to retake Plancenoit, but was driven back by Maitland's FootGuards. Ney's assault on La Haye Sainte occurred at this battle, which was preceded by failed attacks at Quatre-Brasand Ligny and began with a bombardment of Hougoumont Farm. The arrival of Blucher's Prussians guaranteedvictory at this battle for the Duke of Wellington. For 10 points, name this final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Waterloo

During this battle the Earl of Uxbridge's leg was hit by grape-shot. A tactic involving forces situated on the opposite side of a hill that was named the reverse slope defence was used in this battle. Fighting occurred near the village of Mont-Saint-Jean in this battle that was preceded by victories at Ligny and Quatre Bras for one side. (*) Prussian troops under Gerhard von Blucher [BLUE-ker] aided the Seventh Coalition in winning this battle, after which Louis XVIII was restored to the throne and the losing commander was exiled to Saint Helena. For 10 points, name this victory for the Duke of Wellington over Napoleon Bonaparte.

Battle of Waterloo

This was the last battle in Edward Shepherd Creasy's list of "fifteen decisive battles of the world." A provisional government formed in the aftermath of this battle was led by Joseph Fouche, the Duke of Otranto. After hearing news of this battle, Joachim Murat attempted to flee to Corsica, where he was tried, convicted, and executed by his own men. This victory for the allied armies of the Seventh Coalition ended its loser's brief restoration to the throne known as the Hundred Days. After this battle, the losing commander was exiled to the island of St. Helena, and was replaced in his highest post by Louis XVIII ("the eighteenth"). For 10 points, name this June 1815 battle, Napoleon's final defeat.

Battle of Waterloo

Sensationalized rumors of a Canadian soldier crucified on a tree in this country were included inthe propagandist Bryce Report on supposed massacres here. Pigs feast on a young woman in acartoon protesting the execution of Edith Cavell, a nurse who rescued troops trapped in this country.Wellington House seized on the dismissal of this country's neutrality treaty as "a scrap of paper" aspart of a propaganda (*) campaign that promoted tales of mass rape and bayoneted babies to rally supportfor a British declaration of war. German forces took this country's fortress of Liege as part of the SchlieffenPlan during World War I. For 10 points, name this Low Country home to Antwerp and Brussels.

Belgium

A pope of this name held office during World War I. A man with this first name differentiated between a cenobite and a hermit, and argued that the central rule should be Ora et labora, or "Pray and work". John Paul II declared a saint of this name from Nursia was the patron saint of Europe. That saint with this name provided guidelines for monks in his namesake (*) "rule." A pope of this name permitted the Tridentine Mass, but controversially declared that prophylactics increase the spread of AIDS, shocking many with his conservatism. For 10 points, give this name of the pope who suddenly resigned office in 2013, the sixteenth of this name.

Benedict [or Pope Benedict XVI; or Pope Benedict XV]

This future leader denounced his country's PSI party due to their belief in neutrality during the First World War. This man passed the Lateran Treaty in order to settle a border dispute in his country. He planned a surprise assault on British forces in Egypt, only to have his tanks run out of fuel 60 miles from the border. (*) German commandos led by Otto Skorzeny rescued this man via glider from a ski resort. This man led the Blackshirts, on a march towards Rome in 1922. Captured and killed by partisan forces in 1945, for 10 points, name this Fascist Italian dictator.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini

This man threatened to invade Greece after the death of a League of Nations officer surveying the Albanianborder during the Corfu Affair. This man's political party came to power as a result of the Acerbo Law, and he wasdeposed on 25 Luglio through a vote of no confidence proposed by Dino Grandi. After Otto Skorzeny helped thisman escape imprisonment at Gran Sasso, this man became the head-of-state of the Republic of Salò. On behalf ofhis man, Gian Galeazzo Ciano signed the Pact of Steel. This man seized power after he lead his Blackshirts duringhis March on Rome. For 10 points, name this fascist dictator of Italy nicknamed Il Duce.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini

14. The Jewish Margherita Sarfatti was one of this man's mistresses before his country issued the Manifesto of Race, and he banned abortion as part of his Battle for Births. This man was replaced by Badoglio prior to his rescue by Otto Skorzeny in the Gran Sasso raid, and his body and that of his mistress Clara Petacci were hung from (*) meathooks after their deaths. His forces overthrew King Zog and Haile Selassie during their invasions of Albania and Ethiopia, but he himself was ousted in 1943 by Victor Emmanuel III. This man claimed to have made the "trains run on time" and gained power after his March on Rome. For ten points, name this fascist leader of Italy at the start of World War II.

Benito Mussolini <MS>

After this leader suffered a vote of no confidence and was imprisoned, Otto Skorzeny led a daring rescue of him in the Gran Sasso Raid. This leader forced through the Acerbo Law, giving a party gaining the largest share of votes two-thirds of the seats in parliament. This former leader and his mistress Claretta Petacci were killed by partisans in the village of Giulino di Mezzegra near Lake Como. Due to this person's Blackshirts taking control of most of his country, Victor Emmanuel III handed power to him after he marched on Rome. For 10 points, name this fascist Italian leader who allied with Hitler during World War II.

Benito Mussolini [or Il Duce; or Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini] <CV>

It's not in the Soviet Union, but a film about this city was subtitled Symphony of a Great City. A planned "Great -Hall" for this city's "World Capital" plan referenced Rome by having a dome featuring an eagle grasping a globe. During one event in this city, Avery Brundage benched Sam Stoller and Marty Glickman, perhaps to prevent embarrassment. The never completed Volkshalle in this city was planned by (*) Albert Speer. It was where Rosa Luxemburg was killed during the failed left-wing Spartacist movement. This city is the setting of a two-part 1938 film made shortly after Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl. For 10 points, name this city where Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics, which was intended to promote the Nazi regime.

Berlin

This city was bombed in Operation Whitebait to divert attention from Operation Hydra, which targeted Peenemünde. A street in this city is named after the 17th of June, the date a construction-worker strike boiled over into widespread protests. Operation Vittles was an attempt to supply this city, which was home to a structure that could be crossed at Checkpoint Charlie. While visiting this city in 1963, President Kennedy gave his "ich bin ein" speech. For 10 points, name this German capital that was relieved by a 1948 airlift and was once divided by a wall.

Berlin

Wolfgang Kapp's coup was stopped in this city after a general strike. A meeting at this location gave Cyprus to the British, while another meeting here concluded with a General Act that established the Congo as private property. The Glienicke Bridge just outside this city was used to conduct several spy exchanges. Three corridors were used to access this city during one event here, where Operation Little Vittles was conducted. Checkpoint Charlie in this city was a famous part of a structure built here under orders from Walter Ulbricht. For 10 points, identify this capital of the Hohenzollern family of Prussia, split into 4 occupation zones following World War II.

Berlin

One meeting in this city ratified British possession of Cyprus and, under the influence of Count Andrassy, reduced the size of the Principality of Bulgaria. That congress amended an agreement which ended the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of San Stefano. Lucius D. Clay conducted "Operation Vittles" in this city, where Peter Fechter later died in a "death strip." A meeting in this city confirmed King Leopold II's exclusive ownership of the Congo Free State and set off a "scramble for Africa" during Wilhelm I's reign. For 10 points, identify this city whose halves were separated until 1989 by a namesake wall, the capital of Germany.

Berlin <GL>

Beyond this site, abandoned subway stops were called "ghost stations." Albert Hemsing confrontationally drove to one part of this site, but was backed up by Lucius Clay's tanks. Conrad Schumann was photographed jumping here. Egon Krenz allowed this site to be overrun, and the Alexanderplatz Demonstration opposed Erich Honecker's stance that it would stand for a "hundred more years." Peter Fechter was shot in the death strip of this structure, built on orders of Walter Ulbricht. Checkpoint Charlie crossed this structure, which Reagan called on Gorbachev to "tear down." For 10 points, name this Cold War structure which divided the capital of Germany.

Berlin Wall [or Berliner Mauer; or Anti-Fascist Protection Wall; or Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart; or Anti-Fascist Bulwark; or Antifaschistischer Schutzwall]

This event began two years after the French government ratified treaties between Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza and King Makoko. That ratification led to a protest from Portugal when many similar treaties were signed by either France or Belgium. Fourteen countries, including the United States, signed this event's General Act, which included a free trade agreement on Lake Niassa, also known as Lake Malawi. During this event, Portugal proposed a "Pink Map" with Angola and Mozambique united. Name this 1884-to-1885 meeting that addressed the scramble for African colonies, and which was hosted by Otto von Bismarck in his capital.

Berlin West Africa Conference [or Congo Conference]

In this city, ambassador Alan Lightner was detained while travelling to the opera. The Four PowerAgreement concerned this city, where the Basic Treaty was signed. An image located in this city isentitled My God, Help Me to Survive this Deadly Love and depicts two world leaders kissing. BricklayerPeter Fechter was shot and allowed to bleed to death in this city. This city was the location of an "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart" that was built on the orders of Walter Ulbricht and was crossed byCheckpoint Charlie. For 10 points, name this city which was divided into East and West sections by itsnamesake wall, the current capital of Germany.

Berlin [or East Berlin; or West Berlin]

The Australian contribution to this effort was Operation Pelican. Paul O. Lykins was given an award for his participation in this effort. Its other key figures included William Tunner and Gail Halvorsen, who earned his nickname after handing a stick of gum to a group of children. Albert Wedemeyer supported this plan based on his experience in "the Hump", and it was almost derailed by the crash of a (*) C-54 on Black Friday. Planned by Lucius D. Clay with a request to Curtis LeMay, it was officially known as Operation Vittles. It required the expansion of facilities at Tempelhof and Tegel, and at its height there was a landing at the target city every 30 seconds. For 10 points, name this effort to deliver supplies to a Soviet-blockaded West German capital.

Berlin airlift [accept Operation Vittles before mention, accept reasonable equivalents]

The Gatow disaster exacerbated tensions prior to this event. Gail Halvorsen was given the nickname “Uncle Wiggly Wings†for delivering candy to children during this event. This event’s immediate cause was Ludwig Erhard’s replacement of the existing currency with the Deutsche Mark. Lucius Clay organized this event, which was codenamed Operation Vittles. At the height of this event, cargo planes landed at Tempelhof Airport every four minutes. This event was triggered by the closure of all land routes to its target city, an exclave located in Soviet-occupied territory. For 10 points, name this delivery effort that supplied the capital of West Germany during a Soviet blockade.

Berlin airlift [prompt on partial answer; prompt on Berlin blockade]

One legal reaction to this event was the Statute of Laborers. According to Gabriele de' Mussi, it grew significantly after Janibeg's Siege of Caffa in Crimea. Masks with bird beaks were worn by professionals trying to stop this event, which occurred after the Great Famine, and during it rioters attacked Jews in Cologne for allegedly poisoning wells. It caused the peak of travelling Flagellant orders and a scarcity of labor that weakened feudalism. The catapulting of corpses by the Golden Horde worsened this crisis, which was spread by Yersinia pestis on ships and Silk Road rats' fleas. For 10 points, what 1300s epidemic killed over a third of Europe's people?

Black Death [or Black Plague; or bubonic plague; or Great Plague; or Great Pestilence; or Great Mortality; or pneumonic Plague; or septicemic plague; prompt on "plague"; prompt on "Yersinia pestis" or "Y. pestis" before mentioned; prompt on "Pasteurella pestis" or "P. pestis"] <JW>

This group was responsible for burning the County Hall in Tralee, and they sent a warning letterto Bishop of Galway saying that he would suffer the same fate as Father Michael Griffin if he did notcooperate with them. They were closely related to an auxiliary division comprised of former officerswhich went by the nickname "Dr. Tudor's Beast Folk". Members of this group were paid just 10shillings per day, and most were (*) veterans of World War I. This group killed 12 people in Croke Parkat a football match in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday. Their name comes from a shortage of uniformswhich resulted in them wearing khaki military pants. For 10 points, name these British members of theRoyal Irish Constabulary group named for two colors.

Black and Tans [or Dúchrónaigh; prompt on "Royal Irish Constabulary" or "ADRIC" until mentioned; prompt on "Auxiliaries" or "Auxies" until "auxiliary division" is said]

This person wrote to George Bush and Saddam Hussein with the words "I come to you with tears in my eyes and God's love in my heart," urging them to end the Gulf War. This figure was motivated by a desire to symbolically quench Christ's thirst. Because no painkillers were administered during surgical procedures in the House of the Dying, this figure was criticized by (*) Christopher Hitchens for glorifying suffering. The extraction of a tumor from Monica Besra was the first recognized miracle of this figure, who needs a second to be canonized. Originally a novice with the Sisters of Loreto, she cared for sufferers of leprosy and founded the Missionaries of Charity. For 10 points, name this Albanian-born nun, much beloved in Calcutta for helping the destitute.

Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta [or Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu; prompt on "Mother"; prompt on "Ma"; prompt on "Teresa"]

In a photograph of an event with this name, the priest Edward Daly waves a bloody handkerchief. David Cameron apologized for that event of this name after the publication of the Saville Report. That event with this name was investigated in the Widgery Tribunal and took place in the Bogside area of Derry. In another event with this name, a crowd singing "God save the Tsar" was led by Father (*) Gapon to the Winter Palace. That event with this name led to the October Manifesto by Sergei Witte, which created the Duma. For 10 points, give this nickname of days when protesters were shot at by police, including a 1905 massacre in Russia and a 1972 massacre in Northern Ireland.

Bloody Sunday [or Krovavoye voskreseenye] <MK/JR>

Because of his alcoholism, a member of this family was known as “Pepe Botellaâ€, or “Joe Bottleâ€. Another member of this family was killed by Zulus during the Anglo-Zulu War, which some claimed was a setup by Queen Victoria. A female member of this family married a king of Naples and Sicily, who was previously the commander specifically opposed by the Dos de Mayo uprising in Madrid. The most famous member of this family fired “a (*) whiff of grapeshot†against royalist troops, named his brother Jerome the king of Westphalia, and appointed his brother Joseph the king of Naples and later of Spain. That ruler from this family established the Continental System and won at Austerlitz before losing at Waterloo. For 10 points, name this family of the French emperor Napoleon.

Bonaparte <Cheyne>

A woman known as "Julia the Beautiful" was the mistress of one member of this family and is likely depicted in the painting Lady with an Unicorn. After that member achieved his highest position, a rival reportedly said "Now we are in the power of a wolf." That member of this family is said to have used four mule-loads of silver to bribe a rival in one election. Another member held the prostitute-laden Banquet of Chestnuts and in 1499 conquered the city of Forli, capturing rival Caterina (*) Sforza. That member of this family's cunning use of mercenaries was praised by Machiavelli in The Prince. One member became Pope Alexander VI, while another was accused of poisoning people with arsenic. For 10 points, name this notorious Renaissance era family whose members included Rodrigo, Cesare, and Lucrezia.

Borgia

. A member of this family has an epitaph that says, “If you would praise the worthiest, then your path stops hereâ€. Another member of this family legendarily used four mule loads of silver to bribe voters in a 1492 election, helping defeat a rival backed by Charles VIII and Genoa. A member of this family was rumored to have held the Banquet of (*) Chestnuts, a debauched supper held in Rome; that member's brutal slaying of his own captains at Senigallia was analyzed by Machiavelli in The Prince. A member of this family named Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI. A female member of this family was frequently accused of poisoning rivals. For 10 points, name this Italian family whose members included the infamous Cesare and Lucrezia.

Borgia <Cheyne> Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament 2016: A Vat of Ranch Dressing or a Bullet to the Head Questions by Sam Bailey, Rob Carson, Mike Cheyne, Akhil Garg, Carsten Gehring, Andrew Hart, Ike Jose, Shan Kothari, Cody Voight, Najwa Watson, and NOT Cory Haala Packet 10: Bonuses

The Yabloko party was formed to oppose this no-longer-living politician, who drew conflict with his second-in-command Alexander Rutskoy. This politician once fell off of a bridge drunk, then rushed into a police station, claiming he was pushed. This leader's system of vouchers became known as "shock therapy". During a constitutional crisis, this man barricaded himself in his country's "White House" and gave a speech atop a tank. The "oligarchs" arose near the end of this man's presidency as a result of his free market reforms. He ceded power on December 31, 1999, to Vladimir Putin. For 10 points, name this first president of modern-day Russia.

Boris Yeltsin

An associate of this leader, Prasutagus, had surrendered to Claudius, and thus named both the Roman emperor and this ruler as co-heirs in his will. After the Romans rejected that will and annexed this ruler's lands, this ruler allied with the neighboring Trinovantes and defeated the 9th Spanish legion at the battle of Camulodunum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus eventually defeated this ruler's numerically superior forces at the Battle of (*) Watling Street, but not before this ruler of the Iceni had sacked Verulamium and Londinium. For 10 points, identify this British queen who revolted during Nero's reign.

Boudica [or Boadicea; or Buddug]

Two answers required. A 1907 agreement between these two countries delineated northern and southern spheres of influence between them in Persia. One of these two countries nearly provoked war with the other when its warships accidentally opened fire onto fishing ships from the other near Dogger Bank. Afghanistan served as a buffer state between these two powers as they jockeyed for control over Central Asia in the Great Game. The Charge of the Light Brigade was a disastrous assault by the forces of one of these countries against the other during the Battle of Balaclava. For 10 points, name these two non-French European powers which fought on opposite sides of the Crimean War.

Britain and Russia [or the British Empire and the Russian Empire; accept United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in place of Britain; accept Rossiyskaya imperiya in place of Russia; accept Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907; do not accept or prompt on "Soviet Union" or "USSR" in place of Russia]

While on Cyprus, this man extorted money from Salamis by giving it a much-needed loan at 48% interest. After Dolabella's death, this man put his own face on coins he minted by squeezing Asia dry. According to Suetonius, this man was once asked, "Kai su, teknon?" This man scandalously divorced his wife Claudia to marry Porcia Catonis. Claiming descent from the consul who threw Tarquin the Proud out of Rome, this man resisted Marc Antony, but killed himself after the Second Battle of Philippi. For 10 points, name this assassin of Julius Caesar, to whom Caesar said, "et tu?"

Brutus [or Marcus Junius Brutus; or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus]

The Eravisci founded the settlement of Ak-Ink in this city, which was known as Aquincum in Roman times. During World War II, Rodion Malinovsky led a one hundred day siege of Axis troops in Castle Hill in this city. Following the destruction of this city by the Mongols in 1241, it was resettled on orders from Bela IV. A government in this city was granted expanded autonomy thanks to the "passive resistance" championed in the Easter Article by Ferenc Deak. This city became a national capital after the (*) 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Under the policy of Ausgleich, it became the secondary capital of the Dual Monarchy in 1867. Six years later, it was unified from two separate cities on opposite sides of the Danube River. For 10 points, name this capital of Hungary.

Budapest [accept either Buda or Pest]

Following his refusal to ratify the Treaty of Regensburg [RAY-gens-burg], the Hapsburgs appealed for this person's excommunication. The target of a conspiracy led by the Marquis [mahr-kee] of Cinq-Mars [seenk-mahrs], this founder of the Academie Francaise [frahn-saes] rose to Secretary of State during a crisis in the Valtellina [val-tay-LEE-nah] region of Italy. This leader of the siege at La Rochelle rose to prominence during the regency of Marie de Medici [MEH-dee-chee]. Name this religious leader, the French Prime Minister under Louis the Thirteenth.

Cardinal Richelieu (accept Duke Richelieu or Armand-Jean du Plessis, prompt on "Red Eminence" or "L'eminence Rouge")

18. This man was nominated as the Bishop of Luçon by Henry IV. This man defeated the Duke of Buckingham's relief force at the siege of La Rochelle. This man's enemies mistakenly believed he had been ousted in the Day of the Dupes, which partially resulted from Marie d'Medici's dislike of him. This man appointed intendants as tax collectors to increase funding for his efforts in the (*) Thirty Year's War, which prevented his country from being encircled by Habsburgs. After his death, this man was replaced by Mazarin, and he was known as the "Red Eminence". For 10 points, name this advisor to Louis XIII who was also a French cardinal.

Cardinal Richelieu (or Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu) <BZ>

This man's mummified face ended up in Nicholas Armez's possession. This non-monarch was the target of a botched plot by his one-time sidekick, the Marquis of Cinq-Mars. He set up the "Company of One Hundred Associates" and negotiated the Peace of Alais, which limited civil rights. This man's career barely survived the "Day of the (*) Dupes" in which he had a tense meeting with Marie de' Medici. In support of explorers like Samuel de Champlain, this man founded the Company of New France. He personally commanded French troops as they besieged the Huguenot stronghold at La Rochelle. This man, the "Red Eminence," was succeeded by his protégé, Jules Mazarin. For 10 points, name this French clergyman who was Louis XIII's chief minister.

Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand Jean du Plessis]

This man established the Company of the Hundred Associates to encourage colonial development. He entered into his highest office following a crisis involving the canton of Grisons and Spanish ambition in the Valtellina valley in Italy. This successor to the Duke of Luynes implemented the reforms of the Council of Trent and was ushered into one position by Concino Concini. Marie de Medici unsuccessfully demanded this man's dismissal in the Day of the Dupes, and he defeated his country's Protestants after a year-long siege at La Rochelle. For 10 points, name this chaplain to Anne of Austria, a cardinal who served as the Chief Minister to Louis XIII.

Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand-Jean du Plessis; prompt on the Red Eminence or l'éminence Rouge]

Many members of the court of a ruler of this dynasty perished while crossing a wooden gallery from a cathedral to a palace, prompting the ruler to come up with a plan for succession called the Ordinatio imperii. The Latin alphabet was standardized for literate classes by a script known as this dynasty's namesake "miniscule." The Spanish Marches were set up as a buffer zone by a ruler of this dynasty who employed the historian (*) Paul the Deacon. Two rulers of this dynasty exchanged the Oaths of Strasbourg, excluding their brother Lothair. The son of the first king of this dynasty, Pepin the Short, defeated the Lombards and was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" on Christmas Day, 800. For 10 points, name this Frankish dynasty whose rulers include Charlemagne.

Carolingian dynasty [or Carlovingians; or Carolings; or Karlings]

During this monarch's reign, the Northern Accord among Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Poland was created to counter French and Austrian influence. This monarch's reign saw the crushing of the Bar Confederation. Victories at the Chesma, Iasi, and Ochakov led to favorable terms in the Treaty of Jassy that expanded this ruler's empire. Assignment Rubles, the first paper currency within Russia, began circulating during her reign, which also saw the construction of namesake sham villages by Grigory Potemkin, an attempt to make the Crimea seem prosperous. For 10 points, name this German-born Russian empress.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II; or Yekaterina Alexeevna]

This person ordered the symbolic "execution" of the church bell that was used to start the Plague Riot.This leader supported the Free Economic Society and issued a law book called the Nakaz. This rulersupported a revolt instigated by Count Orlov which aimed at achieving Greek independence, andsigned the favorable Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji with the Ottoman Empire. This ruler's general AlexanderSuvorov put down Pugachev's rebellion. An advisor of this ruler built fake villages to impress her and wasnamed Grigory Potemkin. This queen came to power after the the murder of her husband Peter III. For10 points, name this "Great" Russian empress of the 18th century.

Catherine the Great [or Catherine II; prompt on Catherine]

This ruler dealt with a Saxon revolt under Widukind, and this man defeated his former father-in-law Desiderius at the Siege of Pavia. This man began the tradition of governing his kingdom by using missi dominici. He employed scholars like Alcuin [AL-kwin] of York and the historian Einhard at his capital of Aachen [AH-kuhn]. This ruler's empire was split between Lothair I and Charles the Bald by the Treaty of Verdun, after the death of his son Louis the Pious. Leo III crowned this son of Pepin the Short on Christmas Day. FTP, name this Frankish king who was named Holy Roman Emperor in 800.

Charlemagne

Domestically, this ruler greatly expanded the use of missi dominici [mis-see doe-mih-NEE-chee] as tools of governance. His reign also saw a so-called "Renaissance" which included the establishment of the Palatine school led by Alcuin [al-kwin]. During a feud with his brother, this leader married Desiderata [deh-si-duh-RAH-tah] as a show of unity with the Lombards, but he abandoned the alliance after the death of his brother Carloman. This leader was buried at Aachen [AH-ken] Cathedral when he died in 814. Name this King of the Franks and first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne (accept Charles I, Charles the Great, Charles le Grand, Carolus Magnus, Karl der Grosse)

Alcuin of York was one member of this man's missi dominici, a system of foreign diplomats. Harun al-Rashid attempted to forge peace with this monarch by giving him an elephant and a clock. This man executed four thousand Saxons in an event later known as his (*) Bloody Verdict of Verdun. This king saved Pope Leo III from crowds who accused him of adultery. This son of Pepin the Short divided his empire amongst his three sons, one of whom was Louis the Pious. For 10 points, name this King of the Franks, crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800 CE.

Charlemagne [accept Charles I or Charles the Great]

Under this man's rule, Eric of Friuli was killed by Viseslav during the Siege of Trsat. He angered Desiderius by abandoning Desiderada for Hildegard, and this man conquered the Avars. This man split lands with his brother Carloman after the death of his father. He wielded a golden sword named Joyeuse and co-ruled with Louis the Pious for the last two years of his life. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short.and the grandson of Charles Martel who was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne [accept Charles the Great or Charles the Magnificent or Charles I or Karolus Magnus; prompt on Charles]

This man sent missionaries to the Baltic states after accepting the surrender of Veleti leader Dragovit. A biographer of this ruler also served as the secretary to his successor, Louis the Pious. That man, Einhard, was also employed alongside this man's advisor Alcuin of York. His troops were joined by those of Sulayman al-Arabi during the botched invasion of Zaragoza, which led to a retreat through Roncevaux Pass where his rear guard was ambushed. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short, a Carolingian king who was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne [accept Charles the Great; or Carolus Magnus; or Karl der Grosse] <NB>

To secure the southern border, this ruler created a kingdom of Aquitaine, which even eventually gained control over the Spanish March. His court included a circle of educated clerics who produced a renovatio, including the scholar Alcuin of York and this ruler's biographer, Einhard. Aachen was the site of the Palatine Chapel and palace of this man, the son of Pippin the Short who was crowned Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 by Pope Leo III. For 10 points, name this Frankish King, the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne [or Charles le Grand; or Karl der Grosse; Charles the Great; or Charles I; prompt on Charles or equivalents]

Venice was given de facto independence after this leader's negotiations with Nikephoros I ushered in the Pax Nicephori. The different regions of this ruler's empire were overseen by counts known as centenarii, who were aided by officials called the missi dominici. After the Battle of Fontenoy, this man's grandchildren split his empire into three parts in the Treaty of Verdun. Einhard was the biographer of this loser at Roncevaux Pass. This son of Pepin the Short was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in 800 AD. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor known as the King of the Franks.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great or Charles I or Carolus Magnus or Karoli Magnus; prompt on "Charles"]

This man's forces killed captives in the Massacre of Verden while fighting warriors led by Widukind. His son conquered a fortress called the Ring of the Avars in his defeat over the Avar Khaganate. This ruler married Desiderata, daughter of the king of the Lombards, and he invited such scholars as Peter of Pisa and (*) Alcuin of York to join his court. Some of this man's chief followers were killed at Roncevaux Pass by the Basques. He was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious and his territories were ultimately divided in the Treaty of Verdun. On Christmas Day in 800, this man was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III. For 10 points, name this eldest son of Pepin the Short, the founder of the Carolingian Dynasty.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great or Charles I]

A hunchbacked son of this ruler became a monk after revolting against this man's wife Fastrada. Another of this man's sons defeated the Avars and took the title King of the Lombards. A third son of this ruler blinded his nephew Bernard, killed him, and then repented before Paschal I, helping to earn his nickname "the Pious." Three of this king's grandsons divided his empire in the Treaty of Verdun. This man expanded dynastic holdings begun by a grandfather who defeated abd-ar-Rahman at the Battle of Tours, named Charles Martel. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short who was crowned "King of the Romans" in 800, the strongest Carolingian king of the Franks.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great; or Carolus Magnus; or Karl der Grosse; or Charles I; or Charles le Grand; prompt on "Charles"; prompt on "Karl"; prompt on "Carolus"]

20. "Ring" during his campaign against the Avars, who were supported by Duke Tassilo of Bavaria, and he destroyed an idol called the Irminsul during his campaign to subjugate and convert Widukind's Saxons. This ruler was the patron of an Englishman who invented a namesake miniscule script, Alcuin, as well as his court biographer, Einhard, who contributed to his namesake "Renaissance." After defeating the Lombards, this son of Pippin the Short received an honorary title from the Pope Leo III on Christmas Day. For 10 points, name this Frankish ruler who was the first to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great; or Carolus Magnus; or Karl der Grosse]

This ruler deported 10,000 Nordalbingian families, replacing them with immigrants from his homeland. Abd-al Rahman presented him with a clock and an elephant, leading to their alliance. He besieged Pavia until he received the title of patrician and defeated a former ally, Desiderius. The Paderborn or Aachen Epic described a meeting between Pope Leo III and this man. He invaded Saxony in a nearly thirty year conflict. This man used the sword Joyeuse, which was later used to coronate French kings, and sparked the Carolingian Renaissance. For 10 points, name this Frankish king who was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great; or Charles I

This man's court employed the first known reporter on the Lindisfarne abbey attack, and standardized uncial script to create his namesake "miniscule script" for Latin writing. Alcuin of York served this leader, whose empire was split between three grandchildren via the Treaty of Verdun. Einhard wrote a Life of this king, whose architects built an octahedral dome for the chapel of his palace at Aachen. Pope Leo III gave this loser at Ronceveaux Pass and son of Pepin the Short a new title on Christmas Day in 800. For 10 points, name this monarch of the Carolingian Franks, usually called the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne [or Charles the Great; or Charles I; or Karl der Grosse; or Carolus Magnus] <MJ>

This ruler's desire for musical reform probably spurred the creation of the first musical symbols, "neumes." This ruler promoted education, especially literacy for monks, in documents like the Admonitio generalis. His reign included the birth of what became modern lowercase letters. He made (*) Alcuin of York the head of his court's school in Aachen, bringing about his namesake "Renaissance." His biography was written by Einhard. One of his subordinates was killed at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass and became the star of the Chanson de Roland. For 10 points, name this grandson of Charles Martel, a Carolingian ruler who was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" in 800.

Charlemagne [or Karl der Grosse; or Carolus Magnus; or Charles the Great; or Charles I of France; prompt on just "Charles"]

One ruler of this name was successful in the Scanian War, while another gained the throne following a victory at Benevento, succeeding Manfred, before being expelled from that dominion following the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Another king of this name instituted the Clarendon Code, while yet another king of this name, nicknamed "the Bald," failed to seize lands held by Louis the German. That king had gained his inheritance via the Treaty of Verdun from another king of this name, who based his kingdom at Aix-la-Chapelle. For 10 points, give this name shared by the last Hapsburg monarch of Spain and the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charles (accept Carl before Manfred)

This man opposed the Common Agricultural Policy and the Luxembourg Compromise would help put an end to the subsequent Empty Chair crisis. This man unsuccessfully campaigned for his government to accept the Declaration of Union with Britain and gave the Appeal of June 18th. He signed the Evian Accords with the FLN, granting Algeria independence. During WWII, he exhorted his countrymen to resist the Vichy regime and the German occupation of France which cemented his role as head of the Free French Forces. For 10 points, name this French general and first President of the French Fifth Republic.

Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle

Several attempts on this man's life were made by the OAS, and he formed the RPF political party after his military service. He showed the need for a mechanized and mobile army in his 1934 book The Army of the Future, and he succeeded René Coty. Under his leadership the Evian Accords were negotiated, ending the Algerian War. This man rose to power by politically outmaneuvering Henri Giraud and his rule saw France become the world's fourth nuclear power. For 10 points, name this leader of the Free French during World War II, the founder and first President of the French Fifth Republic.

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle

This leader's wife, known as “Auntieâ€, tried to get him to ban miniskirts. This man described a united Europe “from the Atlantic to the Uralsâ€. During a crisis, this man, without notifying his prime minister, left the country to go to Baden-Baden. The OAS tried to kill this man out of revenge, in part, for the Oran massacre; that attempt on his life inspired the book The (*) Day of the Jackal. This leader controversially proclaimed, “Long live free Quebecâ€, at the Montreal World's Fair. This man resigned the presidency almost a year after the mass protests during May of 1968; he previously founded a new government in 1958 to resolve such issues as Algerian independence. For 10 points, name this founder of the French Fifth Republic and leader of the Free French Forces during World War II.

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle <Cheyne>

A king with this name led his troops on the risky “March across the Belts†to surprise opponents. Another king with this name had his life saved three times in one day by his devoted guard Axel Erik Roos. A ruler with this name died inspecting trenches during the siege of Fredriksten, where he ended up after spending years at a camp in Bender. It's not Alexis, but this name was held by a ruler who successfully conquered Warsaw during the Deluge. A later ruler with this name fled with the Cossack Ivan Mazepa to the Ottoman Empire after being curbstomped at the (*) Battle of Poltava. The twelfth king with this name in a certain country died while fighting against Russia during the Great Northern War. For 10 points, identify this name held by the Swedish king who fought against Peter the Great.

Charles Gustav [or Carl Gustav] <Cheyne>

At one meeting, this man improved his country's bargaining position by befriending a committeeof eight smaller powers and demanding their representation. Letters from this man imply that heand Joseph Fouché gave orders to kidnap and execute the duke of Enghien. This man was unable tojoin the military due to a condition that may have developed from a chest of drawers falling on himat age four. Demands of this club-footed man inspired the motto (*) "Millions for defense, but not onecent for tribute" and the retort "No! no! not a sixpence!" He was excommunicated after being the firstbishop to sign the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. For 10 points, name this diplomat who demanded bribesin the XYZ affair and represented France at the Congress of Vienna.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

In this ruler’s Frisian territories, the seven-foot-tall pirate Pier Gerlofs Donia fought a guerilla war against his rule. This ruler’s appointment of his childhood mentor Adrian of Utrecht to head one of his territories led to the outbreak of the Revolt of the Comuneros. After abdicating the throne, perhaps due to a severe case of gout, this ruler retired to the monastery of Yuste. This ruler won the Battle of Muhlberg against the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. At the Diet of Worms, this ruler condemned Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this Habsburg king who opposed the Protestant Reformation as king of both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

Charles V [or Carlos I of Spain; prompt on Charles; prompt on Carlos]

During this ruler's reign, the Battle of Villalar occurred, leading to the defeat of the Revolt of the Comuneros. This ruler gained Burgundy and Flanders after signing the Treaty of Madrid, a result of his victory at the Battle of Pavia against Francis I. He directly inherited one throne from his grandfather Maximilian I due to the death of his father Philip the Handsome and the incapacity of his mother (*) Joanna the Mad. This man who sent Magellan on his circumnavigation of the Earth was the father of Phillip II. For 10 points, name this man who was both a king of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor.

Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (or Charles I of Spain; prompt on "Charles")

During the regency of this ruler's tutor Adrian of Utrecht, his heavy taxation caused the Revolt of the Comuneros. He's not Charlemagne, but he kidnapped a rival after winning at Pavia. This victor at Muhlberg sent his brother Ferdinand to replace Louis II, who left the throne of Hungary vacant after being routed at Mohacs. After this king's wars against the Schmalkaldic League, he recognized Lutheran princes in the Peace of Augsburg. He had earlier convened the Diet of Worms, where he heard Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this Habsburg father of Philip II of Spain who also ruled the Holy Roman Empire.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor [accept Charles I of Spain] <MHH>

This ruler established the first professional army in Europe, the tercio. During the War of the League of Cognac, this ruler's armies forced Clement VII to flee by sacking Rome. His forces smashed the forces of Francis I in the Battle of Pavia during the Italian Wars. His grandfather was (*) Maximilian I. He pushed for the reforming Council of Trent, and granted some religious tolerance in the Peace of Augsburg. This father of Philip II was the first Hapsburg ruler of Spain. He called the Diet of Worms. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor who dealt with the Reformation during his 1519 to 1565 reign.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor [or Charles I of Spain; or ]

This person pardoned Communist Maurice Thorez, after which Thorez gave a speech supporting him. After Maurice Papon's police massacred over 70 people in 1961, this man helped cover it up and he resigned following student protests in May, 1968. This man's boycott of the European Community caused the Empty Chair crisis and he negotiated the Evian Accords that eventually led to Algerian independence. For 10 points, name this French politician who established the Fifth Republic after leading Free French forces during World War II.

Charles de Gaulle

In 2001, a group of these people attacked the village of Giorgievskoe in the Kodori Gorge. These people are organized into clans known as teips, which arrange themselves into alliances called tukkhum. These people, along with their western neighbors, were forcibly relocated during Operation Lentil. A future president of these people signed the Khasavyurt Accord, a prelude to a formal peace treaty ending the first war (*) named for them. The second war named for this ethnic group ended a state called the Republic of Ichkeria. The father of the Tsarnaev brothers is a member of this ethnic group, other members of which participated in the Moscow theater attacks and the Beslan school attack against Russia. For 10 points, name this ethnic group from a disputed republic of the North Caucasus with its capital at Grozny.

Chechens [or Vainakhs; or Nokhchiy; accept Chechnyans; prompt on “Caucasian(s)â€]

With Gaspar Gorricio, this man wrote an apocalyptic Book of Prophecies, and he published a self-extolling letter to his backer, Luis de Santangel. He often feuded with the Pinzón brothers, and wrote that he needed only fifty men. Guacanagari was the only one of five Taino chiefs to aid this man, who saved himself from an Arawak attack by predicting an eclipse. This man was arrested and replaced by Francisco de Bobadilla as governor of the Indies, after which he made the last of his four voyages. This Genoa-born man arranged for Isabella and Ferdinand to pay for his ships. For 10 points, name this guy who took the Pinta, Niña, and Santa MarÃa to the Americas in 1492.

Christopher Columbus [or Cristóbal Colón; or Cristoforo Colombo]

Joseph Gallieni, a military governor of this city, helped win a battle to defend it. Patrice MacMahon attacked this city during "the Bloody Week." Later, during the Race to the Sea, this city's taxicabs were enlisted to transport defending troops. Auguste Blanqui was elected in absentia by a (*) revolutionary movement in this city, some of whose members subscribed to the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. That government in this city was crushed in 1871 after the fall of the Second Empire. For 10 points, name this city, which was ruled by a namesake Commune after the defeat of Napoléon III in the Franco-Prussian War.

City of Paris [or Ville de Paris]

A military action near this city, which was defended by the Linienwall, legendarily resulted in the invention of the bagel and the croissant. Charles of Lorraine and Leopold I held onto this city at a battle fought on Kahlenberg Mountain. Viscount Castlereagh ("KASS-ul-rey") represented Britain and helped forge a quadruple alliance at one meeting in this city. Jan Sobieski arrived to defend this city from janissaries. A congress in this city, which organized post-Napoleonic Europe, was led by Prince Metternich. For 10 points, name this city besieged twice by the Ottomans, the seat of the Habsburgs' Austro-Hungarian empire.

City of Vienna [or Stadt Wien]

The Republic of Ragusa lost its sovereignty as a result of this event. Denmark ceded Swedish Pomerania to Prussia during this meeting. Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony in exchange for a secret treaty at this conference, during which Switzerland had its (*) neutrality guaranteed. Prince von Hardenburg represented Prussia at this event, which was disrupted by the Hundred Days. This conference, which established a balance of power through its Concert System, was led by Klemens von Metternich. For 10 points, name this 1814-15 meeting of the Great Powers of Europe, which occurred in the Austrian capital.

Congress of Vienna

A religious leader in this city was accused of eating lozenges in church at the Synod of the Oak. A religious conflict began with the excommunication of Michael I Cerularius, the head of a church in this city. The second-ever ecumenical council was held in this city, and confirmed the Nicene creed. The Divine Liturgy of a church based in this city was penned by St. John Chrysostom. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus constructed a church in this city with a (*) gigantic dome supported on pendentives, which was dedicated to "Holy Wisdom." The Ecumenical Patriarch is the head of a church based in this city that feuded with a church based in Rome during the Great Schism. For 10 points, name this city, home to the Hagia Sophia, the seat of Eastern Orthodoxy.

Constantinople [accept Istanbul only after "Ecumenical Patriarch" is read, do not accept or prompt on it before]

Homeowners in this city were granted a special bread ration called the panes aedium . The large Baths of Zeuxippus in this city were damaged during a riot among different demes . The dome at the center of this city, known as the milion , contained an important relic retrieved from the Holy Land by Helena, arguably the first Christian pilgrim. The tops of the towers spaced 180 feet apart in this city's Walls of Theodosius were removed to house (*) bodies during a devastating plague in 541 CE. Defenders in this city resorted to chaining the Golden Horn and deploying Greek Fire to repel a 10th century invasion. The Blues and Greens clashed in this city during the Nika Riots. For 10 points, name this capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Constantinople [or Istanbul ; or Byzantium ]

All decrees of this event were ratified in the bull Benedictus Deus. Charles Borromeo wrote the catechism of thismeeting and supposedly convinced the Pope not to ban polyphony after hearing Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli.The standardized Latin Mass later compiled by Pius V is sometimes named after this meeting. This councilproduced the first revision of Paul IV's List of Prohibited Books, and it set the number of sacraments at seven,reaffirmed the validity of indulgences and rejected the doctrine of sola fide. For 10 points, name this EcumenicalCouncil begun by Paul III and held in Northern Italy, the Catholic Church's answer to the Protestant Reformation.

Council of Trent [or Concilium Tridentinum; or Nineteenth Ecumenical Council]

In the opening battle of this war, artillery at Turtukai were used to push forces under PA Dannenburg from Oltenitza. Another battle began after Michael Gorchakov sent his generals a note reading, "Let's start it." That battle at the Chernaya was part of a larger siege during this war that included assaults on Alma, Inkerman and a fort called the Great Redan. Marechal Canrobert allied with Lord Raglan at another battle during this war which included an action called the "Thin Red Line." The battles of Balaclava and Sevastopol took place during, for 10 points, what war between Russia and a French-British-Ottoman alliance?

Crimean War

It's not the USSR, but the body of a leader of this country was embalmed and kept in the Vitkov monument after his death until 1962. The 9th of May Constitution prompted the resignation of a leader of this country. While it was under military occupation, Operation Anthropoid occurred here. In this home country of Klement Gottwald, Antonin Novotny was deposed in an event protested by (*) Jan Palach's [PAH-lock's] self-immolation. The dissident group Charter 77 formed in this country. When occupied by the Nazis, Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated here. In this country, the "The Two Thousand Words" manifesto was published by LudvÃÂk VaculÃÂk to support the policy of "socialism with a human face" under Alexander Dubcek. For 10 points, name this no-longer extant country where the Prague Spring occurred.

Czechoslovakia [or Ceskoslovensko; do not accept "Czech Republic" or "Slovakia"]

During the Reformation, this country experienced the Count's Feud. Legend holds that during the Battle of Lyndanisse against Estonia, this country's flag fell down from heaven. This country was invaded as a result of the Little Ice Age, which allowed Charles X to "March Across the Belts" to this country. This country lost control of Heligoland and Norway in the Treaty of Kiel, after having long dominated the Kalmar Union, and it was once ruled by Margaret I. It also lost the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Bismarck's Prussia. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Copenhagen.

Denmark

This nation defined its eastern border in the Treaty of Zgorzelec. One premiere of this nation launched a propaganda campaign called the "Main Task." The New Course and the ESS were reforms in this nation, which was the target of the Hallstein Doctrine. This country was ruled by the SED, whose last leader, Egon Krenz, resigned before the signing of the 2+4 Agreement. At one point, the Stasi secret police employed one in seven citizens of this nation. This nation, the foremost target of Ostpolitik, was led by Erich Honecker. For 10 points, name this communist country that reunified with a western neighbor and whose capital was split by the Berlin Wall.

East Germany [or Ostdeutschland; or German Democratic Republic; or GDR; or Deutsche Demokratische Republik; or DDR; do not accept or prompt on "Germany" or "Deutschland"]

Winifred Carney served as the personal secratary of one of the leaders of this event and was the only woman present at its outset. Elizabeth O'Farrell delivered the surrender message to William Lowe at the end of this event. At the start of this event, the "Proclamation of the Republic" was read on the front steps of the (*) General Post Office by Patrick Pearse. Arms shipments from Germany for this event never arrived following the arrest of Roger Casement. For 10 points, name this event in which Republican leaders tried to overthrow the British in the week following the namesake holiday in Ireland.

Easter Rising [accept "Easter Rebellion" or "Rebellion of 1916"]

A year before this event, one of its leaders gave a funeral oration for Rossa, saying his nation"unfree shall never be at peace". Another participant in this event had his diary published whileawaiting execution in Pentonville prison, revealing his homosexual affairs. This movement outlinedits plan for a provisional government on the steps of a (*) post office. Roger Casement was arrested andexecuted for his participation in this event, after Eoin MacNeill backed out and forces under Patrick Pearsewent through with it. In the wake of this rebellion, Eamon de Valera was elected president of the party SinnFein. For 10 points, name this failed Irish rebellion which began in 1916 after Holy Week.

Easter Rising [or Easter Rebellion; or Easter Revolution; accept Sinn Fein Rebellion before mentioned]

This man was able to set up the Free City of Danzig as a result of a treaty he signed on a raft in the middle of the Niemen River. He married the duchess Marie Louise following his victory at the Battle of Wagram. This leader's annexation of Holland was in violation of the aforementioned Treaty of Tilsit, which followed his victories at (*) Jena and Auerstadt, and he also crushed the Mameluks at the Battle of the Pyramids. All of this preceded his loss at the hands of Gebhard von Blucher and the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. For 10 points, identify this first Emperor of France.

Emperor Napoleon I [or Napoleon Bonaparte; accept either underlined part]

Users of this weapon practiced in areas called "butts," where they were required to train every Sunday. According to legend, users of this weapon held up two fingers to mock their enemies, who threatened to cut off the index and middle fingers of captured wielders of this weapon. Many skeletons of people who used this weapon are noticeably deformed, with large burls on their left arms and shoulders. This weapon, which could send up to six projectiles a minute 300 yards downrange, inflicted massive casualties on French knights at the battles of Crécy and Agincourt. For 10 points, name this weapon used by English archers to great effect in the Hundred Years' War.

English longbow [prompt on bow and arrow]

Description acceptable. One of these conflicts was partially resolved in the Peace of Passau. Another of these conflicts began with a massacre in Vassy perpetrated by the target of the Amboise conspiracy. Yet another of these conflicts saw Heinrich Bullinger take over for a leader killed in the Battle of Kappel. In one of these conflicts, Francis I surprisingly allied with the (*) Schmalkaldic League. Another of these conflicts climaxed with the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. These conflicts paused in the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Augsburg and in France after the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this series of 16th- and 17th-century European conflicts that pitted Catholics against Protestants.

European wars of religion [accept any answer about Catholics fighting Protestants, until "For 10 points"]

The female branch of this organization was based in La Mota Castle and promoted the ideologyof abnegation. It adopted another party's symbol of the red beret after the Decree of Unification. TheMarquis de la Eliseda withdrew financial support for this group after it published the 26 Points,which called for the church to not interfere in state affairs but affirmed the nation's empire. ManuelHedilla once led this group, which merged with (*) JONS and used an emblem with a yoke and arrows.The founder of this party, which largely subsumed the CEDA, was executed in Alicante Prison in 1936.This rival of the Popular Front party was founded by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933. For 10 points,name this Spanish political party of Francisco Franco.

Falange Espanola (Tradicionalista) de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista [or Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx of the Assemblies of the National Syndicalist Offensive; or FET y de la JONS; prompt on "(Spanish) fascists"]

Isidore of Kiev switched clothes with a corpse in order to survive this event unnoticed. Gennadius Scholarius wasordained Patriarch three days after this event, at which troops from Chios were led by Giovanni Giustiniani. At thisevent, one commander besieged the Platean Wall by dragging his navy across Elaia to circumvent the chain drawnacross the Golden Horn. The victors in this battle used Basilic bombards designed by Orban. After enemy troopstook control of the Kerkoporta during this event, Constantine XI led a cavalry charge against the invadingjanissaries. For 10 points, name this event in which Mehmed II successfully invaded the Byzantine capital.

Fall of Constantinople [or Ottoman conquest of Constantinople; or second Ottoman siege of Constantinople; accept 1453 or Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror for "Ottomans" before mentioned; or İstanbul'un Fethi; or Alōsē tēs Kōnstantinoupolēs; accept other obvious equivalents; prompt on "Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire" before mentioned]

Four days before this event began, a rally featured such speakers as Markus Wolf and Marianne Birthler. It was arguably set in motion by a press conference that featured the ad-libbed words "effective immediately, without delay" in response to a question by Tom Brokaw. This event had been called for two years earlier in a speech described as "extreme" and "unpresidential" by Howard Baker. It was celebrated the following month by a Leonard Bernstein concert. This event began soon after the resignation of Erich Honecker and the ascension of Egon Krenz, and it had been famously commanded by Ronald Reagan in a challenge to Mikhail Gorbachev at the Brandenburg Gate. For 10 points, name this event begun on November 9, 1989, which toppled a structure dividing a German city.

Fall of the Berlin Wall [accept German Reunification, even though it isn't completely accurate, prompt on Peaceful Revolution, accept obvious equivalents]

One monarch of this name deposed the antipope Benedict XIII, ending the Western Schism. Two men of this name led the Catholic forces to victory at the Battle of Nordlingen, and another man of this name united Leon with Castile with his marriage to Sancha. A man with this first name was overthrown by the People Power Revolution. A king of this name minted coins bearing his name and that of Joanna to prevent Philip the Fair from gaining Castile, which he had previously held joint rule over. For 10 points, identify this name shared by several Spanish leaders, one of whom authorized Columbus's expedition to the New World as king of Aragon and who completed the Reconquista.

Ferdinand

After this man's death, several of his subordinates were poisoned at a feast by the Rajah Humabon, and his exploits were chronicled by Maximilianus Transylvanus and Antonio Pigafetta. This man owned the slave Enrique, and he faced off against Lapu-Lapu at the Battle of Mactan. (*) Charles V gave this man the Victoria and the Trinidad. This explorer named the Pacific Ocean, and Juan Sebastián Elcano completed this man's original task after he was killed by natives in the Philippines. For 10 points, name this Portuguese explorer, the leader of the first mission to circumnavigate the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan

This man was seriously injured as a youth under Francisco de Almeida on India's Malabar Coast,and again at the Battle of Diu, which required a four-month recovery in Cochin. This man waschampioned by Bishop Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, who nonetheless retained nationalist suspiciontowards him. This figure converted Rajah Humabon to Christianity and along with Rui Faleirosecured funding for his major effort from Emperor (*) Charles V. That expedition was abandoned bythe San Antonio before the Trinidad, Concepcion and Victoria reached the Peru Current. This man died inbattle against Lapu-Lapu, but his expedition was completed by Juan Sebastian del Cano. For 10 points,name this leader of the first voyage to circumnavigate the Earth.

Ferdinand Magellan [or Fernão de Magalhães or Fernando de Magallanes or Hernando de Magallanes]

In his youth, this man fought in the Battle of Diu, and he enslaved a Malay interpreter named Enrique while participating in the siege of Malacca. This man was forced to quell a mutiny at Port Saint Julian. At the request of Rajah Humabon, this man tried to invade Mactan, which resulted in him getting fatally speared by Lapu-Lapu. This man's fleet, including the flagship Trinidad, was funded by Charles V. Juan Sebastian finished the accomplishment this man is best known for after he was killed in the Philippines. For 10 points, name this Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the Earth.

Ferdinand Magellan [or Fernão de Magalhães; or Fernando de Magallanes]

The Mutiny of Aranjuez saw one king of this name stage a coup against his father, who fled to France with his minister Manuel de Godoy. That king was restored to the throne through the Treaty of Valencay, which concluded the Peninsular War. In addition to that son of Charles IV, this name belonged to a man who married Germaine of Foix after the death of his first wife, with whom he had defeated Boabdil at the Battle of Grenada and issued the Alhambra Decree that expelled the Jews from his country. That king had also funded the expeditions of Christopher Columbus. For 10 points, give this name belonging to seven Spanish rulers, including the husband of Isabella I.

Ferdinand [Accept Fernando or Ferran, and Ferrando from whoever still speaks Aragonese.]

Germaine of Foix [FWAH] succeeded one of these two monarchs; the other signed the second and third treaties of Blois. One agreement between these two monarchs was known by the phrase "tanto monta, monta tanto." They restructured the Holy Brotherhood, and ended a long era initiated by Pelayo when they forced the Nasrid ruler Boabdil to surrender to them. The parents of Joanna the Mad, these rulers hired Tomas de Torquemada and issued the Alhambra Decree after Granada surrendered to them. For 10 points, name this king-queen pair of Catholics who expelled Muslims and Jews during the Spanish Inquisition, the sponsors of Christopher Columbus.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain [accept Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castille, accept Ferdinand V of Castille and León, or Ferdinand the Catholic, or Fernando for Ferdinand; prompt "the Catholic Monarchs/Kings" or "Los Reyes Católicos;" accept Isabella alone until "two monarchs" is read]

A gambler who held this position escaped jail after killing Edward Wilson in a duel over Elizabeth Villiers, mistress of William III. Another holder of it was the father of the woman of letters Mrs. de Stael and gave a misleading "Report to the King." This position, once held by John Law, included a "physiocrat" whose policies incited the Flour War. That person created the Six Edicts, which abolished the (*) corvee [core-VAY]. Another holder of it came to power by slandering Nicolas Fouquet [foo-kay]. A holder of this position engaged in risky practices, resulting in the Mississippi Bubble. Jacques Necker held this position, which directed collection of the gabelle and taille. For 10 points, name this position held by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, which often advised kings named Louis on monetary policy.

Finance Minister of France [or Minister de l'Economie; accept French Superintendent of Finances; French Controller-General of Finances; accept any answer indicating a manager/director of Finances or economics for France; prompt on any answer indicating manager/director of Finances with "of what country"]

21. Immediately prior to the start of this event, Count Emicho and William the Carpenter massacred the Jews in Mainz. Bohemond of Taranto defeated the forces of Kilij Arlsan at one battle in this conflict. This event was preceded by the Council of Piacenza, where Alexius Comnenus asked for aid. One side in this conflict won both the Battle of Dorylaeum and the Siege of (*) Antioch. Walter the Penniless and the Peter the Hermit led the first unofficial campaign of this conflict, which was called for at the Council of Clermont by Pope Urban II. The 1099 capture of Jerusalem ended, for ten points, what first attempt by European Christians to take back the Holy Land?

First Crusade (accept Crusade after "first" is mentioned; otherwise prompt on it) <KT>

During this campaign, Albert of Aix reported that one side resorted to cannibalism during the Siege of Ma'arra. Forces led by Count Emicho massacred Jews in the Rhineland during this event, and a polity established after this event was later led by a leprous king named Baldwin. Commanders during this conflict included (*) Raymond of Toulouse and Peter the Hermit. A crowd chanted "God wills it!" at a speech announcing this event, which was called at the Council of Clermont by Urban II. For 10 points, name this conflict, the earliest of a series of European attempts to conquer the Holy Land.

First Crusade (prompt on "the Crusades")

Venetians under Enrico Contarini stole the body of Saint Nicholas late in this campaign. Despite sending reports about this campaign back to his wife Adela, Stephen, the Count of Blois deserted it. Count Emicho carried out a series of massacres of Jews in the Rhineland during this campaign. The Battle of Ascalon was the last engagement of this campaign, which was chronicled by (*) Anna Comnena in the Alexiad. Raymond IV of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon led this campaign, which was preceded by an ill-fated adventure led by Peter the Hermit, and led to the creation of states headquartered at Edessa and Antioch. At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for this campaign. For 10 points, name this 1096-99 military campaign which managed to capture Jerusalem.

First Crusade [prompt on German Crusade; prompt on People's Crusade]

The Bishops of Speyer and Worms sheltered Jews from marauding peasants during this event. This conflict came as a result of Alexius Komnenos' plea for reinforcements against the Seljuk Turks. Supporters of this event chanted Deus vult upon its inception. (*) Peter the Hermit led a band of peasants during this conflict. Pope Urban II called for this war to retake the Antioch and Jerusalem from Muslim forces. For 10 points, name this late-11th century conflict that saw the recapture of the Holy Land by Western Christian forces.

First Crusade [prompt on partial answer]

Historically this region included a city that became a capital following a revolution sparked by a performance of La Muette de Portici. An iconoclasm that took place in this region was sparked by several open air sermons. A shibboleth was used here prior to the Battle of the Golden Spurs, and parts of the "race to the sea" occurred here, ending after the opening of the sea-locks during the Battle of the Yser. Noted for its cloth industries, this region was commemorated as a place where poppies bloomed in the aftermath of fighting at Ypres. For 10 points, identify this low-land region that comprises sections of Belgium and the Netherlands, notable for a distinct language.

Flanders [or Flemish Provinces]

This non-Greek city was briefly ruled by the Duke of Athens, Walter of Brienne. "Mud angels" in this city saved art damaged by a 1966 flood. This city's rulers sent agents to stir up rebellion in Gregory XI's Papal States to incite the War of the Eight Saints. Michele (mee-KEH-lay) di Lando was installed as gonfaloniere of justice and greater power was given to the lower guilds during a brief period of democratic rule in this city that followed a (*) revolt of wool workers. Sixtus IV supported a plot to assassinate a leader of this city and his brother during High Mass in 1478. That Pazzi Conspiracy sought to end the rule of a family who came to power in this city after the fall of the Albizzi and Strozzi families. For 10 points, name this Italian city once ruled by the Medicis.

Florence [or Firenze ]

This campaign elevated Thomas Morosini to his highest position. A tournament held by TheobaldIII of Champagne was the genesis of this campaign, support for which was drummed up by Fulk ofNeuilly. Its objectives changed after Philip of Swabia met with its leaders like Louis I of Blois and (*)Boniface of Montferrat at Zara. This campaign was called by Pope Innocent III, who objected to a planproposed by Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice, which would have allowed its participants to pay offtheir debts. Emperor Alexius III was deposed as a result of this campaign, which culminated in thedecidedly un-Christian sack of Constantinople. For 10 points, name this crusade which followed the "KingsCrusade."

Fourth Crusade

A governmentally unauthorized attempt by a citizen to negotiate with this country led to the passage of the 1799 Logan Act. The US supported this country in both the Tangier and Agadir Crises against Germany. The Alien and Sedition Acts were originally passed mostly to punish Americans sympathetic to this country. The US Marine Corps was officially constituted to fight against this country in the undeclared Quasi War. FTP, the XYZ Affair involved diplomats from what country, which gave the US the nice gift of the Statue of Liberty.

France

This country's delegates walked out on the Hallstein Commission after deadlock regarding funding of the Common Agricultural Policy, precipitating the "empty chair crisis." This country experienced a period of prosperity from 1945 to 1975 known as the "Thirty Glorious Years." All foreign forces stationed in this country were ordered to leave it after this country withdrew from NATO in 1966. A leader of this country fled it in response to a series of nationwide protests taking place during the month of May 1968. In 1962, this country signed the Évian Accords granting independence to its colony Algeria. For 10 points, name this country whose Fifth Republic was first led by Charles de Gaulle.

France [accept French Fifth Republic; or République française]

In 1975, this country made divorce easier and legalized abortion with the Veil Law, a few yearsbefore its anti-immigration Pasqua laws. A Turkish consulate in this nation was seized by theArmenian ASALA organization. In 1983, researchers in this non-America country were the first toisolate HIV. Eight protestors were crushed to death in this European country's capital in a 1962protest against the OAS, which launched a coup in one of its (*) colonies. With England, it developed apioneering supersonic airplane called the Concorde. Ahmed Ben Bella's FLN signed the Evian Accordswith this country. For 10 points, name this European nation, in which unrest over the Algerian war ofindependence fed into the transition between the Fourth and Fifth Republics.

France [or French Republic; or Republique francaise]

A politician in this country was mocked by appearances of a puppet alter ego known as "Super Liar." An election here used the slogan "vote for the crook, not the fascist." A riot in this country began when two youths were electrocuted while hiding from the police in a substation. After the 1986 elections, it had a government system known as (*) "cohabitation" with the Prime Minister and President from different parties. This country bombed the Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace ship that was protesting nuclear tests in the Pacific. This country's experienced 1968 protests sparked by a series of student strikes. In 2005, it endured a series of riots blamed on North African immigrants. This country has a right wing movement led by Marine Le Pen. For 10 points, name this European country recently led by Jacques Chirac.

France [or the French Fifth Republic; or Republique francaise]

This ruler bemoaned “all is lost save honor†in a letter to his mother, Louise of Savoy, while in captivity. The ambassador Antonio Rincon was sent by this ruler to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent to negotiate an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Cambrai removed this ruler’s country from the War of the League of Cognac. Leonardo da Vinci spent his last years under the patronage of this ruler, who brought the Mona Lisa to his country. In an extravagant meeting that lasted two weeks long, this ruler attempted to form an alliance with Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. For 10 points, name this Valois king of France who lost to Charles V at the Battle of Pavia.

Francis I [prompt on Francis]

One monarch of this name signed the Ordinance de Villers-Cotterets, which mandated the use of French in all official documents, earning him the nickname “father and restorer of letters.†That king of this name was a prolific patron of the arts who brought many foreigners to France to work on the Chateau de Chambord. Before becoming king, the second French monarch of this name became King Consort of (*) Scotland by marrying Mary, Queen of Scots. The first and third kings of the house of Valois-Angouleme were the only two French monarchs to bear this name. For 10 points, give this shared name of two French monarchs, the first of whom lost the Battle of Pavia and purchased the Mona Lisa from Leonardo da Vinci in a reign that lasted from 1515 to 1547.

Francis [or Francois; accept Francis I or Francis II]

This leader prevented the loss of Melilla in one action, and was appointed military commander of the Canary Islands following an election victory for the Popular Front. He opposed the pronunciamento of Jose Sanjurjo, and his forces encountered resistance at the Battle of Jarama from the Abraham Lincoln and British Brigades. He was able to gain the support of the Carlists in forming the Falange party, and allowed the Blue Division to fight against the USSR during World War II. A request for aid from Adolf HItler resulted in the bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion. For 10 points, identify this victor of the Spanish Civil War and dictator of the Spain from 1936 to 1975.

Francisco Franco

This leader’s government ceded the Cape Juby Strip after fighting the Ifni War. The Catholic Opus Dei, founded in this dictator’s country, gained great influence thanks to this leader’s support. During World War II, a group of volunteers from his country called the Blue Division fought for Nazi Germany. This leader is buried in a massive mountainside memorial he built called the Valley of the Fallen. The only legal union under this man’s rule was the Vertical Syndicate. This man’s Falange party won a war against a group supported by the Abraham Lincoln Brigade using tactics like the bombing of Guernica. For 10 points, name this fascist Spanish dictator, succeeded by Juan Carlos I, who won the Spanish Civil War.

Francisco Franco

This man sardonically responded to Dolores Ibárruri by saying "We have passed." This man's rule was condemned in the passage of the Law of Historical Memory. He used slave labor to construct his mausoleum in the Valley of the Fallen, and this man outlawed all trade unions except the Vertical Syndicate. A pair of airplane crashes killed this man's rivals (*) Jose Sanjurjo and Emilio Mola. This man's forces were opposed by the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, and he was supported by the Condor Legion as well the Falange ["fah-LON-hay"]. This man was succeeded by Juan Carlos I. For 10 points, name this Fascist dictator of Spain.

Francisco Franco (Bahamonde)

This leader was forced to withdraw the volunteer Blue Legions after the Laurel Incident. This man wascontroversially buried in the basilica at the Valley of the Fallen. Propaganda adopted by this leaderincluded the anthem "Facing the Sun" and the symbol of a yoke with five arrows. He is sometimesaccused of being involved in the plane crashes that killed his allies Jose Sanjurjo and Emilio Mola. Thisgeneral defeated Abd el-Krim in the Rif War. The Condor Legion was sent to assist this man's forces andcarried out the bombing of Guernica on his orders. For 10 points, name this leader of the Falange, a"generalissimo" who was succeeded by King Juan Carlos after ruling Spain for several decades.

Francisco Franco Bahamonde

This man won at the battle of Monte Malmusi to turn his country's public opinion against Abd-el-Krim. Once in power, this leader's party issued 27 points which he later reduced to 26. As second-in-command of his nation's Foreign Legion, he relieved besieged forces at Melina during the Rif War. This man became leader of his party's armed forces in his nation's civil war after General Jose Sanjurjo died in an airplane crash, allowing this man to join, and lead, the junta that followed. For 10 points, name this Generalissimo who led Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War who founded the Falange and ruled until 1975.

Francisco Franco Bahamonde

This man's probable successor was killed in Operation Ogre when his car was blown over a five story building. Political parties in his country have declared the "Pact of Forgetting" regarding his government. This leader's country underwent an economic "miracle" keyed by making the SEAT 600 car. There is suspicion that he engineered the plane crash that killed rival Emilio Mola. In a war that allowed him to take control, this man combined the (*) Falange movement with the Carlists. In that war, the Condor Legion supported him by bombing Guernica. This man designated Juan Carlos I as his successor and he took power after a civil war against the leftist Republican government. For 10 points, name this fascist who led Spain from 1939 to 1975.

Francisco Franco Bahamonde

21. Soon after this leader's death, the Pact of Forgetting was created to avoid dealing with the actions of his regime. This leader forced political prisoners to build Carabanchel Prison and a mausoleum at the Valley of the Fallen. The Vertical Syndicate was the only trade union allowed under this man, who first gained military experience as the leader of the Foreign Legion during the Rif War. During his country's civil war, this man merged the (*) Carlists with the Falange Party of Primo de Rivera. That civil war saw this man use Hitler's Condor Legion to bomb Guernica. For ten points, identify this predecessor of Juan Carlos I, a fascist dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975.

Francisco Franco y Bahamonde <JD>

General Bourbaki refused to send in the Old Guard during one battle of this conflict, and another battle saw one side successfully utilize Krupp cannons. Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Army of the Vosges during this war which saw the formation of the Third Republic. One side was starved out by a siege at Metz, and it began after Vincent Benedetti's remarks were edited in the Ems Dispatch. Mac-Mahon's defeat by von Moltke at the Battle of Sedan led to the capture of Napoleon III in this conflict. For 10 points, name this war in which the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was annexed by the side led by Otto von Bismarck.

Franco-Prussian War [accept Franco-German War or 1870 War]

In this war, one man left the losing side's capital by hot air balloon to become war minister at Tours; that man was Leon Gambetta. Jules Favre halted negotiations with the victors of this war until the Treaty of Frankfurt was signed. Italy annexed the Papal States during this war without opposition. A misinterpreted conversation between Vincent Benedetti and Wilhelm I on Spanish Succession was used to spark this war. After Napoleon III's capture at this war's Battle of Sedan, the Second French Empire collapsed. For 10 points, the Ems Dispatch sparked what war wherein the North German Confederation and its allies defeated France before becoming the German Empire?

Franco-Prussian War [or Franco-German War; or War of 1870]

This winner of the Battle of Carcano exiled his cousin Henry the Lion, who this man had previously made a duke, and tried and hanged the monk Arnold of Brescia. The Italian Ghibellines first fought the Guelphs in support of this holder of the duchy of Swabia, who conquered the Sultanate of Rum and earlier lost at Legnano to the Lombard League in Italy. This successor to Conrad III Hohenstaufen allied with Pope Adrian IV, and failed to remove his armor before drowning in a river in 1191. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor and initial commander of the Third Crusade, nicknamed for his facial hair.

Frederick Barbarossa [or Frederick I Hohenstaufen; accept Friedrich or Federico for Frederick]

This man managed to get his childless marriage with Adelheid of Vohburg annulled by Pope Eugene III because his great-great-grandfather was a brother of her great-great-great-grandmother. This ruler helped revive Justinian's Law Code, receiving the political assistance of the Doctors of Bologna who studied it. He had the lands of his cousin Henry the Lion stripped for refusing to assist him in one battle. This ruler was excommunicated by Pope (*) Alexander III but reconciled with him after losing the Battle of Legnano to the Lombard League. He defeated the Sultanate of Rum in the Battle of Iconium before he drowned in the Saleph River during the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty nicknamed for his red beard.

Frederick Barbarossa [or Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor; Frederick III of Swabia; accept Friedrich for "Frederick"; prompt on Frederick]

This man lost one battle after failing to beseige a newly built "straw city" called Alessandria. Amonument in the Kyffhäuser hills marks the mythical sleeping place of this ruler, whose support ofantipope Victor IV got him excommunicated. A group of four jurists from the school at Bolognahelped this ruler write new taxes as part of the (*) Roncaglia decrees. This ruler defeated and thenhanged Arnold of Brescia. This ruler gave the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria to Henry the Lion beforelosing at Legnano and signing a peace treaty with the Lombard League, which opposed his incursions intoItaly. On his way east, this man drowned in the Saleph River in 1190. For 10 points, name this Holy RomanEmperor who died en route to the Third Crusade.

Frederick Barbarossa [or Frederick I; or Kaiser Rotbart; or Frederick III of Swabia; do not prompt on just "Frederick III"; prompt on "Barbarossa"]

One enemy of this man attempted to annex Urbino with the support of Pope Adrian IV. This opponent of William Hauteville of Sicily was the target of the Diet of Roncaglia, which mustered an army that defeated him at the Battle of Legnano. This man journeyed with Phillip II Augustus after taking up the cross at the Diet of Mainz. While bathing, this opponent of the Lombard League forgot to take off his armor and drowned in the Saleph River while on the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor whose nickname denoted his colorful beard.

Frederick Barbarossa [or Frederick I; prompt on Frederick]

While this man was away, his soldiers began playing football with the heads of prisoners during the Siege of Crema. This man, while destroying the Commune of Rome, captured Arnold of Brescia at the behest of Adrian IV. After the submission of Milan, lawyers sided with this man at the Diet of Roncaglia. This man's feud with Alexander III resulted in the Treaty of Venice. That treaty was signed after his cousin Henry the Lion refused to help him at the Battle of Legnano against the Lombard League. This founder of the Hohenstaufen dynasty drowned in the Saleph River during the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor who was known for his red beard.

Frederick I [or Frederick Barbarossa or Frederick III of Swabia]

After this man's wife was forced to ride through a city on a donkey, he responded by forcing the magistrates to remove a fig from a donkey's anus. This man gave Rainald of Dassel the relics of the Magi that he had plundered. A legend says he is sleeping in a mountain in Thuringia and will re-emerge. This man was crowned emperor by Pope Adrian IV after he helped overthrow reformer Arnold of Brescia and he became pissed at his cousin, Henry the (*) Lion, for failing to support him in Italy. This ruler was presumed dead for some time after the Battle of Legnano, which he lost to the pro-Papacy Lombard League. He died after drowning in the Saleph River during the Third Crusade. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor whose nickname may refer to his red beard.

Frederick I [or Frederick Barbarosssa, or Rotbart]

This man had the Temple of Friendship built to honor his sister Wilhelmine; that temple was built in the Sanssouci Park surrounding this leader's summer palace at Potsdam. This ruler fought the Potato War to prevent Hapsburg control of Bavaria and he used an oblique order to win the Battle of (*) Hohenfriedberg. This ruler corresponded with Voltaire and composed flute sonatas as part of his "enlightened despot" status. This ruler violated the Pragmatic Sanction in invading Silesia and thus initiated the War of the Austrian Succession against Maria Theresa. For 10 points, name this militaristic Hohenzollern king of Prussia termed "the Great".

Frederick II [accept Frederick the Great before mention; prompt on Frederick]

This ruler caused debasement by using captured dies to produce counterfeit Polish coins. He wona battle when his forces crossed the Striegau River to defeat the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels' Saxons.He was also the victor at Leuthen as well as a battle in which Wilhelm von Seydlitz led this man'scavalry after he set a trap near Rossbach. This man, who refuted the claims of The (*) Prince in his Anti-Machiavel, fought three wars over the province of Silesia and saw his country saved when Russiasettled with him following the death of Empress Elizabeth. One of the architects of the First Partition ofPoland, for 10 points, name this son of Frederick William I, a Prussian King who brilliantly led his countryin the Seven Years' War

Frederick II [or Frederick the Great; or Frederick IV of the Holy Roman Empire; prompt on "Frederick"]

This man defeated Charles of Lorraine with a charge of the Bayreuth Dragoons in the Battle Hohenfriedeberg, and this man defeated Charles again by utilizing an attack in oblique order at Leuthen. Earlier, he destroyed a French army under Soibise by interrupting its flanking maneuver at Rossbach. Those battles helped this man secure the province of Silesia, which he had taken from Maria Theresa in the War of Austrian Succession and subsequently defended in the Seven Years' War. For 10 points, name this King of Prussia from 1746 to 1780, a notable enlightened monarch.

Frederick the Great [accept Frederick II of Prussia; accept Frederick IV of Brandenburg; prompt on Frederick]

He's not John Kapodistrias, but this leader allegedly placed guards around a potato patch to trickpeasants into stealing them. After his loss at the Battle of Kunersdorf, this man's capital was miraculouslysaved by the death of Elizabeth II. This author of the treatise Anti-Machiavel signed the Treaty of Breslauafter winning the Battle of Mollwitz, allowing him to take over the duchy of Silesia. This ruler calledhimself the "First Servant of the State," corresponded with Voltaire, and opposed Maria Theresa on thebasis of Salic Law in the War of Austrian Succession. For 10 points, name this enlightened despot wholed Prussia during the Seven Years' War.

Frederick the Great [or Frederick II of Prussia or Friedrich der Grosse or Friedrich II of Prussia; prompt on "Frederick" or "Friedrich"; do not accept anything involving "Frederick William"]

The buildup to this event saw electors compile and air "notebooks of grievances" with demands like abolishing the banalite and corvee. One group of politicians in this event only sat in the highest two rows of their legislative chamber and were called "The Mountain" before they were reduced in number to become "The Crest." Those members composed the Committee of Public Safety before the Thermidorian Reaction during this Revolution. The Directory established Departements during this general event, which began with a failed meeting of an Assembly of Notables and a reconvening of the Three Estates. For 10 points, name this revolution which saw the Bastille stormed in Paris and Louis XVI executed.

French Revolution

In response to this event, Richard Price delivered a sermon called A Discourse on the Love of our Country , which ignited a pamphlet war about this event. In a book written in this event's aftermath, William Godwin introduced his "famous fire cause." Mary Wollstonecraft denounced marriages of convenience and redefined "sublime" and "beautiful" in her Vindication of the Rights of Men , which was written in response to a tract about this event. Thomas Paine was sentenced in absentia to hanging for seditious libel for a pamphlet about this event, (*) The Rights of Man , which was written in response to "Reflections" by Edmund Burke opposing this event's radicalism. For 10 points, name this event whose participants wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen."

French Revolution [or clear equivalents; accept 100th anniversary of the Glorious Revolution until "pamphlet war"]

This government passed the "villainous laws" after Auguste Vaillant's bombing of its primary meeting place. The parliamentary character of this government was established following creation of the short-lived "Ordre moral" government and the dismissal of Jules Simon in the (*) Sixteenth of May Crisis. This government enacted the Jules Ferry Laws to reform secular education. Adolphe Thiers was effectively this government's first president, and it was created following the Paris Commune and the deposition of Napoleon III. For 10 points, name this French government that succeeded the Second Empire and preceded the Vichy Regime.

French Third Republic (accept La Troisième République)

Description acceptable. After a few years of "armed peace", the Surprise of Meaux sparked aconflict of this type. The election of a duke as king of Poland helped relieve a siege of La Rochelle inone of these conflicts. A cavalry clash at Coutras decided another one, in which the sitting king wasdriven from his capital on the Day of the (*) Barricades. A spark for these conflicts was an attempt toabduct the young king called the Conspiracy of Amboise. A commander in these wars, Gaspard de Coligny,was murdered by supporters of the Guise family. These conflicts included the War of the Three Henrys anda massacre orchestrated by Catherine de Medici. For 10 points, name these struggles ended by the Edict ofNantes, which pitted Huguenots against Catholics.

French Wars of Religion [prompt on "French civil wars" or "religious wars"; accept any answer indicating wars between religious affiliations in France; accept answers such as "wars between French Catholics and Huguenots" before "Huguenots" is read; do not accept "French revolutions"]

During this campaign, several soldiers committed suicide out of hunger, despite having plenty of watermelons and grain cakes to eat. At a battle in this campaign, a commander told his men that "forty centuries look down upon you." Felicia Hemans's poem "Casabianca" dramatizes the explosion of the Orient during a battle in this campaign, which departed from Toulon after being reluctantly approved by the (*) Directory. Malta was captured on the way to its primary objective. Lord Nelson ambushed an anchored navy during this campaign at the Battle of Aboukir Bay. During this campaign, the soldier Pierre-Francois Bouchard discovered the Rosetta stone. For 10 points, name this 1798-1801 expedition, during which Napoleon's army lost the Battle of the Nile.

French invasion of Egypt and Syria [or Napoleon's Egyptian invasion; or French invasion of Syria and Egypt; or Napoleon's Syrian invasion; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Egypt; accept any answer that indicates that Napoleon or France is attacking Syria]

17. This man told troops on their way to defeat the Boxer rebellion to establish their name as the Huns did a thousand years ago. During the Moroccan Crisis, he made a speech that called for the Algeciras Conference. This leader inadvertently insulted England in an interview with the Daily Telegraph, and he made Leo von Caprivi chancellor after dismissing (*) Otto von Bismarck. His general Helmuth von Moltke was unable to successfully carry out the Schlieffen Plan during his rule, which resulted in his eventual abdication in 1918. For 10 points, identify this last Kaiser of Germany who led the country during World War I.

Friedrich Wilhelm II Viktor Albert (accept Kaiser Wilhelm II or William II, prompt on partial answer) <KT>

. This man is the subject of much of the scholarly work of Stillman Drake. Adam Elsheimer reworked his painting The Flight into Egypt after the publication of this man’s pamphlet Sidereus Nuncius. The characters Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio star in several of his works, including one that contains an early discussion of the idea that comparisons are undefined on infinite sets and introduces the (*) square-cube law. A convergent objective lens and a divergent eyepiece lens are characteristic of the telescope named for this man, who reportedly said “E pur si muove!â€, or “And yet it movesâ€, after losing a trial in the wake of the publication of his Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems. For 10 points, name this Italian scientist condemned by the Inquisition for his support of heliocentrism.

Galileo [or Galileo Galilei] Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament 2015: My Torah Portion was an Archie Comic Questions by Rob Carson, Mike Cheyne, Andrew Hart, Gautam Kandlikar, Shan Kothari, Bernadette Spencer, Cody Voight, and special guest Ike Jose Packet 02: Bonuses

The defeat of a 1602 Savoyard surprise invasion is commemorated in this city's L'Escalade Festival. This city was the site of the first summit between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. One resident of this city founded the International Red Cross after witnessing the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino, and a theologian from this city enforced ecclesiastical discipline and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. This seat of the League of Nations also hosted a 1949 meeting that codified international treatment of prisoners of war as part of four treaties that make up its namesake Conventions. For 10 points, name this Swiss city once led by John Calvin.

Geneva

Gregory of Tours wrote about a massive tsunami caused by a landslide that destroyed this city in the sixth century. The future Antipope Clement VII, known as the butcher of Cesena, was born Robert, the count of this city. This city annually celebrates L'escalade, to commemorate the defeat of a 1602 surprise attack led by the Duke of Savoy. This city's governing council burnt the trinitarian Michael (*) Servetus at the stake. Prior to the publication of the King James Version, Protestants used a Bible translation produced in this city. The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion moved to this city and established his own Protestant denomination. For 10 points, name this Swiss city, home to John Calvin.

Geneva, Switzerland [or Genf; or Ginevra]

People of this type were led by a drummer boy named Hans Bohm in a bonfire ofvanities. Several movements of these people used a flag depicting the "bound shoe." Acall for "everyone who can [to] smite, slay, and stab" these people was issued during awar in which they were briefly led by a knight with an iron prosthetic hand. Theabolition of the death tax was demanded in the Twelve Articles issued by these people.Before the Battle of Frankenhausen, a movement of these people in (*) Swabia was led byThomas Muntzer. A revolt of these people was condemned in a pamphlet about "murderous and thieving hordes" by Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this class of agricultural laborers who name a 15th-century war in Germany.

German peasants [prompt on related terms like serfs, villeins, or farmers]

A form of nostalgia for the time before this event includes the preservation of crosswalk lightsdepicting a fedora-wearing man. This event, after which many people were required to pay the"Solidarity Surcharge," is celebrated on October 3rd each year. A precedent for this event was basedon Article 23 of the Basic Law, which had previously been applied to (*) Saarland. Immediately beforethis event, which was finalized by the "Two Plus Four" treaty, the PDS replaced the SED party. This eventinvolved the arrest of Egon Krenz and extended the domain presided over by Helmut Kohl. For 10 points,name this process which occurred two years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, in which two halves of aEuropean nation became one.

German reunification [accept answers indicating the union of East and West Germany; prompt as needed to ensure that the player is referring the 1989-1991 creation of Germany from West Germany and East Germany; do not accept or prompt on "German unification" by itself, since that refers to the creation of the German Empire in 1871]

A rebellion in one of this country's colonies was inspired by "magical" water mixed with oil and millet seeds. This nation dealt with the Maji Maji Revolt and recently apologized for its genocide during the Herero Wars. The Algeciras Conference addressed this country's attempt to stop a rival nation from establishing a protectorate during the Tangiers Crisis. It lessened its fight for colonies under Leo von Caprivi. The Congo River was agreed to be a neutral zone at an 1884 meeting in this country during the "Scramble for Africa". For 10 points, name this country which colonized Tanzania and Namibia and hosted the Berlin Conference.

Germany [or Deutschland]

This country was led by a coalition of landowners and manufacturers called the "Marriage of Iron and Rye." A leader of this country demanded that it receive a "place in the sun" as part of his "World Policy." Another leader of this country pursued a foreign policy called the "New Course" and came to power after an event depicted by John Tenniel in the cartoon (*) "Dropping the Pilot." The Algeciras Conference resulted from a speech given by a ruler of this country, who incited another crisis by sailing his gunboat Panther into the port of Agadir in Morocco. This country built the Kiel Canal under the advice of Admiral Tirpitz. For 10 points, name this country which used the Schlieffen Plan at the beginning of World War I during the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Germany [or German Empire; or Kaisertum Deutschland]

Members of this group from Modena stole a Bolognese bucket, prompting the short-lived "Warof the Bucket." A traitor who converted to this group, Bocca degli Abati, cut off the hand of astandard-bearer to help it to a decisive victory at the Battle of Montaperti. After this group raised anarmy from Arezzo which decisively lost the battle of Campaldino, its main opponents split into (*)"White" and "Black" factions in Florence. Dante Alighieri opposed this faction, whose name originatedwith supporters of Hohenstaufens such as Frederick Barbarossa. For 10 points, name this faction of Italiansthat supported the Holy Roman Empire, and thus opposed supporters of the pope called Guelphs.

Ghibellines

A leader who defected from this faction surrendered his fleet at the Battle of Meloria, which led to the decline of a major stronghold for this faction. A city loyal to this faction won the War of the Oaken Bucket. This faction was victorious in a battle in which a man sympathetic to this group cut off the hands of the standard-bearer of their opponents. Before winning the battle of Montaperti, this group agreed to the Peace of Constance after it lost the Battle of (*) Legnano, in which it was opposed by the Lombard League. This group got its name from a Hohenstaufen castle in Franconia and it supported the imperial ambitions of Frederick Barbarossa against the supporters of the Papacy. For 10 points, identify this Italian faction that spent the medieval and early Renaissance periods opposing the Guelphs.

Ghibellines or [Ghibellini; prompt on “Hohenstaufens†or “supporters of Frederick Barbarossa†or equivalents]

This figure triggered a political split that pitted the "Whites" against the "Greys." He faced anuprising from the "Ugly Companions," a faction of the "rabid ones," or Arrabbiati, who opposedhim. This figure dispatched roving bands of violent pre-teens called the fanciulli, and lost face after arain storm interrupted a highly anticipated trial-by-fire. He took power after convincing CharlesVIII of France to (*) spare his city, leading to the expulsion of Piero the Unfortunate. This author of "Onthe Ruin of the Church" led from the convent of San Marco and was excommunicated by Pope AlexanderVI. Ruling after the exile of the Medici, for 10 points, name this monk who carried out the Bonfire of theVanities in Florence.

Girolamo Savonarola

One anecdote about this man holds that his troops' distinctive uniforms were an intercepted shipment of butcher uniforms from Buenos Aires. This man clashed with a later political ally over the cession of Nice to Napoleon III. In 1860, this hero of the Uruguayan War of Independence conquered Sicily and Naples after military victories including the Battle of Volturnus and Milazzo, a campaign referred to as the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this leader of the Redshirts who was vital to Italian unification along with the Count de Cavour.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This leader commanded the undefeated Army of the Vosges, and while exiled to London, he met Lord Palmerston. This man was victorious at the Battle of Calatafimi, and he previously led the Hunters of the Alps. He met his first wife Anita while fighting in the War of the Ragamuffins, and this man lost the Battle of Mentana seven years after he won the Battle of Volturno. He met Victor Emmanuel II at Teano, and he led the Expedition of the Thousand with the Redshirts to defeat the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For 10 points, name this Italian Revolutionary who was part of the Risorgimento

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This leader's wife fought at the Battles of Imbituba and Laguna, although he himself refused taking command in the Battle of Aspromonte. He led the Hunters of the Alps in winning the city of Trentino after the battle of Bezzecca. One of his campaigns led to the removal of Francis II; that campaign targeting Sicily was the (*) Expedition of the Thousand. This man, who led forces in the War of the Ragamuffins and the Uruguayan Civil War, took command of the Risorgimento after joining the Carbonari revolutionaries. For 10 points, name this leader of the Red Shirts who worked for Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This military leader's early career was spent fighting imperialists in the War of the Farrapos, or Tatters. This man, who retired to his semi-private island of Caprera, told Abraham Lincoln he would join the Union side of the Civil War if the war shifted focus to abolishing slavery. This crusader for Uruguayan independence led the "Expedition of the Thousand" and had an uneasy relationship with the Piedmont-Sardinian Prime Minister, Count Cavour. For 10 points, name this Italian military leader of the Risorgimento known for his colorful "Redshirts."

Giuseppe Garibaldi

During his exile in the 1850s, this man sailed merchant ships like the Commonwealth and the Carmen across the Pacific and Atlantic. This man's most famous action was prompted by a rebellion against Francis II in Messina and Palermo. This man allied with Brazil and the Colorados during the (*) Uruguayan Civil War, thus earning the nickname "Hero of Two Worlds." This man's military actions were publicized by Giuseppe Mazzini and consolidated by Count Cavour. For 10 points, name this leader of the Redshirts, whose Expedition of the Thousand conquered Sicily en route to unifying Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi <JR>

This man compromised his democratic-republicanism with a salute and handshake at Teano. This man's victory outside Gaeta castle at the Volturno river caused a branch Bourbon dynasty under Francis II to end. This European declined Lincoln's request to lead the Union in the Civil War, but did lead the Hunters of the Alps against Austria. One of his armies took uniforms from an abandoned slaughterhouse in Montevideo, Uruguay; he handed their gains to Count Cavour's Piedmont-Sardinia after the Expedition of the Thousand toppled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. For 10 points, name this bearded hero whose Red Shirts fought to unify Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi <MJ>

This man fought for the Riograndese Republic alongside his wife Anita at the Battle of Laguna. That was during the Ragamuffin War, which preceded his command of the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War. This "Hero of Two Worlds" led a campaign against Neapolitan troops at the Battle of Calatafimi, which would lead to the appointment of Count Cavour as Prime Minister. That campaign, called the Expedition of the Thousand, concluded with a meeting between this militant and Victor Emmanuel II. For 10 points, name this Italian military leader of the Redshirts during the Risorgimento.

Giuseppe Garibaldi <NB>

During this war, the fortress of Tonning was besieged twice, with the first siege being lifted by the Peace of Travendal. The leader of the losing side in this war was killed at the Siege of Fredriksten, and the victor attempted to invade the Ottoman Empire in the Pruth River Campaign. The Treaty of Altranstadt forced this war's participant Augustus the Strong to cede his claim to the Polish throne. This war ended with one side gaining Estonia and East Ingria in the Treaty of Nystad, and Ivan Mazeppa deserted during a significant victory for Russia at Poltava during this war. For 10 points, name this war that made Russia a major power after it defeated Charles XII's Sweden.

Great Northern War

Late in this war, thousands of men died during the "Carolean Death March." The brutal military occupation of one modern day country during it is known as the "Greater Wrath." The losing monarch in this war temporarily convinced Ahmed III to wage the Pruth River Campaign before dying at the Siege of Fredriksten. That monarch went to the (*) Ottoman fortress at Bender along with Ivan Mazepa after losing this conflict's final major battle. After this war, Frederick I formally recognized his country's losses of Estonia and Livonia in the Treaty of Nystad. Despite winning the Battle of Narva, Charles XII's army was eventually curbstomped at Poltava. For 10 points, name this war in which Peter the Great's Russia defeated the Swedish Empire.

Great Northern War

The nation that lost this war subsequently entered a period of reform called the Age of Liberty. In this war, a victory by Prince Menshikov held off an invasion attempt by a foreign king. The losing country won a critical early battle in this war at the city of Narva, now located in Estonia. The two sides in this war signed the Treaty of Nystad after Charles XII was forced into decisive retreat following the Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this 1700 to '21 conflict, which Sweden lost to a Peter the Great-led Russia.

Great Northern War

At one battle in this war, a stretcher-bound commander failed to keep his troops from being split by the enemy's T-shaped arrangement of forts. Despite Axel Roos's efforts, that leader was captured four years later by Ottoman forces at Bender. Following his defeat at Kliszów [KLIH-shoof] during this war, Augustus II was deposed as king of Poland. Cossack ruler Ivan Mazepa [mah-ZEH-pah] turned traitor in this conflict, and General Lewenhaupt [LEV-en-hawpt] and Field Marshal Rehnskiöld led a disastrous attack at Poltava. Name this war in which Peter the Great's Russian forces defeated Swedish forces under Charles the Twelfth.

Great Northern War [or Second Northern War or Third Northern War or Twenty Years' War; or Stora nordiska kriget; or Velikaya Severnaya voyna or Dvadtsatiletnyaya voyna; or trzeci wojna północna or wielka wojna północna]

A reform launched prior to this conflict required a rote of four farms to provide a croft for onesoldier under the New Allotment System. Prussia took Southern Pomerania in this conflict, but foundit eerily depopulated from the virulent Plague outbreak that coincided with it. The Great Reduction,a land grab by the losing monarch's father, led Johan Patkul to help engineer this conflict. The (*)Ottomans briefly joined this war in the Pruth River campaign, while the Treaty of Altranstädt led Augustusthe Strong to exit it and abdicate the Polish throne. It saw clashes at Gangut and Narva before ending in theTreaty of Nystad. The Battle of Poltava pitted Charles XII against Peter the Great in, for 10 points, whatconflict between Russia and Sweden?

Great Northern War [or Second Northern War; prompt on just "Northern War"]

The Turks were briefly involved in this conflict, withdrawing after taking Azov from Russia. This conflict began when Augustus the Strong of Poland attacked Livonia, while Schleswig and Holstein were marched upon by the forces of Denmark and Norway under Frederick IV. Important battles include the Russian siege of Narva and the decisive Swedish defeat at Poltava. Ending with the 1721 Treaty of Nystad in which Sweden lost most of its overseas territory and Russia gained control of the Baltic, this is, for ten points, what war that saw a large anti-Swedish coalition?

Great Northern War [or Second Northern War]

The surrender of Italy to the Allies resulted in the massacre of the Italian Acqui Division stationed in this country by German troops. A constitutional crisis called the Apostasia of 1965 led to a coup in this nation, resulting in a seven-year military rule known as the Regime of the Colonels. A society known as Filiki Eteria organized this nation's independence movement, during which a capital was established at Nafplion and a British-led allied fleet crushed the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino. That revolution was led by Alexander Ypsilantis. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation that has been undergoing a severe debt crisis since 2009 and is currently led by Antonis Samaras.

Greece [Accept Kingdom of Greece, Hellenic Republic, Ellada, or Elliniki Dimokratia.]

A coup in this country in 1936 led to a four-year period called the 4 August Regime, and a coup just before 1967 elections in this country led to a seven-year period known as the Regime of the Colonels. A major step towards this country's independence took place at the Battle of Navarino in 1827, where several European powers defeated the combined forces of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. This country's actions in 1974 gave Turkey an excuse to invade Cyprus. Its current leader, Antonis Samaras, recovered from a controversy over relations with this country's neighbor Macedonia. Name this country that officially calls itself the Hellenic Republic.

Greece [accept Hellas or Hellenic Republic before "Hellenic"]

Refugees in a civil war in this country were able to take shelter in camps named for the Hanoverian Queen Frederica. Prisoners from the Italian Acqui Division were brutally massacred in this country during Operation Achse. In 1975, CIA officer Richard Welch was assassinated here by Revolutionary Organization 17 November. The EAM resisted this country's "triple occupation" from Germany, Italy and Bulgaria during World War II. This country's constitutional monarchy began with (*) Otto I in 1833 and was ended by the Colonels Regime in 1973. This country and an eastern neighbor were the major recipients of aid under the Truman Doctrine. For 10 points, name this southern European nation that declared independence from the Ottomans in 1821, with capital at Athens.

Greece [or Ellada or Ellas or Hellenic Republic]

This country established universal male suffrage after its 3 September Revolution in 1843. This country's capital was the site of the burglary of a Portuguese Jewish merchant from Gibraltar, named Don Pacifico.The London Conference of 1832 moved this nation's capital from Nafplio and established the Bavarian prince Otto as its king. After the Treaty of Berlin, this nation, under King George I, received Thessaly. Alexander Ypsilanti led this country's independence movement, and its allies won the Battle of Navarino against the Ottoman empire. For 10 points, name this European country which is still a rival to neighboring Turkey.

Greece [or Hellas; or Ellada; or Hellenic Republic; or Elliniki Dhimokratia; or Kingdom of Greece; or Vasilion tis Ellados]

In this country, nearly 25,000 children, many of whose parents belonged to the DSE, were placed in "child towns." The destroyer HNS Velos refused to return to this country during a NATO exercise in protest of a right-wing military junta that came to power after a 1967 coup. After World War II, this country regained the Dodecanese Islands, and backed a coup against archbishop Makarios III in an attempt to realize its idea of enosis during its Regime of the (*) Colonels. This country suffered a civil war from 1946-49 that prompted Truman to formulate his namesake "doctrine." In 1974, this European country tried to unite with an island partitioned by the Green Line, with capital at Nicosia. For 10 points, name this country that fought with Turkey over Cyprus.

Greece [or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas]

It's not Spain, but Pablo Iglesias recently appeared at a rally in this country to declare "venceremos." The new defense minister in this country is the nationalist leader of ANEL, the coalition partner of a leftist party. The once-dominant PASOK fell to last place in seats in this country's January elections, which was won by (*) SYRIZA, leading to Alexis Tsipras' election as Prime Minister of this country. That event raised fears of a default and exit from the Eurozone. For 10 points, name this Southern European country governed from Athens.

Greece [or Hellenic Republic; or Hellas]

Over thirty political prisoners in this country were broken out by the right-wing Organization X, which rose to prominence during the "December events". A former Russian cavalry officer who led the "Society of Friends" of this nation was named Alexander Ypsilantis. During its war of independence, the Ottomans lost the Battle of Navarino. In ancient times, this modern-day nation fought against the Persians under the leadership of Themistocles at Salamis. Cleisthenes and Solon laid the foundations for this nation's democracy. For 10 points, name this European country formerly led by George Papandreou from Athens.

Greece [or Hellenic Republic]

The question of whether this country should enter World War I caused a "National Schism" between its monarchy and the Venizelist movement. This country mended relations with an eastern neighbor after several 1999 earthquakes, and that neighbor and this country both received aid against Soviet influence under the Truman Doctrine. This country has blocked EU membership of a former Yugoslav Republic because it disputes that country's name. This country's "regime of the colonels" collapsed after backing a coup against Archbishop Makarios III, causing Turkey to invade Cyprus. For 10 points, name this country also called the Hellenic Republic.

Greece [or Republic of Greece; or Hellenic Republic or Hellas until "Hellenic" is read]

This writing system once contained a vaguely bow-shaped glyph called "sampi". Several law codes in this writing system were inscribed on wooden pillars. This writing system was used on the coins of a Buddhist dynasty in Bactria. This script was used to write up the abolition of debt slavery laws and the creation of a general assembly centuries after its inventors abandoned the Linear B script. Before fighting Caesar, the Gauls used this writing system, which adapted letters from Phoenician traders. For 10 points, name this writing system used by Herodotus and Solon, whose letters include omega.

Greek alphabet [or Greek letters; prompt on "alphabet"]

In 2010, Greenpeace protesters off the coast of this island scaled the Stena Don oil rig owned by Cairn Energy. This island's extremely agglutinative namesake language was first given a Latin orthography by missionary Samuel Kleinschmidt. Archaeologists divide sites on this island into Western, Middle, and Eastern Settlements, the last of which contains the well-preserved ruins of the medieval-era Hvalsey church. In 1888, this island was crossed for the first time by Fridtjof Nansen. The U.S. operates (*) Thule Air Base on the western shore of this island, part of which faces the Davis Strait. Since 1979, it has been administered under home rule from the settlement of Nuuk. For 10 points, name this large northerly island once owned by Denmark.

Greenland [or Kalaallit Nunaat]

One of these places is the setting of the second part of the memoir Journey into theWhirlwind by Eugenia Ginzburg. People in one of these places tried to get help usingcarrier pigeons after seizing control of it during the forty-day Kengir uprising. The useof these places replaced the katorga system, which was used for targets of the ThirdSection and the Okhrana. Under Genrikh Yagoda, tens of thousands of people fromthese places constructed a 141-mile-long shipping canal. These places were (*) operatedby the NKVD. Many people were released from these places during the Thaw that followed the Secret Speech. These places are compared to a vast archipelago by an Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn book. For 10 points, name this system of forced labor prison camps in Soviet Russia.

Gulag prison camps [or Glavnoye upravlenie lagerei; or Main Camp Administration; prompt on more general answers such as labor camps, Soviet prison camps, etc]

This man ended the Kalmar War with the Treaty of Knared, and he outgunned enemy tercio formations in one battle, defeating the Count of Tilly. He signed the Treaty of Stolbovo with Michael Romanov, and Gustav Horn and John Banér took command of his army after his death. Axel Oxenstierna became regent after this victor of the Battle of Breitenfeld was killed during a cavalry charge at the Battle of Lutzen. For 10 points, name this "Lion of the North," a Swedish King who invaded Germany during the Thirty Years War.

Gustavus Adolphus [accept Gustav II Adolph]

After this man died, his horse Streiff was quickly stuffed and displayed, where it has stayed forcenturies. This man had his power curtailed by nobles in the Accession Charter as he took the throneat age 17, and adapted the German gymnasium system of schools for his country. Throughout hisreign, this husband of Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg feuded with Sigismund III of Poland. Hegained from the Treaty of Stolbovo by cutting off (*) Russia's access to the Baltic. His army sang "AMighty Fortress is Our God" in a war where he beat Count Tilly at Breitenfeld. His chancellor AxelOxenstierna took command of his troops after this man died at the Battle of Lutzen. For 10 points, namethis "Lion of the North," a king who led Sweden into the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adolphus [or Gustav Adolf; or Gustavus II Adolf]

This ruler employed light cavalry men known as the "hakkapeliitta," whose name refers to a war cry meaning "cut them down!" His artillery commander was taken captive during his failed siege at Alte Veste. This man died in the same battle that killed his opponent Marshal Pappenheim. Married to Maria Elonora of Brandenburg, this monarch had a daughter who would shockingly abdicate the throne. At the Battle of (*) Lech, also known as the "Battle of Rain," he commanded troops over the Count of Tilly. This ruler was succeeded as commander by his Lord High Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. This Protestant monarch won the Battle of Breitenfeld before dying at the Battle of Lutzen. For 10 points, name this Swedish king, the "Lion of the North," who died during the Thirty Years War.

Gustavus Adolphus [or Gustav II Adolf]

This man fought in a war that was ended by the Treaty of Knared, and this man's country regained control of Livonia from Poland thanks to the Truce of Altmark. This veteran of the Kalmar War was advised by Axel Oxenstierna. This man constructed a pontoon bridge to cross the Lech River, and this victor at the Battle of Rain died while defending Saxony from Albrecht Wallenstein at the Battle of Lutzen. This king had earlier defeated Catholic forces under Count Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld. Known as the "Lion of the North," FTP, name this man who led Sweden during the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adolphus or Gustav II Adolf

This king was the first commander to use a lighter cannon made from leather, an enterprise that failed almost immediately. He created a cavalry unit named after a term meaning "cut them down," the Hackapelits. Pomerania allowed this king to occupy its territory in the Treaty of Stettin. He commanded armies that defeated (*) Count Tilly at the Battles of Rain and Breitenfeld. This man came to power after the death of his father Charles IX, and Axel Oxenstierna became regent after this man was killed leading his troops at the Battle of Lützen. For 10 points, name this Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War, known as the "Lion of the North."

Gustavus Adolphus the Great (or Gustavus II Adolphus; or Gustav II Adolf)

A union of these people in the USSR published the journals Dawn and Word. This ethnicity comprised the serfs of Corfu in medieval Greece. These people follow the law code of kris and submit women's matters to the phuri dai. This group uses the word "gadje" to refer to outsiders. Subgroups within this ethnicity include the entertainment-professing (*) Manush and the metalworking Kalderash. Ziegeunerlager such as Marzahn were concentration camps established specifically for these people, who were targeted in the Porajmos, a Nazi attempt to exterminate them. For 10 points, identify this traditionalist ethnic group which migrated into Europe in the fourteenth century and remains the target of discrimination.

Gypsies [or Roma; or Romani; or any subgroup or other name for Gypsies before it is read; there are too many other names to list, so consult an authority as needed]

This man was the two-time brother-in-law of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, who died soon after defeating this person at the Battle on the Elster. This leader passed his crown on to his younger son after being deserted by his oldest living son, Conrad. This person convoked a synod that selected Guibert of Ravenna as pope, though Guibert is now known as Antipope Clement the Third. In what is known as the Walk to Canossa, this leader supposedly traveled barefoot as penance towards Pope Gregory the Seventh. Name this Holy Roman Emperor who was involved in the Investiture Controversy.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor [or Heinrich IV]

22. One leader of this organization composed the marching song "Forward! Forward! Blare the bright fanfares" for it. Kurt Gruber was eventually replaced by Baldur von Schirach as head of this organization, which was militarized by the latter. The future Pope Benedict XVI was forced to join this organization while at a seminary in Traunstein, and was later conscripted as an antiaircraft assistant. One of this group's symbols consisted of a (*) rising sun with a swastika in it. This organization was further divided into sections like the League of German Girls and the German Young People. For ten points, identify this branch of the Nazi party that consisted of children and teenagers.

Hitler Youth [or Hitlerjugend; prompt on "HJ"; prompt on "Nazis" or "Nazi Party"] <BZ> Bonuses

Early in his rule this man faced an uprising sparked by widespread mistrust of his Flemish background, and this man’s troops decisively defeated those rebels at the Battle of Villalar. A group led by Philip I of Hesse and Elector Johan Frederick I opposed this man, but lost to his armies at the Battle of Muhlberg. He issued a Pragmatic Sanction that effectively unified all the parts of the (*) Low Countries, and he abdicated a year after the ‘cuius regio eius religio’ principle was established in his holdings via the Peace of Augsburg. This ruler bankrolled Magellan’s expedition to circumnavigate the earth. For 10 points, identify this man who ruled Spain and the Holy Roman empire for much of the first half of the 16th century, and was the father of Philip II.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V [accept Charles I of Spain; accept Carlos I; prompt on “Charles†or “Carlosâ€]

The Crescentii clan ended one instance of this title for four decades after Berengar's death. The Ghibellines supported the power of this office in their fight against the Guelphs, and it was assumed by seven years after a victory at Lechfeld against the Magyars by the son of Henry the Fowler. The Treaty of Pressburg invalidated this office after the battle of Austerlitz in 1806, and it was selected by seven electors after the 1356 Golden Bull. This line included Saxonians such as Otto the Great and many Habsburgs. For 10 points, name this often-nominal sovereign who ruled medieval Germans in the name of an earlier defunct empire.

Holy Roman Emperor [or Imperator Romanus Sacer; or Rex romanorum; or "King of the Romans"] <MJ>

Robert of Clermont and Beatrice of Burgundy founded this dynasty. Its Italian branch was linked to the House of Parma and gained the kingdom of Etruria in the treaty of Aranjuez [are-on-WEZ]. Conservative Democrats in the US in the 1880s were named for this dynasty. The War of Spanish Succession was fought after (*) Philip V, a member of this house, took the Spanish throne instead of a Hapsburg. The July Monarchy overthrew a "restored" version of this house led by Charles X. Henry of Navarre was part of this house. For 10 points, name this dynasty which ruled France under Louis XIV.

House of Bourbon [prompt on House of Capet or Capetians]

A ruler from this house was known as John the Posthumous because he reigned for only five days as an infant, and another king known as the "Headstrong" died after a particularly exhausting tennis game. A king from this house ordered the execution of the Knights Templar leader Jacques de Molay. One ruler from it was captured by the Egyptians during the Seventh Crusade, while a later ruler from it defeated the English at the Battle of (*) Bouvines and was named Philip Augustus. This house included a son of Blanche of Castile known as "Saint Louis." It broke down after Philip IV's sons failed to produce heirs, with the throne passed to the House of Valois. For 10 points, name this French royal house which succeeded the Carolingians and which takes its name from its first king, Hugh.

House of Capet [or Capetian]

One member of this house relied on the popolani, while another built Leghorn and secured the Maremma. Some members of this house were "high standard bearers". The House of Albizzi was an early opponent to this house, which Austria took over in 1737. It supported a rebellion of lower-class artisans called ciompi. Girolamo Savonarola usurped this house after one member's death. The Pazzi Conspiracy failed to kill Giuliano and Lorenzo of this family. One member became the Pope after Charles V sacked Rome. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was partly instigated by Catherine of this family. For 10 points, name this Italian banking family which controlled Florentine politics.

House of Medici [or Medici family]

One ruler in this royal house teamed with the English for the Siege of Lingen [LEEN-gun] during his Ten Glory Years. Another ruler in this royal house, who died crossing Moerdyk in a ferry boat, was John William Friso. A queen of this house used a radio station named for it to broadcast encouragement to her country's resistance during World War II from London. In addition to being the line of Maurice and Wilhelmina, this is the house of the newly installed King Willem-Alexander. A member of this house became the King of England after the Glorious Revolution. Name this royal house that has led the Netherlands.

House of Orange-Nassau [accept either underlined name]

A ruler from this house fired Oskar Stark after the latter’s forces were ambushed during his wife’s birthday party. That ruler from this house had his coronation marred when people suffocated in an attempt to get free beer during the Khodynka Tragedy. A ruler from this house passed May Laws banning Jews from inhabiting certain areas, even within the (*) Pale of Settlement. That ruler’s father was slain on a site commemorated by the Church of the Savior on Blood. Members of this dynasty were executed while in exile at Yekaterinburg, although Anna Anderson claimed to be one member of that family, Anastasia. In 1918, the family of its last ruler, Nicholas II, was killed alongside him by the Bolsheviks. For 10 points, name this final dynasty to rule Russia.

House of Romanov [or Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]

A ruler of this dynasty faced uprisings after replacing different taxes with a universal salt tax; eventually, that ruler pretended to exile his main adviser to a monastery. Legendarily, a man named Susanin protected this dynasty's first ruler by guiding enemy soldiers deep into the forest to die. A ruler of this dynasty supported such reforms as replacing a two-finger sign of the cross with a three-fingered one; that occurred during the Raskol reforms of Nikon, who fought the Old Believers of a church. The father of its first ruler was made a patriarch by the second (*) False Dmitry after having once been banished by Boris Godunov. The Time of Troubles ended when this dynasty's Michael took the throne. For 10 points, name this house of Nicholas II that was the final imperial dynasty of Russia.

House of Romanov [or Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov] <Cheyne>

9. These people lost favor after the Affair of the Placards, and the Duke of Buckingham led a failed attempt to relieve a siege of these people at La Rochelle. Dragonnades were sometimes quartered in their homes, and Gaspard de Coligny was one leader of this group. Frederick William protected these people in Prussia with the Edict of (*) Potsdam, which was a response to the second Edict of Fontainebleau. Catherine d'Medici instigated a mass murder of these people in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, but they were later protected under Henry IV's Edict of Nantes. For ten points, name these oft-persecuted French Protestants.

Huguenots [accept French Protestants before mentioned; prompt on "Protestants" or "Calvinists"] <BZ>

These people were responsible for the Affair of the Placards, and a war that these people fought in was started by the Massacre of Vassy, which targeted this group. The name used for this group was originally used for opponents of Charles III of Savoy in Geneva. Thousands of these people were massacred by order of Catherine de Medici on Saint Bartholomew's Day in 1572. Their churches were ordered destroyed by Louis XIV in Fontainebleau, though this group's religious freedom was ensured by Henry IV's Edict of Nantes. Identify these French Calvinist Protestants.

Huguenots [accept Protestant Reformed Church of France or French Protestants before the last two words]

One of these people claimed that it was just to rebel against oppressive kings in the tract VindiciaeContra Tyrannos. The Shakers were influenced by a group of these people known for their black smocks,the Camisards. One of these people stuck a poster on the king's door in the Affair of the Placards. Therights of these people were addressed in the Edict of Saint-Germain and by the 56 secret articles ofanother treaty. The Edict of Fontainebleau targeted these people, who had earlier been slaughtered inthe St Bartholomew's Massacre. For 10 points, name these people whose freedom of worship wasgranted by the Edict of Nantes, a group of French Protestants.

Huguenots [or French Protestants until "French" is read; or French Calvinists until "French" is read; prompt on "Protestants"; prompt on "Calvinists"]

Sixty-three members of this group were killed while holding service in a barn in the Massacre at Vassy. Members of this group were given tax-free status in Brandenburg-Prussia for ten years by Frederick Wilhelm's Edict of Potsdam. They were the targets of Francis, Duc de Guise. One stronghold of these people was taken by Cardinal Richelieu and was La Rochelle. Tolerance for these people was revoked by Louis XIV when he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau. That edict revoked the Edict of Nantes, which was issued by a former member of this group named Henry IV. For 10 points, name these French Protestants.

Huguenots [prompt on "French Protestants" or similar descriptions]

The Calas ("ca-LAH") affair involved the unfair torture and execution of a member of this specific group of people for the alleged murder of his son. Members of this group under Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ("vee-yuh-gain-YON") established a foothold in Rio de Janeiro in 1555, and they were notably besieged at the Battle of (*) La Rochelle. Gaspard de Coligny's murder led to a 1572 event that prompted the Edict of Nantes, which was meant to protect these people. Members of this group were slaughtered en masse by Catholics on St. Bartholomew's Day. For 10 points, name this group of French Protestants who often fled persecution by settling in colonies.

Huguenots [prompt on French Protestants and variants until mentioned; prompt on French Calvinists and variants] <LT>

Near the end of this war, John Talbot was defeated at the Battle of Castillon. Froissart reports that Jack Goodfellow, or Guillaume Cale, led the Jacquerie uprising during this war. Briefly suspended by the Peace of Bretigny, this war began at the Battle of Sluys. Charles d'Albret was killed during a battle in this war that was preceded by the St. Crispin's Day speech. A cavalry charge across a muddy field during this war was repulsed by one side's longbowmen at a battle won by Henry V. For 10 points, name this long war fought between England and France that included the Battle of Agincourt.

Hundred Years' War

One battle in this conflict was fought by the blind John of Bohemia, and that battle saw the first use of volley guns called ribaldis. Another battle in the first stage of this conflict was fought at Sluys, and the War of Breton Succession was an important proxy war in this larger conflict. During this conflict, Edward Woodstock won the Battles of Crecy and Poitiers, and he Henry V led entrenched longbowmen to victory over numerically superior chevaliers at the Battle of Agincourt. For 10 points, name this 116 year conflict between the English and French over succession rights to the French throne and the preservation of English holdings on the continent.

Hundred Years' War

One side in this war made use of a raiding tactic earlier utilized by the Spanish that was known as the chevauchée. The blind John of Bohemia died at one battle in this war. This war, whose history is detailed in Jean Froissart's Chronicles, began with a naval battle at Sluys. One ruler during this war refused to send reserves to one of his generals because he wanted him to "win his spurs." During this war, Edward the Black Prince won the Battle of Crecy. A later battle in this war was fought on muddy terrain that catastrophically slowed Charles D'Albert's cavalry. Including Henry V's victory at Agincourt, FTP, name this war fought between France and England that lasted from 1137 to 1453.

Hundred Years' War

A sideshow to this conflict involved one party supporting Henry of Trastámara against Peter of Castille in the War of Two Peters. One monarch married Catherine after the Treaty of Troyes was signed during this conflict. It included a naval battle at Sluys, and another battle during it included the use of wooden stakes to trip horses and a muddy battlefield. Starting due to the extinction of the direct Capetian line, it included the siege of Orléans, the battle of Crecy, and the use of longbowmen at Agincourt. For 10 points, name this set of conflicts whose heroes included Henry V, Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Arc, lasting from 1337 to 1453.

Hundred Years' War [accept Guerre de cent ans; accept War of Two Peters until it's read]

It's not a civil war, but both sides in this war contemporaneously backed opposing factions in the War of the Two Peters. In one of its final battles, a commander previously captured at Patay was killed. That battle in this war was won when Jean Bureau set up a ditch and cannon around his camp near Castillon. This war featured a military commander nicknamed "La Hire," who is traditionally associated with the image of the Jack of Hearts. One side had its navy destroyed at the Battle of (*) Sluys and suffered a decisive defeat on St. Crispin's Day. During this war, Henry V won the Battle of Agincourt, while his opponents were inspired by Joan of Arc. For 10 points, name this war between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453.

Hundred Years' War [or La Guerre de Cent Ans]

A photograph taken during this event shows Daniel Sego spitting on a giant bronze head which hehad cut off a statue. The AVH was briefly dissolved during this event. An impassioned radio speechwas given during this event by Cardinal Mindszenty after he was freed from prison. Erno Gero wasplaced in power in the leadup to this event, which started with students gathering at a statue of (*)Sandor Petofi. After falsely promising his rival safety in the Yugoslav embassy, the person who took powerafter this event held the mixed economy policy of "goulash communism." During this revolution, ImreNagy (NAJ) was quickly replaced by Janos Kadar. For 10 points, name this 1956 uprising against Sovietdomination which was crushed when tanks rolled into Budapest.

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

The first non-American “group†winner of Time's Man of the Year award honored participants in this event, who were depicted by an artist holding rifles. Operation Whirlwind was meant to stop this event, which featured a crowd destroying a thirty-foot-high bronze statue, leaving only the statue's boots. Although confined to an embassy, Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty (YOH-â€chef†MIHND-sen-tee) was released from prison during this event. This event provided a charged political context for the infamous (*) water polo match at the Melbourne Olympics that featured a bleeding Ervin Zador. In the failure of this event, Imre Nagy (EEM-ruh NAHJ) was executed after leaving the Yugoslavian embassy despite Janos Kadar's (YAH-nosh KAH-dar's) promise of safety. For 10 points, what failed uprising against the Soviet Union took place in 1956 in Budapest?

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 <Cheyne>

During WWII, Raoul Wallenberg saved thousands of Jews in this country by them issuing Swedish passports. The New Economic Mechanism reforms in this nation led to free markets of Goulash Communism under the leadership of János Kádár. A leader of this nation withdrew his nation from the Warsaw Pact in 1956; that leader was Imre Nagy was later executed by the Soviets after they invaded and crushed a revolution in this nation. For 10 points, name this Eastern European nation where leaders such as Mátyas Rákosi have led from Budapest.

Hungary

One ruler from this nation, Coloman the Book-Lover, declared that witches did not exist, and a general from this nation embarked on the Long Campaign to defeat Murad II. That man's son would create the Black Army. This nation was conquered after Louis II was killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Arpad dynasty once ruled. Janos Kadar led this country following the failure of a Revolution here and the execution of Imre Nagy. The Treaty of Trianon resulted in large territorial losses for this nation, whose first king was Stephen I. For 10 points, identify this nation that was briefly led by Lajos Kossuth in 1848, which once formed a dual monarchy with Austria.

Hungary

In the aftermath of World War II, the majority of this country’s parliament was controlled by the Smallholder Party, and many members of that party were targeted by a secret police called the AVH. A State Department employee turned communist spy named Noel Field spent his final years in this country, in which he was used in show trials to implicate Interior Minister Rajk. A longtime ruler of this country introduced some market reforms and reduced trade barriers under the (*) “New Economic Mechanismâ€. This country’s attempt to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact sparked its 1956 revolution, which was crushed by tanks, resulting in the ouster of Imre Nagy. For 10 points, name this former Soviet republic in which Janos Kadar introduced “Goulash Communismâ€.

Hungary [accept “People’s Republic of Hungary†or “Soviet Republic of Hungary†since most of the clues are from that era]

One battle in this country saw its king die in a marsh at the age of nineteen. One of its kings, called "theRaven," headed up the mercenary "Black Army." The armies of this country under Louis II were defeated atMohacs in 1526. This country was liberalized following the administration of Matyas Rakosi, during which timeJanos Kadar was elected General Secretary of the Socialist Party. This country experienced the Revolution of 1956.For 10 points, name this country that was unified from 1867 until 1918 with Austria, and whose capital is Budapest.

Hungary [or Magyarország]

11. These people were defeated by the Gepids at the Battle of Nedao. One colorfully named successor state of these people was alternatively known as the Hephthalites and overthrew the Gupta Empire. These people, who are often linked with the Xiongnu Confederation, were led after the death of Rugila by two brothers, one of whom demanded half of Rome as (*) dowry for his marriage to Honoria. These people, who caused the Great Migration and had a "white" subdivision, were defeated by Flavius Aetius and Theodoric I at the Battle of Chalons while led by the "Scourge of God." For ten points, name this violent nomadic tribe that swept into Europe under the leadership of Attila.

Huns <JD>

The papal bull Laudabiliter allowed for an invasion of this region, a fortified part of which was known as The Pale. Its government was put under control of another in Poyning's Law, while a war here known as Tyrone's Rebellion or the Nine Years' War caused the Flight of the Earls from this place. A shipment of weapons to this region was captured before an event that saw the imprisonment of Roger Casement and saw rebels led by Patrick Pearse take control of the General Post Office. Eamon de Valera participated in that event, which is now known as the Easter Rising. For 10 points, name this home of the left wing party Sinn Fein, an island with cities such as Belfast and Dublin.

Ireland [Accept Eire.]

This location once contained a foreign-administered region called the Pale. One revolt here failed to receive a shipment of German rifles; a man who'd previously reported on the Congo Free State, Roger Casement, was kidnapped before that revolt seized its capital city's General Post Office. A brutal police force here was known as the Black and Tans, and one non-native leader here was Éamon de Valera. Gladstone supported "Home Rule" for this place where the Easter Rising happened in 1916. For 10 points, name this isle whose non-Northern part gained independence in 1922, and which suffered the Great Potato Famine.

Ireland [accept Eire]

The Saville Commission investigated a 1972 incident on this island in which soldiers shot at unarmed civilians. This island, which was once ruled by High King Brian Boru, was later led by a man who supported the Home Rule bills and was disgraced by an affair with Kitty O'Shea. British troops massacred prisoners at Wexford and Drogheda during Cromwell's conquest of this island. This island was also the site of Patrick Pearse and James Connolly's Easter Rising. For 10 points, name this island which experienced a potato famine in the 1840s.

Ireland [or Eire; do not accept or prompt on "Northern Ireland"]

This island was where three members of the cabaret band The Miami Showband were killed in 1975. It is not Australia, but this island was home to a leader who was challenged to a duel by American ambassador Andrew Stevenson and who set up numerous “Monster Meetings†to protest the government. A disparaging term for people on this island who changed their religion was (*) “souperâ€. Numerous people left it on so-called “coffin shipsâ€. An uprising on this island featured rebels headquartered in the General Post Office in April 1916. The so-called “Liberator†of this island set up the Repeal Association to reverse the Act of Union. The Easter Rising took place on this island, whose political parties have included Sinn Fein (“shin†FAYN). For 10 points, what island suffered a devastating 1840s potato famine?

Ireland [or Eire] <Cheyne>

Tenant farmers in this place were helped by the Wyndham Land Purchase Act, which was agitated for by the Land League. A 1798 rebellion in this place was led by Wolfe Tone. An event in this place led to the conversion of "soupers" and was exacerbated by absentee landlords. That event in this place led to a wave of (*) "coffin ships" and the repeal of the Corn Laws. A man from this place was acquitted of involvement in the Phoenix Park Murders but was disgraced after the disclosure of his affair with Kitty O'Shea. This place gained Home Rule in 1914 after a campaign led by Charles Parnell. For 10 points, name this island that was hit by an 1840s potato famine.

Ireland [or Eire] <LL>

A speech given in support of this policy contained a Latin Aeneid quote about the "tide offortune...ebb[ing] faster than it flowed earlier". Chief Secretary Gerald Balfour summarized hispolicy as "killing" this goal "with kindness." A political party dedicated to this goal was first led byIsaac Butt. Edward Carson and James Craig, leaders of the (*) Unionists, campaigned against a 1914bill aiming to bring about this outcome. William Gladstone proposed the first bill named for this goal,having been influenced by his work on land reform with Kitty O'Shea's lover Charles Parnell. For 10points, name this goal of self-governance for an island west of Great Britain.

Irish Home Rule [or Irish autonomy; accept Irish self-governance before "self-governance" is read; prompt on "Irish nationalism" or related answers; do not accept or prompt on "Irish independence"]

Among those who exacerbated this event were the Mahon family in Strokestown, and one of those who tried to ameliorate this event was Charles Trevelyan. Limitations on assistance during this event were the subject of the Gregory clause, and it is referred to as "an Gorta Mor" or "an Drochshaol" in the country in which it took place. Robert Peel (*) repealed the Corn Laws in response to this event, which resulted in certain people converting just to obtain soup. It was caused by Phytophthora infestans and resulted in the death of over a million people. For 10 points, identify this 19th century event which caused death and starvation in Ireland.

Irish Potato Famine [accept the Great Famine or Great Hunger or an Gorta Mor or an Drochshaol; before mentioned; accept just Potato Famine after the end]

In response to this event, three hundred residents of Ballinglass were evicted from their homes. Thisevent was addressed in the papal bull Praedecessores Nostres, and Charles Trevelyan claimed that itwas a "strokeÂ… of Providence." The Widow McCormack's house was the site of a rebellion led byWilliam Smith O'Brien in response to this event. Many people converted during this event in the practiceof "souperism." The coffin ships transported victims of this event, which contributed to Robert Peel'sdecision to repeal the Corn Laws. For 10 points, name this 1845 to 1849 event in which millions diedafter a blight struck a certain staple crop of Ireland.

Irish Potato Famine [or Great Famine; or an Gorta Mor; prompt on "famine"; prompt on "Irish famine"]

During this event, Charles Wood instructed Lord Lieutenant Clarendon to seize all taxable assets of property owners. The Treason Felony Act penalized speaking out against the harsh measures in response to this event. Charles Trevelyan called this event "the judgment of God." During it, Prime Minister John Russell succeeded a man whose namesake "brimstone" was Indian meal sent to aid sufferers, Robert Peel. Black Fever afflicted the victims of this event, during which so-called "coffin ships" brought many immigrants to Canada and America. For 10 points, name this event in the 1840s in which an airborne fungus destroyed most of the main staple of Ireland.

Irish Potato Famine [or Great Irish Famine; or Great Potato Famine; or an Gorta Mór; prompt on Potato Famine and Great Famine]

John Mitchel and Thomas Meagher led an uprising during this event and were sent to Van Diemen's Land,although they both escaped to the United States. This event caused a typhus epidemic to break out on Grosse Isle,where many people affected by this event died. The Baring Brothers and Company ordered shipments of corn inresponse to this event, but other relief efforts were stopped by Charles Trevelyan, who attributed this event to divinejudgment. The Corn Laws were repealed in response to this event. For 10 points, name this event that began in the1840s when a certain crop was inflicted with a namesake blight, causing many Irish people to die of hunger.

Irish Potato Famine [or Irish Famine; or the Great Famine; or an Gorta Mór; accept Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 before "typhus epidemic"]

Eight people retraced the Trail of Tears in 1992 to commemorate Choctaw aid during this event. During this event, 300 residents of Ballinlass were evicted from their homes, and many children began attending Protestant schools during this period as part of a practice known as (*) "souperism." People boarded "coffin ships" in order to escape this event, and Robert Peel advocated for the repeal of the Corn Laws during this event. An island's population declined by 25 percent after the spread of a blight during this event. For 10 points, name this event in which the destruction of a namesake crop caused massive starvation on an island east of Britain.

Irish potato famine (or the Great Famine; or the Great Hunger; accept basically anything about there being a famine or starvation in Ireland)

A war fought over the succession of this person ended with the Battle of Toro, and this person was able to come to power after Alfonso, the Prince of Asturias, died of the plague. An institution founded by this person was responsible for carrying out several auto-da-fè ceremonies. With the assistance of Tomas de Torquemada, this daughter of John II issued the Alhambra Decree, which expelled all of the Jews from her country. With her husband, this woman funded the Atlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus. For 10 points, name this female member of the "Catholic Monarchs," a Queen of Castile who was the wife of Ferdinand of Aragon.

Isabella I [or Isabella of Castile before mention]

Antonio de Nebrija famously presented his completed grammar book to this ruler. This ruler's predecessor was a half-brother named Henry IV, who continuously tried to arrange political marriages for this ruler. This ruler expelled all Jews with the Alhambra Decree, weakening her country's economy. She was succeeded by her daughter, Joanna the Mad, who began Hapsburg control of Spain by marrying Philip the Handsome. She and her husband began the Inquisition and sent Columbus to the New World. For 10 points, name this Spanish queen who united the thrones of Castile and Aragon by marrying Ferdinand I.

Isabella I of Castile [accept Isabel; prompt on Isabella] <DG>

A woman with this name was the daughter of John of Brienne and married Frederick II Hohenstaufen. Another woman with this name began a love affair with Roger Mortimer and joined him in rebellion against her husband, Edward II. Besides those women, respectively "of Jerusalem" and "of France," a more notable woman with this name was recognized as ruler after fighting a war of succession against Joanna la Beltraneja. That ruler's reign saw the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and her patronage of Christopher Columbus. For 10 points, give this name of a queen of Castile who merged her kingdom to that of Ferdinand of Aragon.

Isabella [Accept Yolande of Brienne, since Isabella of Jerusalem was also known as that.]

A woman of this name ruled over a so-called "Moderate Decade," in which Ramon MariaNarvaez's party came to power. Intrigue over the planned marriages of that woman and her sisterLuisa Fernanda caused a diplomatic affair between France and Britain in 1846 as the second Carlistwar began. An early royal with this name beat Joanna la Beltaneja in a succession war as adescendant of Henry of (*) Trastamara, and treated with the Nasrid dynasty ruler Boabdil. The SecondVatican council revoked a decree by that woman of this name, called the Alhambra decree, which expelledall Jews living in her country. For 10 points, give this name held by a queen of Castile who acceptedGranada's surrender, completing the Reconquista, and married Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Isabella [accept Isabella II of Spain; accept Isabella I of Castile]

The failed 1964 Piano Solo plot targeted the ruler of this country, which suffered through a period of political instability during which the Red Brigades kidnapped and murdered its Prime Minister, known as the Years of Lead. A constitutional referendum in this nation ended the House of Savoy's monarchy and created the First Republic in 1946. This country occupied Addis Ababa before annexing Ethiopia in 1936. For 10 points, name this country ruled during World War II by fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

Italy

The assassination of one king from this nation by an anarchist served as the inspiration for Leon Czolgosz's ("CHO-goss") killing of President McKinley. That king's son and successor had the nickname "little saber" owing to his extremely small stature. In (*) 1946, this country voted to abolish its monarchy, unseating Umberto II. For much of World War II, this nation was effectively led by a man who had been the publisher of the newspaper Avante!. For 10 points, name this country that had two kings named Victor Emanuel and was led by Benito Mussolini for over two decades.

Italy [accept Kingdom of Italy] <LT>

In this country, the far-left October 22 Circle attempted to attack a US consulate. This countrywas home to a Masonic lodge called P2, which collaborated with a NATO stay-behind programcalled Operation Gladio to combat Communist influence. A film whose English title is Marianne andJuliane provided a name for an era of turmoil here, during which the leader of its ChristianDemocracy party was (*) killed and stuffed in a car trunk by the Red Brigades. Aldo Moro died duringthis coutry's violent Years of Lead in the 1970s and 80s. It has more recently been led by a media tycoonwho hosted a series of "bunga bunga" parties, leading to his 2013 conviction for underage prostitution. For10 points, name this European country home to Silvio Berlusconi.

Italy [or Italian Republic; or Repubblica italiana]

The religious text known as the Stoglav is structured as a set of responses to 100 questions posed by this man. The Astrakhan Khanate was annexed during this man's rule by his general Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. He organized the first meeting of an assembly known as the (*) zemsky sobor. Stephen Bathory expelled the forces of this ruler from Livonia during that region's namesake war. The Massacre of Novgorod was carried out by this man's secret police, the oprichniki. This ruler was succeeded by his mentally handicapped son Feodor I after accidentally killing his other son. For 10 points, name this first Rurikid Russian tsar nicknamed for his cruelty.

Ivan the Terrible (or Ivan IV Vasilyevich; or Ivan Grozny; prompt on just "Ivan")

This ruler entertained explorer Richard Chancellor, setting up relations with England. A film about him switches from black and white to color in the last ten minutes, during which this man dresses his cousin up as a ruler to avoid assassination. He ordered the death of the Metropolitan Philip II, who had refused to bless him. According to legend, this ruler blinded the architect who designed a (*) cathedral to commemorate the seizing of Kazan. Thousands were killed when he ordered the massacre of Novgorod to be carried out by his police force, the oprichniki. This man was succeeded by his mentally unstable son Feodor I after having himself killed his heir Ivan Ivanovich. For 10 points, name this first ruler crowned as tsar of Russia, whose nickname may refer to his acts of cruelty.

Ivan the Terrible [or Ivan IV Vasilyevich]

Under this ruler's reign, the first printers in his country fled from his capital to Lithuania. This conqueror of Dorpat and Astrakhan gave up Narva in a treaty at Plussa with Sweden, and later  renounced his claims on Livonia at the treaty of Jam Zaploski. He called the first Zemsky Sobor, and he had his private army of Oprichniks harass the boyars. His son Fyodor was succeeded by Boris Godunov, and he ordered the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral. For 10 points, name this first Russian to take the title of Tsar, whose brutal treatment of Novgorod led to his nickname.

Ivan the Terrible [or Ivan IV; or Ivan Groznyi]ÂÂ

This ruler corresponded vitriolically with a former friend, Andrey Kurbsky, who became a Lithuanian turncoat. One military action ordered by this ruler resulted after Archbishop Pimen was accused of treason. This ruler established at Kitai-gorod his country’s first printing press, called the Print Yard. This ruler ordered the Sack of Novgorod during the Livonian War and established a secret police called the (*) oprichniki. This man was succeeded by the feeble-minded Feodor I, the last of his line, after he killed his intended heir by striking him on the head with a scepter. In 1547, he became the first ruler to convert the title of Grand Prince of Moscow to Tsar of Russia. For 10 points, name this Rurikid tsar of Russia, whose epithet refers to his might, not his horribleness.

Ivan the Terrible [or Ivan IV; or Ivan Vasilyvich; or Ivan Grozny; prompt on “Ivanâ€]

Special benches named for these places were established in universities as part of anumerus clausus policy. The head of one of the councils of elders set up in these placesgave the "Give Me Your Children" speech. In one of these places, members of the ZOBcommitted mass suicide at the Mila 18 bunker after being surrounded by JurgenStroop's forces. At memorial to an event that occurred in one of these places, WillyBrandt performed his "kniefall." (*) Irene Sendler smuggled 2,500 children out of one of these places. The residents of one of these places were deported to a camp at Treblinka after an unsuccessful 1943 uprising in Warsaw. For 10 points, name this type of place where Jews were forced to live before being sent to death camps in Nazi-occupied Europe.

Jewish ghettos

A local leader of these people exhorted his community to "Give me your children!" when urging the surrender of twenty thousand children in an attempt at appeasement. Refugees of these people aboard the MS St. Louis were turned away by port authorities in three different countries. One proposal suggested deporting these people en masse to Madagascar. Businesses and residences belonging to these people were vandalized in the "Night of the Broken Glass" after Herschel Grynszpan assassinated Ernst vom Rath. The Wannsee Conference formulated a plan to solve the namesake "Question" of these people called the Final Solution. For 10 points, name these people who were targeted during the Holocaust.

Jews [or Jewish people; accept Ashkenazi Jews; prompt on Germans, Poles, or any other nationality that was affected by the Holocaust; anti-prompt on Ashkenazi Jews; do not accept or prompt on Sephardic Jews]

The 1904 Limerick Boycott targeted these people. One member of this group was displayed publically in a human-sized birdcage after he was accused of poisoning Karl Alexander I of Wurttemberg. Under the 1264 Statute of Kalisz, these people were given special courts and had funerals fully funded by the Polish nobility. These people in Russia were mostly forced to live in the Pale of Settlement in villages called "shtetls" where they were frequently attacked in pogroms. For 10 points, identify these members of a monotheistic faith persecuted by Christians in medieval Europe.

Jews or Jewish Europeans

This figure condemned the "false and vile superstition" of the Hussites in a letter that began with a customary invocation of "Jesus, Mary." La Hire ["ee-ra"] fought under this commander. Guillaume de Flavy stranded this figure outside the gates of Compeigne by lifting a drawbridge too soon, allowing John of (*) Luxembourg to capture this leader, who was then subjected to a trial led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon. This figure approached the Dauphin Charles VII after seeing visions of saints, and helped lift the siege of Orleans before being ultimately burnt at the stake. For 10 points, name this commander of the Hundred Years' War, a female "Saint."

Joan of Arc (or Jeanne d'Arc; or St. Joan; prompt on Maid of Orleans before "Orleans" is read)

For supporting this person, and claiming to have seen God in human form, a Breton woman named Pierrone was killed. This person was the subject of a posthumous trial called by Calixtus III. One of this leader's allies was a knight who was later found to have murdered hundreds of children in his castle. This person defeated John Talbot at the Siege of (*) Orleans. Before obtaining an audience with King Charles VII, this person claimed to have heard the voices of Saint Michel and Saint Catherine. She was captured by the Burgundians and turned over to the English, who burnt her at the stake for heresy. For 10 points, name this peasant girl who led French forces during the Hundred Years' War.

Joan of Arc [or Jeanne d'Arc; or la Pucelle] <JB History>

This king visited his sister while travelling as "Count Falkenstein." The treaty of Versailles was strengthened by this man's marriage to Isabella of Parma. One of this man's reforms was an attempt to quell a peasant revolt in Horea. This man extended religious freedom to Jews with his Edict of Tolerance, which was released a year after his Patent of Toleration. This man became co-regent after the death of his father Francis I. This brother of Marie Antoinette was succeeded by his younger brother Leopold I, who undid this man's liberation of the serfs. For 10 points, name this enlightened son of Maria Theresa.

Joseph II

This ruler sought to gain territory via a secret agreement with Charles Theodore, and this ruler also abolished the death penalty. This ruler's finance minister Karl von Zinzendorf attempted to implement policies with physiocratic tendencies. This ruler sent generals Lacy and Laudon on a series of tactical maneuvers in one conflict that saw little actual fighting, the War of Bavarian Succession, and, in response to the peasants' revolt of Horea, abolished serfdom. This ruler issued the Patent of Tolerance and argued with Pius VI over the dissolution of monasteries. For 10 points, identify this Hapsburg monarch succeeded by Leopold, an enlightened despot who rose to power following the death of his co-ruler Maria Teresa.

Joseph II

The Trials of the 16 and 21 accused the members of this leader's party of breaking Article 58. This man's idiotic agricultural advisor ignored Mendelian genetics and claimed that vernalization was inheritable. An advisor to this leader coined the term "socialism in one country." One of his advisors proposed a massacre in the (*) Katyn forest. A secret speech about this man's personality cult drove his advisors toward rehabilitation. An old rival to this leader was murdered by Ramon Mercader in Mexico City. NKVD leader Nikolai Yezhov led the great purges of his cabinet. For 10 points, name this Soviet leader who exiled Leon Trotsky and succeeded Lenin.

Joseph Stalin

In one battle, this leader blew up all the bridges on the Neretva River to thwart forces under Alexander Löhr, and he was the target of Operation Knight's Leap. This leader signed the Treaty of Vis with Ivan Šubašić. Fitzroy Maclean was this man's British liaison, and this ruler fought against the Ustasha and his nemesis Draža Mihailović, leader of the Nazi-collaborationist Chetnik movement. This man put down the Croatian Spring, and his denial of the COMINFORM began the Informbiro period, part of his feud with Stalin. For 10 points, name this leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and dictator of Yugoslavia.

Josip Broz Tito

3. This man was accused of aiding the Ustase after he jailed Aloysius Stepinac, and he escaped German forces in the Raid of Drvar. The Treaty of Vis combined this man's government with that of the exiled king Peter II, and he dethroned the Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović. This proponent of "national communism" worked with (*) Nehru and Nasser to create the Non-Aligned Movement years after initiating his split with Joseph Stalin. After his death, a certain Balkan country broke up into countries like Slovenia, Macedonia, and Croatia. For ten points, name this longtime leader of Yugoslavia.

Josip Broz Tito (accept Josip Broz) <KT>

This man merged his forces and the government of Peter II by signing the Treaty of Vis, and he was excommunicated by the Pope after imprisoning Aloysius Stepinac for aiding the Ustashi movement. This man triggered the Informbiro Period by supporting the Communist movement in Greece, and his forces slaughtered the rival Chetnicks during the Bleiburg Massacre. His split with Stalin led him to help establish the Non-Aligned Movement, and he led the Partisans during World War II. For 10 points, name this communist leader who ruled Yugoslavia until his death in 1980.

Josip Broz Tito [accept either]

This man's government was opposed by his one-time vice president and author of The UnperfectSociety, Milovan Djilas. He was appointed head of the KPJ at the Fifth Land Conference in 1940, andAllied pressure forced the exiled King Peter II to recognize his government. The predecessor of hisUDBA secret police arrested Draža Mihailovi?, a leader of the Chetniks, in 1946. SavkaDab?evi?-Ku?ar was a leader of a "spring" movement against this man in the (*) 1970s. His countrywas expelled from the Cominform in 1948, and he later became the First Secretary General of theNon-Aligned Movement. This man's federalized state of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs fell apart after the fallof Communism. For 10 points, name this longtime ruler of Yugoslavia.

Josip Broz Tito [or Josip Broz]

This man employed such officials as the poet Paul the Silentiary, and a notable account of his reign was written by Agathias. He ended the Lazic War by dispatching his envoy Peter the Patrician, and during his reign, Totila was slain at the Battle of Taginae. This man ordered the officer Mundus to attack the supporters of Anastasius’ nephew, (*) Hypatius. This monarch, a supporter of the “Blues†faction of chariot racing enthusiasts, employed such scholars as Tribonian, who helped to compile the legislative collection Corpus juris civilis. This husband of Theodora was the target of the Nika riots and the ruler who dispatched his general Belisarius to retake Western Roman lands. For 10 points, name this Byzantine ruler who built the Hagia Sophia.

Justinian I [or Justinian the Great; prompt on “Justinianâ€]

One man with this non-religious title died from larynx cancer after only 99 days in this office during the Year of the Three of them. The final holder of this political office said, "You English are mad, mad, mad as March hares!" for an interview with the Daily Telegraph. One holder of this office called his cousin, Nicholas II, "Nicky" in a series of correspondences. Frederick III held this office in 1888. The first man to hold this office declared it at the Palace of Versailles in 1871 during a war fought between his country and France. All holders of this office were members of the Hohenzollern dynasty. For 10 points, give this title held by Wilhelm I and II, the emperors of Germany.

Kaiser [or Emperor of Germany before mention]

After this man's correspondence with the comte de Mirabeau was discovered, the count's remainswere removed from the Pantheon. His finance minister Calonne's attempts at abolishing the corvéewere opposed by the parlements, and another of his finance ministers published the Compte rendu, areport showing a large surplus for the kingdom. Charles Gravier was this man's foreign minister,who advised supporting the (*) American colonists in their revolt from England. This man called anAssembly of Notables after that support of American colonists led to a national debt crisis and laterfollowed the Assembly's suggestion of calling the Estates General. For 10 points, name this Frenchmonarch who was executed by the Revolutionary government in 1793.

King Louis XVI [prompt on "Louis"]

The final man to hold this title spent 37 years living in Cascais, Portugal after beingbanned from his home country in 1948. A man with this title decorated General BavaBeccarris for massacring striking workers. After a man with this title had his primeminister imprisoned in a mountain resort, that prime minister was rescued in the GranSasso raid and put in charge of the Republic of Salò. An (*) anarchist returned from NewJersey to kill a man with this title, inspiring the assassination of McKinley. A man with this title was made Emperor of Ethiopia after the deposition of Haile Selassie. A man with this title was forced to appoint a new government after the Blackshirts marched on his capital. For 10 points, name this title held by Victor Emmanuel III during Mussolini's dictatorship.

King of Italy [do not accept "King of Piedmont-Sardinia"]

One person who held this title went on a crusade against the Galindians. Another person whoheld this title was manipulated by the Duke of the Seniorate Province and had the nickname"Wrymouth." It was also held by a man called "the elbow-high" and a man who granted Jewscitizenship in the Statute of Kalisz. Those were members of the (*) Piast Dynasty, and a later housewhich possessed this title was founded by a man who defeated Ulrich von Jungingen at the Battle ofGrunwald. For 10 points, identify this title that was held by such men as Casimir III and Miezko I, as wellas several who also ruled Lithuania in a personal union.

King of Poland [or Grand Duke of Poland-Lithuania]

The first Christian man to hold this position had the name Skotkonung and was baptized at Husaby. The man in this office during the Black Plague clashed with St. Birgitta. This position was held by a man who won the Battle of Narva before a disastrous defeat at Poltava the Great Northern War. This position was subsumed by the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway until the House of Vasa emerged and took this position. For 10 points, name this royal position held by Charles XII and Gustavus, who ruled a kingdom from Stockholm.

King of Sweden [accept Ruler of Sweden or equivalents involving Sweden]

A group of German soldiers under Joachim Peiper were convicted of murdering 84 prisoners of war in an incident in this country known as the Malmedy Massacre. The surrender of this nation by its king to Nazi forces resulted in his abdication following a postwar general strike. Both the burning of the library at the University of Leuven and King Albert I's leadership of its military during the Race to the Sea occurred after the "rape" of this nation. Three battles were fought at Ypres in this country, whose neutrality was violated by the Schlieffen Plan, prompting Britain's entry into the First World War. For 10 points, name this country whose government fled to Ostend from Brussels in 1940.

Kingdom of Belgium [Accept Koninkrijk Belgie.]

A civil war in this kingdom was ended by the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando. A native of thiskingdom terrorized her daughter-in-law Marguerite of Provence and twice served as Regent ofFrance while her son, Louis IX, was on crusade. The Trastamara dynasty once ruled this home ofQueen Blanche, whose populace revolted against Charles V in the War of the Comuneros. Thiskingdom was added to Navarre under Sancho the Great before winning the War of the ThreeSanchos. (*) Avila and Valladolid were cities of this kingdom, which was often joined with nearby Leonand produced a ruler who was advised by Tomas de Torquemada. The standard dialect of modern Spain isnamed for, for 10 points, what Spanish kingdom whose queen Isabella I united it with Aragon?

Kingdom of Castile [or Castilla or Crown of Castile or County of Castile; also accept Castile -Leon]

OPROP! leaflets were dropped over this country during World War II. This country, which was once known as Hitler's "canary", was invaded after its leader sent Hitler a rude reply to a birthday card. This "model protectorate" was invaded on Rosh Hashanah. A scientist from this country convinced a neighbor's king to accept this country's Jews in 1943. This nation's (*) king mythically resolved to wear the yellow star of David. The German invasion of this country lasted all of six hours, but most of its Jews escaped to Sweden. For 10 points, name this country which was led by Christian X during World War II, when Nazis occupied Copenhagen.

Kingdom of Denmark

A number of "folk high schools" were established in this country according to the ideas of N.F.S. Grundtvig. This country's monarch lost many of his powers after attempting to dismiss Carl Zahle during the Easter Crisis, in which he tried to demand central Schleswig-Holstein from Germany. During its occupation by the Nazis, this country's resistance movement saved nearly all of its Jews, and its king apocryphally wore a yellow star in solidarity. This country was ruled by a series of monarchs named Christian. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation bordering Germany on its south.

Kingdom of Denmark [or Kongeriget Danmark]

This country is where the Ladby Ship was discovered, and a king of this country built ring fortresses with gates for each of the cardinal directions. A history of this country was written by Saxo Grammaticus. Gorm the Old's son christianized this country just before the year 1000, according to the Jelling Stones. In 1864, this country lost the duchies of (*) Schleswig and Holstein. Until 1814, Norway was controlled by this country. Its king Christian X supposedly wore a yellow star in solidarity with the Jews. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation that was occupied during World War II by its southern neighbor, Germany.

Kingdom of Denmark [or Kongeriget Danmark] <LL>

Though it's not France or Prussia, this nation's "telegram crisis" broke out after its leader used only seven words to thank a birthday greeting. That leader of this nation rode a horse named Jubilee every morning. This country's queen Margaret formed the Kalmar Union in 1397. Admirals Scheer and Jellicoe fought in a naval battle off its coast in 1916. This nation was once led by King Christian X, who sheltered all but five hundred of its Jews during the Holocaust, though it's a myth that he ever wore the yellow star himself. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country that gave home rule to Greenland.

Kingdom of Denmark [or Kongeriget Danmark]<MJ>

One early leader of this kingdom named Taksony allowed Pecheneg tribes to settle in the Temej region. His grandfather, Arpad, unified this kingdom through the Covenant of Blood signed by seven tribal leaders. The victory at Buda by the Holy League caused the crown of this kingdom to be passed to a Hapsburg ruler. An army led Louis II of this kingdom was decisively defeated by Ottoman forces at the town of Mohacs [mo-hahtch]. Saint Stephen was the first ruler of this kingdom, which was home to many Magyars. FTP, name this Central European kingdom that was separated from Austria in the aftermath of World War I.

Kingdom of Hungary

This kingdom's culture flourished under its two foreign Angevin rulers, Charles I and Louis the Great. Forces called the kuruc resisted despotic Habsburg rule over this kingdom. In the sixteenth century, this kingdom's territory was split between the rival kings John Zapolya and Ferdinand von Habsburg. This realm's ruler, Louis II, drowned at the Battle of Mohacs, where its military was annihilated. One of this kingdom's rulers received its "holy crown" from Sylvester II. This kingdom was Christianized under St. Stephen. For 10 points, name this medieval kingdom whose rulers lived at Buda.

Kingdom of Hungary

While serving as the king of another nation, a man from this nation won the Siege of Polotsk during the Livonian War. A general from this nation waged the "Long Campaign" before losing the Battle of Varna. One king of this nation established a group of personal mercenaries known as the Black Army. Control of this home of John Hunyadi and Matthias Corvinus was split between the Ottomans and Transylvania after its ruler Louis II lost the Battle of Mohacs. This nation was unified by a king who also actively spread Christianity, Saint Stephen I. For 10 points, name this kingdom which is now a nation with a capital at Budapest.

Kingdom of Hungary

This country gained the Dodecanese Islands from the Ottoman Empire after it won a war that included the first aerial bombardment. After this country captured Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, those provinces were consolidated into a colony which this country called its "fourth shore." A mistranslated clause in the Treaty of Wuchale forced another country to conduct its foreign affairs through this country. In 1939, this country overthrew King Zog during its invasion of Albania. This country was defeated at the Battle of Adowa, preserving the independence of a country ruled by Menelik II. For 10 points, name this country which invaded Ethiopia twice, the second time under the rule of Benito Mussolini.

Kingdom of Italy [or Regno d'Italia]

. Two diplomats from this country were accused of smuggling rubles from the Soviet Union in a 1928 scandal. The British led Operations Freshman and Gunnerside took place in this country and sabotaged a project to acquire heavy water, which could lead to the production of nuclear weapons. A man from here compiled the 1,518 page long document 2083: A European Declaration of Independence, which denounces "cultural Marxists" and "Muslims." In this country, a man dressed as a police officer traveled to a youth summer camp and killed 69 people. During World War II, it was led by puppet Nazi stooge Vidkun Quisling. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country, the site of horrific 2011 shootings carried out by Anders Breivik.

Kingdom of Norway Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament 2015: My Torah Portion was an Archie Comic Questions by Rob Carson, Mike Cheyne, Andrew Hart, Gautam Kandlikar, Shan Kothari, Bernadette Spencer, Cody Voight, and special guest Ike Jose Packet 06: Bonuses

One ruler of this kingdom was personally crowned by William of Sabina when he established acapital at Nidaros. During medieval times, this state established colonies at Lambay and Waterfordand lost a war against Richard "Strongbow." This country ruled two areas later annexed by theKingdom of Alba and Scotland; those were, respectively, the Hebrides and Orkney. One ruler of thiscountry attempted to mount an invasion through (*) York and saw his contingent defeated by HaroldGodwinson at Stamford Bridge. For 10 points, identify this kingdom whose rulers held possessions inIreland after the Viking raids and included Harold Hardrada and Haakon the Old.

Kingdom of Norway [or Kongeriket Norge]

This country defended a star-shaped castle at Elvas during the Restoration War, under its fourth king with a name translated as John. This country executed the Távora family at the behest of the Marquis of Pombal. The royal family of the Kingdom of Kongo adopted the names of this country's royal family. This kingdom developed the lateen-rigged sails on a ship called the caravel and built a research center at Sagres. A 1755 earthquake wrecked the capital of this kingdom, which was once ruled by the Aviz dynasty of Prince Henry the Navigator. For 10 points, name this kingdom which broke from Galicia during the Reconquista and once owned Brazil.

Kingdom of Portugal

[Note to teams: Two answers required.]These two nations formed a union following a succession crisis in one of them that saw the Prior of Crato claim the throne. That military occupation was later followed by a restoration war won by John IV, who founded a new dynasty. These two nations have quarreled since 1801 over the sovereignty of Olivenza. The most notable treaty between these two countries was renegotiated after the location of the line of demarcation set by Pope Alexander VI was deemed unfair, and these two nations expelled Napoleon during the Peninsular War. For 10 points, name this pair of countries that split South America in the Treaty of Tordesillas and share the Iberian Peninsula.

Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves AND Kingdom of Spain [or Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves AND Reino de España]

This kingdom formed as a result of the Treaty of Labiau, as its founder was promised autonomy in exchange for military aid to Sweden. The death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia saved this kingdom from annihilation in the Seven Years' War. It developed from a monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, and joined in union with the Margraviate of Brandenburg, giving it control of Berlin. It was founded by the House of Hohenzollern, and Otto von Bismarck sought to unify it with the rest of the German states. For 10 points, name this kingdom ruled by Frederick the Great.

Kingdom of Prussia

The Economist claims a ruler of this kingdom loved Italian greyhounds so much he coined the phrase “a dog is a man's best friendâ€. During the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, this kingdom ended up reversing alliances and linking with Britain. This kingdom's infantry used the Dreyse (DRY-suh) needle gun as a weapon. The disputed first king of this place was the “Mercenary Kingâ€, the father of the “Soldier Kingâ€. Its greatest ruler was an enlightened despot who (*) composed numerous flute sonatas, inspired Bach's Musical Offering, and engineered the first partition of Poland. This kingdom was the primary power in a confederation that beat down the French under Napoleon III in 1871. For 10 points, name this kingdom ruled by Frederick the Great that was unified with other German states by Otto von Bismarck.

Kingdom of Prussia [do not accept or prompt on “Germanyâ€] <Cheyne>

Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical "Dilectissima Nobis" about church persecution in this country.A writer from this modern day country was imprisoned for four years for translating the Song ofSongs. The Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela was killed in a 1066 massacre in here during an overallpeaceful period of religious tolerance known as "The Coexistence." Important centers of scholarshipin what is now this country include the Nasrid court and the University of (*) Salamanca. Along withits western neighbor, this country carried out many auto-da-fe rituals against heretics. This modern daycountry expelled Sephardic Jews in 1492 after the Alhambra decree was issued. For 10 points, name thissite of Ferdinand II's brutal Inquisition against non-Christians.

Kingdom of Spain

This modern-day country was home to the kingdom of Chindasuinth. This modern country was the final settlement location of the tribe that won the Battle of Adrianople and sacked Rome in 410 under Alaric. Ta'ifa kingdoms formed after the 1031 collapse of a polity in this modern country, which was the final home of the (*) Visigoths. It was home to several caliphs named Abd al-Rahman, as well as the Kingdom of León. A breakaway Umayyad dynasty ruled Al-Andalus in this modern country. It was the site of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and the siege of Granada. For 10 points, name this country whose Reconquista ended in 1492.

Kingdom of Spain [or Reino de España] <JR> Tiebreaker

Francis I shouted "Show me Adam's will!" to dispute claims made by these two countries. The Aeterni regis [ay-TARE-nee RAY-jus] and Inter caetera bulls granted land to these two countries. These two countries signed the Treaty of Zaragoza after they both claimed the Moluccas and then argued about how anti-meridians work. The Almoravid [all-MORE-uh-vid] dynasty was in these two (*) European countries. The first circumnavigation was conducted by a man from one of these countries who sailed for the other. Their New World territory was split along a line of longitude by the Treaty of Tordesillas [tore-duh-SEE-us]. For 10 points, name these countries who claimed, respectively, Brazil, and the rest of South America.

Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal [either order acceptable; accept Espana and Reino Portuguesa]

This country's longest-serving Prime Minister, Tage ("TAH-gay") Erlander, belonged to its Social Democratic Party and helped make its air force the third largest in the world. That man was succeeded by his protegé whose 1986 assassination remains unsolved. Two factions during this country's age of liberty that differed on their stance towards Russia were the (*) caps and the hats. The victor at the Battle of Lutzen, a king nicknamed the "Lion of the North," hailed from this country. Queen Christina and Gustavus Adolphus were both famous rulers of this nation. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation with a capital at Stockholm.

Kingdom of Sweden <LT>

A ruler of this country founded the Arcadian Academy in Rome after being converted to Catholicism by Pope Alexander VII. That ruler of this country invited Hugo Grotius and René Descartes to come to it, and they both died in it. This country's golden age started after the death of its King Charles (*) XII and the Treaty of Nystad. A king of this country won the Battle of Breitenfeld but was killed by Albrecht von Wallenstein's troops at the Battle of Lützen. That king of this nation was known as the "Lion of the North" during the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this country home to Queen Christina and Gustavus Adolphus, with capital Stockholm.

Kingdom of Sweden [or Konungariket Sverige]

In 1680, this country seized massive amounts of land from its aristocracy in the Great Reduction. René Descartes died in this country while serving as tutor to one of its rulers, who later converted to Catholicism. Axel Oxenstierna counseled the monarchs of this country for more than forty years. The Count of Tilly was killed at the Battle of Rain by forces of this country, which invaded northern Germany during the Thirty Years' War. A king of this country was known as the "Lion of the North" and was killed during the Battle of Lützen. For 10 points, name this country ruled by members of the Vasa Dynasty like Christina and Gustavus Adolphus, who reigned from Stockholm.

Kingdom of Sweden [or Konungariket Sverige]

After Lajos Kossuth gave a speech during the Hungarian revolution of 1848, this man was overthrown by a mob. This man arranged for the marriage of Napoleon and Archduchess Marie Louise, and he disbanded the Burschenschaft after the murder of the playwright August von Kotzebue. Karl von Hardenberg and Viscount Castlereagh were among ministers present at an (*) assembly led by this man, in which he denounced the Holy Alliance proposed by Alexander I. Along with representatives such as Charles Talleyrand, this statesman arranged the Concert of Europe. For ten points, name this Austrian statesman who issued the Carlsbad decrees and chaired the Congress of Vienna.

Klemens von Metternich <RP>

Detachments of this organization participated in the Siege of Al-Dāmūs under the leadership of Pedro de Montaigu, who was later appointed as its Grand Master prior to the capture of Damietta. This organization was formally endorsed at the Council of Troyes due to the support of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. Its assets were absorbed by the Knights Hospitaller after its demise, and after being charged with heresy, members of this organization were burned to death at the order of Philip IV. For 10 points, name this Christian Crusading order with headquarters at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, whose members often wore clothing emblazoned with a red cross.

Knights Templar [accept Templars or Order of the Temple or Ordre du Temple or Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon]

Henry the Navigator's voyages were funded by a Portuguese offshoot of this group. On a Friday the thirteenth, sixty-one members of this organization were arrested for kissing, hazing new members, and spitting on the cross. This organization's use of safe deposit and letters of credit revolutionized modern banking. Gerard de Ridefort, Grand Master of this organization, was killed at the (*) Siege of Acre. Under Jacques de Molay, this organization was harassed and tortured by Clement V and Philip IV. These rivals to the Hospitallers used a white flag with a red cross in battle against Saladin. For 10 points, name these crusading knights.

Knights Templar [or the Templars; or Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon]

This figure led the Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms and bolstered his country's economy with the Balcerowicz Plan. This man, who declared that he'd sooner resign than sign any bill legalizing abortion, extracted promises from a general in sunglasses during the Roundtable Talks. This man mourned his successor in 2010 after that successor died in a Smolensk airport plane crash. He got his start in the Lenin shipyards by leading a strike of workers in Gdansk against Communism. For 10 points, identify this former electrician who founded the Solidarity movement, the first democratically-elected president of Poland.

Lech Walesa [approx. vah-WEN-suh; accept more Anglicized pronunciations] <MPG>

A pope of this name organized a multinational crushed by Humphrey of Hauteville and RobertGuiscard at the battle of Civitate. A later pope of this name liked parading around on his pet whiteelephant Hanno. This papal name was shared by a man who invoked the Donation of Constantine ina letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople, touching off the East-West Schism, and a pontiff whodiscussed the plight of the working class in the (*) 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum. This name's tenthpapal holder, who was once named Giovanni Medici, issued Exsurge Domine in response to the 95 Theses,while the third such pope crowned Charlemagne "King of the Romans." For 10 points, give this papal namewhose first possessor persuaded Attila to spare Italy.

Leo

Karl Radek wrote a controversial article calling this man the "Organizer of Victory." In October 1917, he told a political group that they should "go where you belong from now onÂâ€"into the dustbin of history!" He was criticized as a hypocrite by Emma Goldman for calling in the army as War Commissioner to put down the 1921 Kronstadt Rebellion. This husband of Natalia Sedova replaced Adolph Joffe in leading a delegation of a country that pulled out of a war in the Treaty of (*) Brest-Litovsk. This author of The Revolution Betrayed reportedly had an affair with Frida Kahlo while living in Diego Rivera's home. He was slain in 1940 by Ramon Mercader, who used an ice axe. For 10 points, name this Russian revolutionary who was assassinated in Mexico on orders of Joseph Stalin.

Leon Trotsky [accept Lev Davidovich Bronshtein]

Isaac Deutscher wrote a three-volume biography of this man, called The Prophet. This man wrote The Revolution Betrayed while in exile, and ordered the violent suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion. This victim of Ramón Mercader fled to the home of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, where he was killed with an icepick. This sometime editor of Pravda advocated "permanent revolution," which contrasted with his rival's program of "socialism in one country" and led him to be purged. For 10 points, name this Russian revolutionary displaced by Josef Stalin.

Leon Trotsky [or Lev Davidovich Bronshtein] <SJW> [You have reached the end of the round. Do not continue reading unless the game is tied or a tossup was thrown out earlier in the round.]

This world leader overhyped his war record in his poorly written trilogy of memoirs that began with The Small Land. An assassin that tried to shoot this man at the Borovitsky Gate was judged to be insane because only a lunatic would try to kill this man. A photograph depicted this leader kissing Erich Honecker, and the “Era of Stagnation†began during his leadership. With the American president, this man participated in the (*) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. His namesake doctrine authorized intervention if socialist countries began to turn towards capitalism, which justified a 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia during Prague Spring, as well as a later invasion of Afghanistan. For 10 points, name this successor to Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary of the Soviet Union.

Leonid Brezhnev

A Holy Roman Emperor with this name signed the Peace of Vasvar, which triggered the MagnateConspiracy in Hungary. That ruler was heavily influenced by Johann Ferdinand Portia and foughtagainst France in the War of the League of Augsburg during his five-decade rule. Another monarchof this name refused to flee the country after his forces were surrounded at the Leie River, leading toa post-war dispute over his supposed (*) Nazi collaboration. An earlier ruler with this name was thesubject of the scathing Casement Report, which detailed how his Force Publique cut off the hands ofAfrican rubber workers. That man sent Henry Morgan Stanley to claim territory that became the CongoFree State. For 10 points, give this name of the first Belgian emperor.

Leopold

During the Middle Ages, the Banu Sabur Dynasty ruled a Taifa kingdom based in this city. The capture of this city was the "only success" of the Christian army during the Second Crusade, and this city was occupied by Napoleon's forces during the (*) Peninsular War from 1804 to 1807. The Marquis de Pombal rebuilt this city after an event led to a tsunami from the Tagus River, and this city's namesake treaty was signed in 2007 and amended the European Union's constitution. For 10 points, name this site of a massive earthquake in 1755, the capital of Portugal.

Lisbon Bonuses

This port's maritime trade increased with a navy built by Manuel Pessanha of Genoa under orders of Denis the Farmer King. This city's overseas trade, which was managed by the India House, included the wine it exported to England due to the Methuen Treaty. This city ceased to be a capital of an independent country after a 1580 War of Succession, which followed the death of a "desired" king in Morocco. Its Pombaline style buildings were erected by the Marquis of (*) Pombal, who managed this city following a natural disaster. A 1668 treaty signed in this city assured the sovereignty of its ruling House of Braganza. For 10 points, name this city which suffered a devastating earthquake in 1755, the capital from which trade with colonial Brazil was controlled.

Lisbon [or Lisboa ]

This city's Roman name included Felicitas Iulia, and it built the Jerónimos monastery from taxes on East Indies goods after becoming a center of spice trading. Military supporters of a nonviolent revolution in this city blocked their guns' barrels with carnations in the spring of 1974. This city was reconquered from Muslims in 1147 by Afonso I. In 2009, Ireland became the last EU nation to affirm a treaty named for this city, which was the seat of the Aviz and Braganza dynasties and suffered a 1755 earthquake. For 10 points, name this Iberian city from whose ports Vasco da Gama sailed in service of the Portuguese king who lived there.

Lisbon [or Lisboa] <CSM>

Curtains were soaked in lime to counter the effects of this city's "Great Stink," caused by a hot summer and outdated sewers. Sewers in this city built by Edwin Chadwick emptied into its main supply for drinking water, leading to more outbreaks of the cholera they were supposed to counter. John Snow created a (*) map of its outbreaks of cholera near the Broad Street pump, showing the disease was caused not by miasma but contaminated drinking water. Joseph Bazalgette built the Victoria and Chelsea Embankments for a new sewage system, which largely solved the problem of cholera by depositing this city's waste downstream. For 10 points, name this city which now receives cholera-free water from the River Thames.

London

Pope John XXII refused to recognize the election of a man with this regnal name as Holy Roman Emperor. That man later sacked Rome and exiled John XXII to Avignon. Another man with this name served as king for less than 20 minutes before he abdicated in favor of Henry V. A king with this regnal name backed notes in the Mississippi Bubble after advice from John Law. The bankruptcy of one man's country due to his assistance of the colonies in the American Revolution forced a king with this regnal name to call the Estates-General. For 10 points, give this French regnal name of a ruler who declared "I am the state", nicknamed the "Sun King".

Louis

This man's chaplain was William of Chartres, and the Treaty of Meaux made peace with Raymond VII of Toulouse at the beginning of his reign. This king defeated Hugh of Lusignan at the Battle of Taillebourg during the Saintonge War, while another of his campaigns saw him capture of the port of Damietta. He gained fame for arbitrating disputes across Europe and commissioned the Sainte Chapelle. This king's mother, Blanche of Castile, twice served as his regent, and he directed the construction of buildings to house relics of the "True Cross" which he hoped to gain on the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. For 10 points, name this only French king to be canonized.

Louis IX [accept Saint Louis until mentioned; prompt on "Louis"]

Freeing this monarch from imprisonment was ostensibly the aim of a group of destitute peasants led by the Master of Hungary in the pastoureaux revolt. His personal confessor Robert de Sorbon provides the nickname of the University of Paris. Following the Saintonge War, this monarch agreed to lenient terms with Henry III of England. Shortly thereafter, he appointed his mother Blanche of Castile regent and embarked on a military (*) campaign. He paid a large sum to Baudouin II to obtain the Crown of Thorns and built the Sainte-Chapelle to house the relic. On a march through the desert back to the port of Damietta, his army was captured by the Mamluks and he was held for ransom. This monarch led the Seventh Crusade. For 10 points, name this canonized French king.

Louis IX [or Saint Louis]

This king was overthrown in an event that confirmed the "right to work" by establishing a series of "National Workshops." During this king's reign, silk workers revolted against factory owners during the two Canut Revolts. His head was often depicted as a pear in contemporary political cartoons, which criticized the conservative policies promoted by his minister Francois (*) Guizot. This French king came to power in the "Three Glorious Days", which occurred shortly after France had invaded Algeria under the direction of Charles X. He himself was overthrown about a year before Napoleon III was elected president. For 10 points, name this king of France, who ruled from 1830 to 1848, and earned a nickname reflecting the populist support he enjoyed.

Louis Philippe I [or Citizen King; do not accept or prompt on "Louis"]

This man was the aggressor in the War of Devolution, which took place after the death of King Philip IV of Spain. His "Black Code" allowed slavery, but did not allow the separation of black families. This man made a covert deal with the English known as the secret Treaty of Dover. This man and his ministers were responsible for enacting the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the Edict of Nantes signed by Henry the IV a century before. For 10 points, name this royal who built the Palace of Versailles and was known as the "Sun King."

Louis XIV (prompt on Sun King before read)

This monarch's court was influenced by the theologian and bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. Thismonarch spent huge sums to repurchase Dunkirk and declare it a free port. He had the Canal duMidi completed to link the Atlantic with the Mediterranean in Languedoc. The trial of the Marquisede Brinvilliers was part of the Affair of the Poisons during his reign. After a huge feast at theChateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, this king's minister Nicolas (*) Fouquet was arrested, allowing the rise offinance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. This king's enemies formed the League of Augsburg and lost theWar of the Devolution. His Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name thisFrench monarch who had Versailles constructed, the so-called Sun King.

Louis XIV [accept Louis the Sun King or Louis le Roi-Soleil before mentioned; prompt on "Louis the Great" or "Louis le Grand"]

This ruler survived a rebellion lead by the Parlements [PAR-l'-mahn] as a child, and his armies were victorious at the Battle of the Dunes. This man acquired Franche-Comte through the Treaty of Nijmegen, and he began the War of Devolution, which led to the dissolution of the League of the Rhine. He dealt with the Fronde during his reign, and this participant in the War of Spanish Succession repealed the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this French monarch who built a palace in Versailles and was known as the "Sun King."

Louis XIV [accept Sun King before mentioned; prompt on Louis]

his king signed the secret Treaty of Dover with England to form an alliance to conquer a northern neighbor. This ruler commissioned the military engineer Vauban to construct a series of fortifications defending his country's borders. The Treaties of Nijmegen ended a series of wars between this ruler's country and the Netherlands, which this king earlier invaded in the War of the Devolution. This ruler supported the accession of his grandson Philip V to the Spanish throne, which provoked the War of the Spanish Succession. Much of this king's foreign policy was dictated by his chief minister Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this longest reigning French monarch, nicknamed the "Sun King."

Louis XIV [accept nicknames like the Sun King before mention; prompt on Louis]

. One of this man's best generals was killed at the beginning of the Battle of Salzbach in 1675, which was part of a war that ended at the Treaty of Nijmegen. This monarch employed the Vicomte de Turenne as one of his field marshals. This husband of the Spanish Maria Theresa attempted to expand his domains in a war that ended at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668. That was the (*) War of the Devolution. Early in his reign, this king faced the Fronde Rebellion. This ruler's reign was dominated by Cardinal Mazarin until Mazarin's 1661 death, and this king notably constructed Versailles. For 10 points, name this French Bourbon king who was the Sun King.

Louis XIV [accept the Sun King until mentioned or Louis the Great or Louis le Grande or le Roi-Soleil until mentioned; prompt on just Louis] <LT> Bonuses

Early in this man's reign, he invaded the low countries during the War of Devolution. This king, whose presumptive successor was known as the "Grand Dauphin," renounced the Treaty of the Hague, leading to a war that included the battles of Ramillies and Malplaquet. This man's mother Anne of Austria served as regent with the assistance of Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this king of France who lost the War of the Spanish Succession, constructed the palace at Versailles, and was called the "Sun King" during his 62-year reign from 1643 to 1715.

Louis XIV [or Louis the Great; or Louis le Grand; prompt on Louis; accept Louis the Sun King or Louis le Roi Soliel before mentioned]

This ruler passed a decree that banished Jews and defined the rules of slavery in his country, which became known as the Code Noir. An army strengthened by this ruler's secretary of war François-Michel Le Tellier fought the Dutch-led Triple Alliance, but he was eventually forced to make peace with the Netherlands by the Treaty of Nijmegen. This ruler revoked the Edict of Nantes by passing the Edict of (*) Fontainebleau and he hired Jean-Baptiste Colbert to serve as his finance minister. This absolute monarch famously declared "I am the state", and he faced heavy backlash for his construction of the expensive Palace of Versailles. For ten points, name this king of France who was nicknamed "Sun King".

Louis XIV [prompt on "Louis", accept Sun King before mentioned] <RP>

This ruler passed a decree that expelled Jews from his overseas territories and was called the "BlackCode". Projects undertaken during this man's reign include the Midi Canal and the Royal Mirror-GlassFactory. This king won land in the Treaty of Nijmegen and in the War of Devolution, but was forced toreturn much of it after the Treaty of Ryswick was forced on him by the League of Augsburg. This king'sadvisors included Cardinal Mazarin and finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and he is also known forsaying "l'etat, c'est moi." For 10 points, name this French monarch who built the Palace of Versailles andis called The Sun King.

Louis XIV [prompt on the "Sun King" before mentioned]

This ruler agreed to a twenty-year truce with Spain in the Truce of Ratisbon ending the War of the Reunions. The Battle of Barfleur was part of a war sparked by this ruler’s territorial ambitions, which were opposed by the League of Augsburg. This ruler’s support of Philip V’s claim to the Spanish throne led to a war during which he was thwarted by an alliance led by the Duke of Marlborough. Despite the efforts of this ruler’s finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, he nearly bankrupted his country with expensive military ventures such as the War of the Spanish Succession. For 10 points, name this French king who reigned for more than seventy years, nicknamed the “Sun King.â€

Louis XIV of France [or Louis the Great; or Louis le Grand; or the Sun King before mentioned; or le roi soleil before “the Sun King†is read; prompt on Louis]

This king's chief adviser was said to have "put [France] on a diet" and abolished the unpopular cinquantième tax imposed by the Duke of Bourbon. Rene de Maupeou's "triumvirate" tried to reduce the stalling power of the Parlements under this king, who married Marie Leszczynska after the death of Philippe d'Orleans. The founding of the Banque General and collapse of the Mississippi Bubble during the early reign of this king, served by Cardinal (*) Fleury, led to the fall of John Law. Those events took place during the eight-year regency of this king, who came to the throne at age five and was significantly influenced by his mistress, the Madame de Pompadour. For 10 points, name this French king whose successor was executed in the French Revolution.

Louis XV [or Louis the Well-Beloved or Louis le Bien-Aime]

This ruler fired his foreign minister, the Duke of Choiseul, for supporting Spain during the FalklandsCrisis. This man supported his father-in-law Stanislaw I during the War of the Polish Succession. Hisforces temporarily captured the Austrian Netherlands after Maurice de Saxe won the Battle of Fontenoy,but he gave up these gains in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This king aligned his country with Austriaduring the (*) Diplomatic Revolution, which occurred a mere decade after his country had allied with Prussia inthe War of the Austrian Succession. Madame Pompadour was a long-time mistress of this king. For 10 points, namethis French king who lost his North American territories after the French and Indian War, and was the grandson ofthe previous "Sun" king.

Louis XV [prompt on Louis]

A financial minister under this ruler published the Compte rendu au roi, making public this king's expenses, leading to his replacement with Charles-Alexandre de Colonne. This man reinstated the policy of toleration through the Edict of Versailles, and the Declaration of Pillnitz pledged support for this man's rulership. The 10th of August Incident saw Swiss Guards massacred in defense of this king's family at the Tuileries, but this man was captured by the sans-culottes. This king's wife allegedly declared, "Let them eat cake" in response to starving peasants. For 10 points, name this only French king to be executed, who lost power during the French Revolution.

Louis XVI

One of this king's ministers provoked the Flour War by attempted to introduce free trade in thegrain industry. Stefan Zweig argued that this king was circumcised as an adult to relieve his phimosisafter failing to consummate his marriage for seven years. This king's fleet, which lost the Battle of theSaintes, was commanded by the Comte de Grasse. The Declaration of (*) Pillnitz pledged foreignsupport for this man, who was caught trying to flee to Varennes. A "Women's March" protested in front ofthis monarch's residence against the high prices of bread, shortly after he dismissed his finance ministerJacques Necker. For 10 points, name this king who failed to stop the Tennis Court Oath four years beforehe was executed by the French Revolution.

Louis XVI

This man was discredited by the discovery of secret documents in the L’armoire de fer scandal. During one incident, he posed as the butler of a fake Russian baroness, only to be recognized by a postmaster. This man’s cousin issued the Brunswick Manifesto on his behalf, threatening to harm civilians if he was not restored. His final words were cut off by a drum roll ordered by National Guard general Antoine-Joseph Santerre. This man was arrested during his failed (*) flight to Varennes, which resulted in him being placed under house arrest at the Tuileries. His finance minister was Jacques Necker. During his reign, the Bastille was stormed. For 10 points, name this French king, the husband of Marie Antoinette, who was executed by revolutionaries in 1793.

Louis XVI

This man supported the first Vietnamese Emperor in his war for independence, and gained the colonies of Tobago and Senegal after one war. His Foreign Minister, the Comte de Vergennes, negotiated the formation of the League of Armed Neutrality, and the Duke of Brunswick issued a manifesto in response to this man's imprisonment. His de facto Finance Minister Jacques Necker published fake statistics in a Compte rendu which hid the cost of funding French participation in the American Revolution, and he unsuccessfully attempted to escape to Montmedy. Despite convening the Estates General, he was unable to placate widespread discontent or solve France's financial issues. For 10 points, name this monarch executed as a result of the French Revolution, the husband of Marie Antoinette.

Louis XVI [prompt on "Louis"]

One of this man's first acts was to dismiss Rene Nicolas de Maupeou, and a clash over loans with the parlements saw this man attempt to transfer most of their powers to new Plenary Courts. Those loans were necessitated by the debts incurred by his financial minister Jacques Necker because of an overseas war, and a declaration by the Prussian Duke of Brunswick and a Flight to Varennes led to this man's imprisonment. For 10 points, name this king of France who aided the American Revolution and called the Estates-General in 1789 only to be executed during the French Revolution.

Louis XVI [prompt on Louis]

This man agreed to give military support to Nguyễn Ãnh, an event that would lead to his nation's subsequent interest in Vietnam. This man's status was declared to be "a matter of common interest to all the sovereigns of Europe" in the Declaration of Pillnitz; earlier, riots over the price of bread due to a spectacularly poor harvest undermined his finance minister Jacques Turgot. Under this man's reign, the Estates-General met for the first time since 1614, which resulted in members of the Third Estate signing the Tennis Court Oath. For 10 points, name this monarch who was decapitated during the French Revolution.

Louis XVI [prompt on Louis]

He's not Napoleon, although this man sent in Marshal Soult to put down the Canut Revolt in Lyon. His head was depicted transforming into a pear in a political cartoon. The September Laws were passed after Giuseppe Fieschi killed 18 people around this man with a twenty-barreled monster weapon called the "infernal machine." Both Guizot and Adolphe Thiers led governments for this Duke of Orleans. This man came to power after the Three Glorious days, which ended the reign of Charles X. For 10 points, name this "citizen king" of France who came to power in 1830 during the July Revolution.

Louis-Philippe I

In one of this author's novels, the protagonist imagines the black eyes of women he loves to be shimmering blue. The narrator of one work by this man is inspired by La Berma's performance in Phedre and by the paintings of Elstir. He also wrote of a "little band" of girls from Balbec and about Charles Morel, the target of the affections of both Robert de (*) Saint-Loup and the Baron de Charlus. CK Scott Moncrieff provided an English title for his magnum opus, in which a "little phrase" from Vinteuil's sonata represents the relationship of Odette de Crecy and Charles Swann. His most famous work recounts memories inspired by the taste of a tea-soaked madeleine. For 10 points, name this French author of the seven-volume In Search of Lost Time.

Marcel Proust [or Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust]

22. This man's family helped a certain empire build catapults for a siege while he was a tax collector for that empire. Following the Battle of Curzola, he was imprisoned and met Rustichello da Pisa, who wrote a book of this man's accomplishments titled Il Milione. Two Dominican monks and gifts from Pope Gregory X were carried (*) east by Maffeo and Niccolo, who were this man's uncle and father, respectively. This man helped accompany a Mongol princess to Persia and had earlier visited China and the summer palace of Xanadu. For ten points, name this Venetian traveler who wrote about his time in the court of Kublai Khan.

Marco Polo (prompt on "Polo" or "M. Polo") <CC> BONUSES

As Governor of Cilicia, this man gained the title of imperator for fighting off the "free Cilicians." By arguing for the Manilian Law, this man gave his support for Pompey to take command against Mithridates. The letters this man wrote to his friends, especially Atticus, are an important source for his time. This man rose to prominence by indicting the corrupt governor of Sicily, Gaius Verres. This man's severed hands and head were nailed to the Rostra when he was proscribed in vengeance for inveighing against Marc Antony in the Philippics. For 10 points, name this great Roman orator who, as consul, foiled the conspiracy of Catiline.

Marcus Tullius Cicero [or Tully]

This monarch founded an organization that could arrest any man found entertaining an opera singer or dancer, the Chastity Commission. The commission was chaired by this monarch's chancellor Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, who formed an alliance with France in the Diplomatic Revolution. To govern compulsory peasant labor, this monarch issued the (*) Robot Patent. This monarch lost Silesia in a conflict that began when Frederick the Great contested a decree from her father Charles VI, the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this archduchess whose inheritance of the Habsburg empire was challenged in the War of the Austrian Succession.

Maria Theresa <WC History>

A fortress named for this ruler was home to a Jewish ghetto headed by Jakob Edelstein and wasused to house Gavrilo Princip. This ruler founded the Royal Academy of Science in Zagreb. Thisruler's advisor Abraham Theben helped relax policies towards Jews. This ruler employed the doctorGottfried van Swieten and heavily promoted smallpox (*) inoculation. She issued the Robot Patent toreform serfdom, though it was her successor Joseph II who abolished it completely. This ruler ascendedafter Charles VI's death due to the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this Hapsburg ruler whosesuccession to the throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession.

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina

Abraham Mendel Theben convinced this ruler to offer limited protections to Jews. This ruler appears on the obverse of a namesake silver bullion thaler which was circulated for over two centuries. Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz was state chancellor and foreign minister to this ruler, during whose reign the physician Gerard van Swieten was sent to Moravia to investigate the existence of vampires. Charles (*) VI's flagrant disregard for Salic law resulted in this ruler taking the throne. After this ruler's death, her country underwent a decade of temporary reform under her son Joseph II. The Pragmatic Sanction attempted to legitimate the rule of this queen, who lost the region of Silesia to Frederick the Great. For 10 points, name this 18th-century queen of Austria.

Maria Theresa [or Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina; or Maria Theresia; prompt on partial answer]

The agreement under this ruler that centralized power in the empire was the Ten Years' Recess, increasing mercantilist policies favored by this ruler's Supreme Chancellor von Haugwitz. This leader allied with France in the Diplomatic Revolution, allowing the reclamation of Silesia under a treaty worked out by Foreign Policy Minister von Kaunitz. This parent of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Duchess Maria Amalia of Parma lost to Frederick the Great in the War of the Austrian Succession. Name this predecessor of Joseph II and successor of Charles VI, who was named the empress of Austria after the Pragmatic Sanction.

Maria Theresa [or Maria Theresia; prompt on partial answer]

A fortress outside this city was constructed after Francis I visited the site to see the rhinoceros that Albrecht Durer later drew as it disembarked from a Portuguese ship. Europe’s last significant episode of the Black Death killed about 100,000 people in this city in 1720. In 1934, the King of Yugoslavia, Alexander I, was assassinated in the streets of this city. After Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus was appointed proconsul, he sailed to this the Roman precursor to city, leading Julius Caesar to lay siege to it in 49 BCE. The ancient settlement at this city was the major western colony of the Greek city-state of (*) Phokaia. This coastal city is guarded by a fortress, later made into a prison, called the Chateau d’If. During Roman times, it was known as Massilia. For 10 points, name this second-most populous city and chief port of France, located along the Mediterranean coast.

Marseille [or Marseilles; accept Massilia before “Massiliaâ€]

One poster for this program shows a windmill and the words "Whatever the weather we must move together." This program, which was extended past its original targets in the Point Four Program, was overseen by Paul G. Hoffman. This program, whose Russian analogue was named for Molotov, was partly administered by the OEEC. It distributed funds through the ECA, which was appropriated $13 billion, and was unveiled in a 1947 speech at Harvard. For 10 points, name this 1948 financial aid package granted to Western European countries in the aftermath of World War II, named after Truman's Secretary of State at the time.

Marshall Plan [accept European Recovery Program or ERP]

This man at times opposed the Cardinal Cajetan, Andreas Karlstadt, and Thomas Muntzer, the last of whom he criticized for leading the excessively violent Peasant's War. Along with Ulrich Zwingli, this man attended the Marburg Colloquy. Earlier, this man apocryphally said "Here I stand; I can do no other." That announcement came at the Diet of (*) Worms, which was called when this man refused to recant his beliefs, which included a criticism of Johann Tetzel, who sold indulgences. This man espoused justification by faith alone in a work he nailed to a church door, the 95 Theses. For 10 points, name this German monk who sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

This man was called a "wild boar from the forest" in a text that asks one figure to " judge your own cause." This figure was given refuge by Frederick III of Saxony. This man called the participants of one uprising he inspired "filthy swine," and also burned a copy of the counter-document, Exsurge Domine, in public. Angered by the actions of Johann Tetzel, he was excommunicated by Leo X at the Diet of Worms after writing a document prompted by the sale of "sin-erasing" indulgences. For 10 points, name this monk who in 1571 nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral, starting the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

This man wrote the Large Catechism, to be used by priests as instruction manuals, and the Small Catechism, which was intended to be used by the common people. This person suggested a seven-part plan to destroy the Jews in the virulently anti-Semitic treatise On the Jews and Their Lies. Frederick the Wise sheltered this man for nearly a year at Wartburg Castle after he was excommunicated by Leo X, during which he finished the first German translation of the Bible. This man's anger at the indulgence-seller Johann Tetzel led him to supposedly nail a list of declarations to a church door in Wittenberg. For 10 points, name this man whose 95 Theses started the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

This man wrote the Smalcald Articles, and had earlier written a Large and Small Catechism. He advocated the prohibition of usury and the burning of synagogues in On the Jews and Their Lies, and he identified Christians as "lord of all, subject to none" and "servant of all, subject to all" in On the Freedom of a Christian. The subject of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, he also criticized certain sacraments in On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X after declaring "Here I stand. I can do no other" at the Diet of Worms. For 10 points, name this Protestant reformer who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses.

Martin Luther

Ernest Hamel wrote an early, sympathetic biography of this man, whose private papers were burned by Simon Duplay, the son of this man’s ardent follower Eleonore. A commission led by Edme-Bonaventure Courtois was responsible for documenting the works of this man. Louis de Saint-Just was a close ally of this man. He established a secret “General Police Bureau†months before passing a law that limited the rights of people who appeared before the (*) Revolutionary Tribunal. He attempted to commit suicide and holed himself up in the Hotel de Ville shortly after he was elected President of the Convention. He was arrested and executed during the Thermidorian reaction, and he was a member of the Committee of Public Safety. For 10 points, identify this man who presided over the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre [or Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre]

A king of this dynasty used an axe to kill the pagan ruler Ragnachar. This dynasty was mythically spawned from a five-horned sea monster known as the Quinotaur, at least according to the Chronicle of Fredegar. The final ruler of this dynasty was overthrown by Pope Zachary, who symbolically cut that ruler's hair. Its first major ruler won the Battle of Tolbiac against the Alamanni and conquered the Roman state of Soissons (swah-SOHN); that ruler of this dynasty converted to Catholicism for his wife Clotilde and codified the Lex (*) Salica. This dynasty effectively ceded power to various “Mayors of the Palaceâ€, such as Charles Martel, and finally lost power altogether during Pepin the Short's reign. For 10 points, name this Frankish dynasty whose rulers included Childeric and Clovis and which was followed by the Carolingians.

Merovingian dynasty <Cheyne>

The Swiss-Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari built several fortified towers in this city, which often vied for power with its northern rival Tver. A ruler of this city prevailed in the Great Stand on the Ugra River. A prince from this city was nicknamed for winning a battle on the Don river. Partly because a ruler of this city married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, this city styled itself the (*) "Third Rome" after the fall of Constantinople. Another prince of this city stopped paying tribute to the Mongols in 1476, ending the "Tatar yoke." The Grand Duchy headquartered in this city came to an end in 1547 with the ascension of Ivan IV, who made it his capital. For 10 points, name this city where Ivan III renovated the Kremlin.

Moscow [or Moskva; or Muscovy]

This man negotiated the withdrawal of British and French forces from territory claimed by this man's country inArmistice of Mudanya after the Chanak Crisis. Following the Battle of Sakarya, this man's government guaranteedhis country's independence with a treaty that replaced the Treaty of Sèvres, the Treaty of Lausanne. This mancommanded the Nineteenth Division at the Battle of Gallipoli and founded his country's Grand National Assemblyat Ankara. He included republicanism and secularism in his Six Arrows, while his "Arrow" of reformism includedthe adoption of the Latin alphabet and a ban on the fez. For 10 points, name this first President of the Republic ofTurkey.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [accept either underlined name; prompt on "Mustafa"]

This leader's ideology was called the Six Arrows, and he suppressed the Sheikh Said Rebellion. He won major victories at Sakarya and Dumlupinar, although he is also known for his minor victory against Italy at Tobruk. This man negotiated the creation of his country in the Treaty of Lausanne, and abolished the Islamic caliphate, after the Treaty of Sevres had split up his country's former empire and led him to set up his opposition base in Ankara. For 10 points, name this man who fought ANZAC, French, and British forces at the Battle of Gallipoli, and founded the Republic of Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [accept either underlined portion]

Hans Trobst's article "Fifteen Gallows" was one of the only foreign reports on purges undertaken by this leader that were justified the following year in his 36-hour speech delivered over six consecutive days. This ruler adopted Switzerland's legal code and Italy's penal code for his country. The borders of his country were redefined through the Treaty of (*) Lausanne in the same year that his Republican People's Party took power. One of his "Six Arrows", secularism, has been defended decades after his death by the coups of the "Deep State". After he survived an assassination attempt at Izmir, he suppressed most of the remaining Young Turks. For 10 points, name this first president of Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [or Mustafa Kemal Pasha]

This man founded his nation's CHP, or Republican People's Party; that party's flag is largely red with white symbols indicating ideological principles such as revolutionism, populism, and statism, this man's Six Arrows. This predecessor of Ismet Inonu opposed the oppressive Treaty of Sevres, and successfully defended his homeland against the British at Gallipoli. He introduced the Latin alphabet and banned religious garb as part of his reforms in the 1920s. For 10 points, name this secular founder of the Turkish Republic whose nickname meant "Father Turk."

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk [accept either underlined word or both]

Early in this man's military career, he attended the Picardie maneuvers in France as an observer, and while serving in North Africa this man received a wound to the eye as a result of an Italian bomb. His forces recaptured the city of Smyrna from Greece during his nation's War of Independence, after which he was awarded the title of Gazi. During his presidency, this man introduced his "Six Arrows," and banned the wearing of the fez. For 10 points, name this man who led the Ottoman defense at the Battle of Gallipoli, the first President of the Republic of Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk [accept either]

This man's pamphlet Supper at Beaucaire and his friendship with Antoine Saliceti helped him get a commission as artillery commander during the siege of Toulon [too-LAWN]. He ordered Joachim Murat to capture some cannons and then defeated rebels using a "whiff of grapeshot" during a coup attempt on 13 Vendemiaire [vahn-dey-MYER]. This leader signed the treaty of Campo Formio before being defeated at the Battle of the Nile. For 10 points, name this diminutive French Emperor who won the battles of Austerlitz and Borodino but was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte [or Napoleon I]

12. This man remarked that he had "married a womb" after divorcing his first wife and marrying Marie Louise of Austria. With Austria, this man divided Venice after signing the treaty of Campo Formio. In one essay, Karl Marx called this man and his nephew a "tragedy" and a "farce", respectively. This man humiliated Frederick William III's army at the Battle of (*) Jena-Auerstedt. That battle involved generals like Gerhardt von Bluecher who defeated this man in a battle that occurred after the Hundred Days and led to his exile in St. Helena. For ten points, name this husband of Josephine who became the first French emperor and lost at Waterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte [or Napoleon I] <BZ>

Canova created a nude sculpture of this figure holding an apple and a spear posing as Mars the Peacemaker. His portrait where he is holding a staff with a pointing hand on the end of it is often compared to God the Father from the Ghent Altarpiece, a portrait by Ingres. Antoine-Jean Gros depicted touching soldiers dying of the plague at the Pesthouse in Jaffa. He is shown crowing his kneeling wife in a coronation portrait by the artist of The Sabine Women. For 10 points, identify this man shown on his horse crossing the Alps by David.

Napoleon I Bonaparte

This person rose to power in a coup along with Roger Ducos and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès [s'yeh-yess] and quickly became First Consul. This leader issued the Milan Decree in a failed attempt to enforce the Berlin Decree, his failed attempts to economically isolate the United Kingdom from the rest of Europe. This general beat Tsar Alexander the First at the Battle of Austerlitz after this man's navy was decimated by Horatio Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, and he was eventually defeated by the Duke of Wellington. Name this French Emperor who lost the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to St. Helena.

Napoleon I [or Napoleon Bonaparte]

One country got news of the true results of this campaign through the 29th Bulletin.Strength, direction, and temperature are shown on a celebrated graph of this campaignby Charles Minard. During this campaign, a man proclaimed himself General Malet andclaimed that its leader had died as part of a failed coup. The name of a battle in thiscampaign, Berezina, has been used as a general term for (*) disaster. This campaignfollowed the end of the Treaty of Tilsit, and the defenders during this campaign burned down their capital after the Battle of Borodino. All but 40,000 soldiers in the Grand Armée were captured or killed during this campaign. For 10 points, name this disastrous military campaign launched by a French emperor against Alexander I.

Napoleon I's invasion of Russia [or the French invasion of Russia; or Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia; or Patriotic War of 1812; or Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda; prompt on partial answers]

After escaping the so-called "University of Ham," this man assumed the identity of a masonnamed Badinguet. He orchestrated the failed Boulogne Conspiracy and was exiled after writing"Rêveries politiques." While in power, he sent troops to support a Maronite rebellion in Lebanonand had bombs hurled at his carriage by Felice Orsini, a Carbonari angry over his defense of Romeagainst irridentists. This man commissioned Baron (*) Haussmann to rebuild his capital and signed theTreaty of Villafranca with Austria after intervening on the side of Italian independence, leading his troopsto fight the Battle of Solferino. Captured at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War, for 10 points, name thisruler of the French Second Empire and nephew of a more famous Bonaparte.

Napoleon III [or Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte; prompt on "Napoleon" or "Bonaparte"]

This ruler’s mistresses included actress Marguerite Bellanger and the wife of his foreign minister Alexandre Walewski. He declined to support the compulsory schooling plan of education minister Victor Duruy. The observation that history appears the first time as tragedy, the second as farce, was made about this man. He commissioned Charles Garnier to build a dazzling (*) opera house in his capital. This ruler ordered Baron Haussmann to redesign Paris, and named Archduke Maximilian the ruler of Mexico. He was eventually captured at the Battle of Sedan. For 10 points, name this ruler of the Second French Empire, who led the country to defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and was the nephew of an earlier emperor.

Napoleon III [or Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, prompt on Napoleon, prompt on Bonaparte, do not accept “Napoleon Bonaparteâ€]

After this king sponsored a contest to create a low-cost alternative to butter, achemist invented margarine. This leader's relationship with the Countess ofCastiglione, a pioneering photography model and spy, was set up to influence hispolicies towards her country. A general from this monarch's country defeated FerencGyulay at the Battle of Magenta. After the Plombieres Agreement, this monarch's armyunited with (*) Victor Emmanuel II's forces to win the Battle of Solferino against Franz Joseph during the Italian Wars for Independence. Baron Haussmann renovated Paris under this ruler. The Paris Commune rose to power after this monarch was captured by Otto von Bismarck's forces at the Battle of Sedan. For 10 points, name this last leader of the Second French Empire.

Napoleon III [or Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte; prompt on Napoleon; prompt on Bonaparte; do not accept or prompt on "Napoleon Bonaparte"]

A king from this region frequently switched his allegiance to the Valois king Charles V and supported the Jacquerie revolt against John II; that king is Charles the Bad. A noblewoman who married a king of this region negotiated for the release of her brother Francis I after his capture at the Battle of Pavia; that woman from this region, who parodied the Decameron in her Heptameron , is Marguerite. A man from this region allied against the (*) Catholic League with a king who had the Duke of Guise (GHEEZ) executed to survive the War of the Three Henrys; that king from this region declared that "Paris is well worth a mass" and established the Bourbon dynasty. For 10 points, name this home of Henry IV of France, a Basque-speaking region on the SpainÂâ€"France border.

Navarre

One phase of this campaign involved moving northwest in the shape of a sickle in a planformulated by General Manstein. Later in this campaign, the victors overwhelmed the WeygandLine. A "free zone" was one of the three subdivisions created by the Second Armistice at Compiegnethat concluded this campaign. The end of this campaign saw Operation Dynamo, where troops underLord Gort boarded the "little ships" and were (*) evacuated. This campaign took place after theso-called Phoney War and ended with the Battle of Dunkirk. It saw the victors moving through Ardennes toget around the ineffective Maginot Line. For 10 points, name this 1940 military campaign that toppled theThird Republic and led to the occupation of Paris.

Nazi German Invasion of France in World War II [or Battle of France or Fall of France or Fall Gelb or Case Yellow; accept any equivalents that describe Nazi Germany conquering France; accept Fall Rot and Case Red; prompt on "blitzkrieg" or "World War II"]

This government's anti-smoking policies were represented in a propaganda poster showing a chain-smoker being consumed by his cigarette. It encouraged workers using the "Strength Through Joy" campaign, and members of this government formed the ODESSA network. Opposed by the White Rose student group, this government held the Wannsee Conference and constructed a no speed-limit highway called the autobahn. This government held massive rallies in Nuremberg and launched a 1939 invasion of Poland employing tactics which were inaccurately called blitzkrieg. For 10 points, name this government that ruled Germany during World War II, led by Adolf Hitler.

Nazi Germany [accept word forms; or Third Reich, Greater German Reich; or National Socialist German Workers' Party; or Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei]

According to one story about this substance, it was taken by Eva Peron on her Rainbow Tour of Europe, and the Bigelow Report deals with this substance. The Chiemsee Cauldron is one example of this substance that may be at the bottom of Lake Toplitz. In 2000, the World Jewish Congress launched a lawsuit against Swiss Banks in order to recover this substance. Walther Funk was sentenced to death at Nuremberg for his role in acquiring this substance. For 10 points, name this substance that the government of Adolf Hitler took from the banks of Europe and fillings of concentration camp victims, which is widely believed to be still-hidden in South America and Central Europe.

Nazi Gold

9. This organization appointed regional leaders called Gauleiters and was centered at the Brown House. It consolidated its power after Rinus van der Lubbe was executed for an act of arson, and their newspaper was named the Volkisch Observer. One faction of them was eliminated during Operation Hummingbird, during which leaders like (*) Ernst Röhm were killed in the Night of the Long Knives. Its leader was arrested for instigating the failed Beer Hall Putsch in the Weimar Republic and used his time in prison to write Mein Kampf. For ten points, identify this German political party led by Adolf Hitler.

Nazi Party (accept National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP) <MS>

This organization called for profit-sharing in heavy industry as part of its 25-point programme. A member of this organization, Herbert Backe, developed the Hunger Plan. Another member of this party flew solo to Scotland to try to negotiate a secret peace with Britain. This party supported the "stab-in-the-back" myth, and it gained power via the (*) Enabling Act. This party's rallies were shown in Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will. Members of the S.A. were purged from this party in the Night of the Long Knives, and it perpetrated the Night of Broken Glass. For 10 points, name this anti-semitic party led by Adolf Hitler.

Nazi Party [or National Socialist German Workers' Party; or Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; or NSDAP] <LL>

One of the highest-ranking positions in this party, Gauleiter, commanded an entire regional branch of it. One of the most revered artifacts of this party was a “blood flag,†to which its other standards were touched to sanctify them at its massive rallies. The Enabling Act gave unprecedented control to the head of this party, who had earlier tried to seize power by capturing a beer hall. The original paramilitary wing of this party, often nicknamed “brownshirts,†was purged in the Night of the Long Knives. This party, which was demolished and banned after World War II, enacted the Final Solution. For 10 points, name this political party of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler.

Nazi Party [or National Socialist German Workers’ Party; or Nationalsozialistische Deutsch Arbeiterpartei; do not accept or prompt on the DAP, the predecessor to the Nazi Party]

5. One photograph depicts this man switching uniforms with his first cousin Wilhelm II, and during a celebration of his coronation at Khodynka Field, rumors of insufficient food and drink led to stampede that killed over a thousand people. During his reign, Father Gapon led a group of petitioners who were gunned down during (*) Bloody Sunday. That event led Sergei Witte to persuade this man to protect civil liberties and strengthen the Duma in the October Manifesto. His losses in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I led to his abdication in 1917. For ten points, name this last Tsar of the Romanov dynasty, who was executed by Bolsheviks in 1918.

Nicholas II or Nikolay II [accept Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov] <BZ>

One of this man's acts was to reverse a 1953 law that allowed abortion, and he also demolished the old legislature to replace it with the People's House as part of his "systematization" program. He established a list of banned books after reading books on Kim Il Sung's Juche idea; this was part of the fallout from a speech given in front of the executive committee that advocated a quasi-Maoist version of socialist realism, commonly called the July Theses.  He originally came to power after the death of Gheorgiu-Dej, and is also notable for staying out of the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia.  Nicknamed "Genius of the Carpathians", he was killed alongside his wife Elena on December 25, 1989 after a show trial.  For 10 points, name this final communist dictator of Romania.

Nicolae Ceausescu

This leader egotistically declared that his official pictures would initially only depict him in half-profile with one ear showing. His censors prevented author Paul Goma from publishing a novel criticizing this leader’s government. In this man’s final public speech, he was booed by a jeering crowd who chanted “Timisoara†in reference to recent uprising. He urged an intensification of socialist ideology in his 1971 (*) July Theses. This leader employed secret police known as the Securitate, and he succeeded Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej as head of the Communist Party in his country. He and his wife Elena were executed on Christmas Day 1989 after they tried to flee the country. For 10 points, name this dictator who led Romania from 1967 to 1989.

Nicolae Ceausescu

This man's work was corrected by Erasmus Reinhold, the first person to make tables based on his theories. Some of his ideas were first communicated in the Narratio Prima by his student, Georges Joachim Rheticus. Thomas Digges translated this man's principle text, which outlines a system that did not rely on the equants, deferents, and eccentrics that had dominated his field since the publication of the (*) Almagest . Andreas Osiander claimed this man's ideas were just a mathematical model to avoid scrutiny from the church. In his 1543 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres he outlined a system of purely circular motion, an idea corrected by Johannes Kepler. For 10 points, name this Polish astronomer who argued for heliocentrism.

Nicolaus Copernicus [or Mikolaj Kopernik ]

This people's Drengot family controlled the County of Aversa. A tarantula infestation in theircamps forced them to abandon a siege led in part by Roger Bosso. These people set up the NewForest as a hunting preserve. They included Bohemond VI of Antioch and a crown prince who diedwhen the White Ship sank. Their first leader, baptized under the name Robert I, was buried at (*)Rouen Cathedral. In one victory, their troops bashed on a shield wall by running up Senlac Hill. Centuriesafter Rollo, a leader of this people carried out the Harrying of the North. Their armies shot HaroldGodwinson in the eye in an invasion prompted by Edward the Confessor's death. For 10 points, name thispeople who sailed from northern France under William the Conqueror.

Normans [or people from Normandy; or obvious equivalents; prompt on "Vikings" or "Norse"]

A failed operation in this region was called the Border Campaign. In a city in this region, nine people were killed in tumult after a 1935 Orange Order parade. A general strike in this region caused the collapse of the Sunningdale Agreement. In a 1981 hunger strike in this region protesting removal of "Special Category Status," Bobby Sands died. Eventually, self-government through "Power-sharing" was restored to this region in the (*) Good Friday Agreement. A twentieth-century conflict in this region included 1972's "Bloody Sunday," was called "The Troubles," and involved the provisional IRA. For 10 points, name this largely Protestant region of the United Kingdom with capital Belfast.

Northern Ireland [or Tuaisceart Éireann ["TOO-uh-sh-curt AY-run"]; accept Ulster; prompt on "United Kingdom [of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]" or "U.K." but do NOT accept or prompt on "Ireland," nor on "Britain"]

This nation's unifier established two parliaments, known as "things," after his defeat of Kjotve the Rich of Agder. One ruler of this nation struck Sigrid the Haughty after she rejected his marriage proposal, and that ruler's efforts to Christianize this country were stopped by his death but revived by the Archbishop of Nidaros. Nidaros, later known as Trondheim, is home to a cathedral that houses the relics of St. Olaf, the patron saint of this nation, who is also celebrated in a church in the city formerly known as Christiania. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation once united to Sweden and Denmark, ruled by Harald V from Oslo.

Norway

During an invasion of this country, its national treasury, 50 tons of gold, was loaded on a train and then shipped off on the HMS Glasgow. A strike against milk rationing in this country prompted commissioner Josef Terboven to declare martial law. During Operation Linebacker, troops with gliders tried to sabotage the German heavy water plant in this country. After this country's king (*) Haakon VII fled, the head of the Nasjonal Samling party became the leader of a puppet regime here. That collaborator during the Nazi occupation of this country was Vidkun Quisling. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is Oslo.

Norway <JB History>

Some participants in a raid on this country joined up with Swallow Team and escaped this country on skis after blowing up their target. A team of Royal Engineers was executed after a failed raid in this country with gliders in Operation Freshman. Those operations targeted a plant at Vemork in this country's Telemark region which produced heavy water for nuclear weapons. Vidkun Quisling served as Germany's puppet ruler of this country, whose King Haakon VII went into exile during World War II. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country which the Nazis controlled from Oslo.

Norway (or Norge or Noreg)

The London Charter established the laws and procedures for an event that happened in this city. While serving as Gauleiter of Franconia, Julius Streicher published the Der Sturmer newspaper in this city. At an event in this city, 130 evenly-space anti-aircraft searchlights formed a "cathedral of light". A large prison complex adjoins Courtroom 600 in this city's Palace of Justice, where a proceeding was prosecuted by Robert (*) Jackson. The film Triumph of the Will by Leni Reifenstahl commemorates this city's large-scale rallies, where in 1935 a law forbidding marriage between Germans and Jews was introduced. Hermann Goering killed himself to avoid the death sentence received here. FTP, name this German city where the Nazi war crime trials took place.

Nuremberg [or Nurnberg]

This city was where the author of the book The Myth of the Twentieth Century was killed. Labor leader Robert Ley killed himself in this city by hanging himself with a towel. It was the site of the so-called “Cathedral of Lightâ€, which contained 152 anti-aircraft searchlights aimed skyward. A newspaper whose name translates as “The Attacker†was published in this city by Julius Streicher, who was later killed here. A man avoided being (*) executed here by using a smuggled potassium cyanide capsule. The film Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl is set in this city, which also named laws forbidding marriages between Jews and Germans. For 10 points, what German city was the site of annual Nazi rallies in the early 1930s and was where post-World War II war crimes trials took place?

Nuremberg [or Nürnberg] <Cheyne>

Prior to this event, most of its leaders were arrested or exiled after the July Days. A Democratic Conference which endorsed a coalition with the Kadets was denounced by the group which led this event, and the only military action during it was the shelling of the Winter Palace by the Aurora. Peace with Germany was negotiated at Brest-Litovsk after this event. Ending a regime supported by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, this is, For 10 points, what 1917 uprising that ended the Provisional Government of Kerensky and installed a Bolshevik government of the Soviets.

October Revolution [accept Bolshevik Revolution before mentioned; prompt on Russian Revolution]

This man reached his then-highest political office with the Peace of Prague, which followed the Fraternal War in which Italy acquired Venetia. French reaction to the proposed enthronement of Leopold of Hohenzollern as King of Spain impelled this leader to release a doctored telegram, the Ems Dispatch. This man created a system of pensions and insurance for his country's workers, the first in the world, and acquired eastern New Guinea, part of which was named for him. He served the first German Emperor faithfully but was dismissed in 1890 by Wilhelm II. For 10 points, name this fiery proponent of "blood and iron," the first Chancellor of Germany.

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen

This ruler pushed through the appointment of Leo VIII as Pope and had to depose Benedict V to keep Leo as pontiff. He was opposed by revolts led by Conrad the Red and his half-brother Thankmar. This ruler expanded his territory by marrying Adelaide and becoming "King of the Lombards," and won one battle against the forces of Bulcsu, Lel, and Sur. He moved into Italy to fight his longtime foe, the usurper Berengar, and appointed his brother Bruno the Archbishop of Cologne. The son of Henry the Fowler, this man beat the Magyars at Lechfeld, and received his most famous title after saving the Papal States and Pope John XII. For 10 points, name this Saxon crowned in February 962 as effectively the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto I [accept Otto the Great]

Along with Eberhard and Gilbert, this ruler's younger brother Henry launched a rebellion against him that was crushed at the Battle of Andernach. The second volume of the Res Gestae Saxonicae by the historian Widukind of Corvey chronicles the reign of this ruler. After Berengar of Ivrea and his son Adalbert threatened to attack Rome, the pope called for this man's aid, leading to him gaining his most prominent position. This ruler finally stopped marauding Magyar hordes from ravaging Western Europe by winning the 955 Battle of Lechfeld. This man's coronation in 962 by Pope John XII marked the beginning of the First Reich. For 10 points, name this first Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto I [or Otto the Great; prompt on Otto]

This ruler helped restore a pope imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo by the Campanian countRofred, and launched several campaigns to subjugate the Bohemian kingdom of Boleslav I. After thedeath of his first wife, the daughter of England's Edward the Elder, he married a captive of Berengarof Ivrea named Adelaide. This man annexed Franconia after squashing a rebellion led by Thankmarand Eberhard. He transferred control of Lorraine to his brother, (*) Bruno the Great, after anotheruprising led by his son-in-law, Conrad the Red. This man defeated Lel, Sur, Bulcsu and other Magyars atthe Battle of Lechfeld. Pope John XII crowned this son of Henry the Fowler in Rome in 962. For 10 points,name this first Holy Roman Emperor, known as "the Great."

Otto the Great [or Otto I or Otto II of Saxony; do not prompt on just "Otto II"]

4. This leader's daughter was the dedicatee of Widukind of Corvey's history of his reign. This ruler had his half-brother killed in Eresburg and quelled a rebellion at the Battle of Andernach. He consolidated his power at Diet of Auerstadt and appointed Bruno I as Archbishop of Cologne, after Conrad the Red defected. After deposing Adalbert and his father Berengar II, he took Adelaide as his wife. Eberhard of (*) Franconia engineered two rebellions against him, conspiring with Henry and Thankmar. He was crowned by John XII after conquering Italy, and was the son of Henry the Fowler. For 10 points, name this ruler who defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld and is considered the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto the Great [or Otto I; prompt on "Otto"]

The parties involved in these events had earlier signed the secret Treaty of the Three BlackEagles. One of these events was partially prompted by the adoption of the May Constitution, whichreplaced the system of Golden Liberty. One of these events resulted from the defeat of the (*)Targowica Confederation. To defend against the first of these events, the Confederation of the Bar wasformed. Many historians ascribe partial blame for these events on the sejm legislature being paralyzed bythe liberum veto. For 10 points, name these events that resulted in Austria, Prussia and Russia increasing inlandmass at the expense of a country in between them.

Partitions of Poland [or Partitions of the PolishÂâ€"Lithuanian Commonwealth; accept First Partition of Poland, Second Partition of Poland, or Third Partition of Poland throughout]

This treaty transferred control of a ten-city alliance called the Decapole. The signing of this treaty wasdelayed by the actions of Lennart Torstenson in the so-called Hannibal War. This treaty was condemnedby the decree Zelo domus dei. This treaty built on the Peace of Prague by rejecting the Edict ofRestitution. Since this treaty established territorial integrity, the modern system of state sovereignty isoften named for it. This treaty consisted of separate agreements signed at Osnabruck and Munster. Thewar ended by this treaty featured commanders like Count Tilly, Albrecht von Wallenstein, and GustavusAdolphus. For 10 points, name this agreement that ended the Thirty Years War.

Peace of Westphalia [or Treaty of Westphalia; anti-prompt on Peace/Treaty of Munster or Peace/Treaty of Osnabruck before those words are read]

One man of this name hailed from Landen, advised Chlotar II, and was known as "the Elder". Aking with this name was the husband of Bertrada of Laon. The first King of Aquitaine with this namewas a son of Louis the Pious of France. Another king of this name put down a rebellion led by hishalf-brother Grifo and fought a battle in the Alps against Aistulf's Lombards. That man wasbequeathed the office of (*) mayor of Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence before convincing Pope Zacharyto depose his rival, the Merovingian king Childeric III. Most famously held by a son of Charles Martel andfounder of the Carolingian dynasty, for 10 points, give this name held by a "short" king of France whofathered Charlemagne.

Pepin [or Pippin]

The Serpent Column, now located in Istanbul, was built to commemorate the end of these conflicts. These conflicts were followed by the prosperous "Fifty Years." During a battle in these conflicts, the losing commander watched from a throne on a nearby island as hundreds of his ships were destroyed after being crammed into the namesake straits. They ended after Mardonius was killed at (*) Plataea. These conflicts, which began with the Ionian Revolt, included naval battles at Artemisium and Salamis and land battles at Marathon and Thermopylae. For 10 points, name this series of conflicts between the Greeks and the Achaemenid forces of Darius and Xerxes.

Persian Wars [or Greco-Persian Wars; accept any answer involving Persian Invasions of Greece]

This man's so-called "toy army" was a group of adolescents with which he staged mock battles, and he promoted Franz Lefort to be a general. This man hanged rebelling bodyguards when his daughter triggered an uprising of the streltsy. This promulgator of the Julian Calendar went with the Grand Embassy to study shipbuilding in Holland and city-building in Manchester on an extensive tour of Europe. He declared war on Sweden in 1700, and built a city on the banks of the Neva River. For 10 points, name this tsar who sought to modernize Russia and named a new cosmopolitan capital after his namesake saint.

Peter I [accept Peter the Great, prompt on "Peter Romanov" or equivalents] <CSM>

This man established the Kunstkamera, his country's first museum, to preserve natural and human curiosities. This ruler recruited General Patrick Gordon from Scotland to lead his country's army. This ruler, who played war games with his "Toy Army", suppressed a rebellion from guardsmen known as the (*) streltsy and issued a tax that required noblemen to pay 100 rubles in order to wear a beard. After losing the Battle of Narva, this tsar defeated Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava. For ten points, name this winner of the Great Northern War, a Russian tsar, whose "Grand Embassy" to Europe inspired his reforms to westernize Russia.

Peter I [or Peter the Great, or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov; prompt on "Peter"] <RP>

This ruler's navy was victorious at the battle of Gangut, and this ruler's army put down the Bulavin rebellion in Astrakhan. This ruler, who suppressed a rebellion of a guard called the Streltsy, replaced a chief religious figure of his empire with the Holy Synod, and created a merit-based advancement system called the Table of Ranks. This leader went on a "Grand Embassy" to the rest of Europe and defeated Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava, ending the Great Northern War. For 10 points, identify this 6-foot-8 Russian tsar, whose program of modernization included the founding of a new capital at Saint Petersburg.

Peter I [or Peter the Great; or Pyotr I; or Pyotr Veliki;, or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov; prompt partial answers] <BS>

One of this man's daughters refused to change her shirt until his siege of Ostend wascomplete, a campaign which took three years. By the Peace of Vervins (vair-VAN), thismonarch withdrew his support from the Catholic League. This king's anti-moriscopolicies sparked a revolt put down by Don Juan of Austria. He married Elizabeth ofValois, the daughter of Henri II of France, as a condition of the Treaty of CateauCambrésis. (*) Fireships were used against a military force launched by this monarch under the Duke of Medina-Sidonia prior to the Battle of Gravelines. This man sent the Duke of Alba to suppress revolt in the Netherlands. This monarch was unpopularly married to Mary I of England. For 10 points, name this monarch who launched the Spanish Armada.

Philip II [or Filippo II or Philip I of Naples or Felipe I of Portugal; prompt on Philip]

One king of this name was retreating across the Pyrenees when he was crushed by Peter III of Aragon at the Battle of Col de Panissars. The three daughters-in-law of the fourth man of this name were accused of cheating on their husbands in the Tour de Nesle Affair, and that king suffered defeat at the hands of William of Julich at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. The second king of this name defeated a coalition force including King John of England at the Battle of Bouvines and participated alongside Richard I and Frederick Barbarossa in the Third Crusade. For 10 points, give this name shared by six kings of France, including ones nicknamed "Augustus" and "the Fair."

Philip of France [Accept Philip III until "fourth" is read.]

A leader with this papal name died before he could release a bold anti-racist text translated as “On the Unity of the Human Raceâ€; that leader with this name denounced “neopaganism†in a text translated as “With Burning Concern†that was smuggled into Germany. An earlier leader with this papal name had his pronouncements challenged by Ignaz von Dollinger, who disagreed with that leader's denunciations of socialism, liberalism, and the revolutions of (*) 1848 in the “Syllabus of Errorsâ€. That man with this papal name was called “a prisoner in the Vatican†after an invasion by Italy. The ninth pope with this name became the longest-reigning elected pope in church history and convened the First Vatican Council. For 10 points, give this name of twelve popes, the last of whom reigned during World War II.

Pius <Cheyne>

A person with this name was the subject of Rolf Hochhuth’s play The Deputy. That man was reportedly the target of a Karl Wolff kidnap plot, although some have argued that was merely British propaganda. During a 1942 Christmas radio address, the leader with this name stated humanity owed a vow to the thousands “consigned to death…because of their nationality or race.†In 1864, a man with this name denounced modern relativism by issuing the (*) Syllabus of Errors. That ninth man with this name became a “prisoner†after his city was captured by Victor Emmanuel II and also defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. For 10 points, name this name held by twelve popes, the most recent of which was criticized for remaining silent during the Holocaust.

Pius [number does not matter, prompt on Eugenio, prompt on Giovanni]

Vaca de Castro usurped power after the assassination of one man with this name. That murder was in revenge for two brothers with this surname, Hernando and Gonzalo, winning at Las Salinas against Diego de Almagro. Gonzalo also led a revolt against Blasco Núñez Vela for attempting to enforce the New Laws under Charles V. Another man with this surname served under Balboa and briefly served as mayor of Panama City. He was later offered a ransom room filled with gold by a ruler he would convert to Christianity and then strangle to death, Atahualpa. For 10 points, give the surname of Francisco, the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire.

Pizarro

One legendary figure in this country's history was a wheelwright who founded the Piast dynasty. The Nihil novi was a 1505 act passed by its parliament, the sejm, and the Confederation of Targowica invited a Russian invasion after the adoption of a liberal constitution. One battle in this country saw its king ally with Grand Duke Vytautas to repulse the Teutonic Knights and took place at Grunwald. Tadeusz Kościuszko led this nation's resistance to a Russian deal with Austria to partition this nation. More recently this country was home to the trade union Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa. For 10 points, name this European nation that was home to the Warsaw Ghetto.

Poland

An opposition movement in this country called the Orange Alternative used absurd elements, like mythical dwarves, to protest its government. This country’s militarized ZOMO police was used to violently suppress dissenters, such as striking coal miners at Wujek (VOO-yek). Edward Gierek, a leader of this country, attempted to open it to Western influence. A bicameral legislature was established in this country after the Round Table Talks. A former electrician in this country started a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in 1980, which led to the first non-Communist trade union in the Eastern Bloc. For 10 points, name this country whose Solidarity movement was led by Lech Walesa.

Poland [or Polska]

This nation's Grand Duke Henry the Bearded was succeeded by Henry the Pious, and the baptism of Mieszko I begins its history. This home of the Piast dynasty established the principle of liberum veto for all its legislators. A leader of this non-Austria country relieved the 1683 Siege of Vienna. This nation was ruled by kings of the Jagiellon dynasty in union with Lithuania. Three agreements between this nation's neighbors partitioned it out of existence by 1800, and earlier it was where Nicolas Copernicus wrote. For 10 points, name this nation, which formerly had its capital at Krakow and was invaded on September 1, 1939 by the Nazis.

Poland [or Polska] <DStobierski/MJ>

The elected king of this state signed a “contract†with the nobles and the people called the Henrician Articles, reflecting a political system under which “the king reins and does not govern.†Late in this state’s existence, it promulgated the first codified constitution in modern European history, the May 3 Constitution. This state continued an earlier aristocratic political system of checks and balances called (*) Golden Liberty, which was controlled by nobles called szlachta. A predecessor to this state was created in the Union of Krewo. This state arose in the 1569 Union of Lublin, nearly 200 years after a personal union between two countries occurred when the Jagiellon dynasty came to power. For 10 points, name this Eastern European “Commonwealth†ruled jointly from Vilnius and Krakow.

Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth [accept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or other word forms; prompt on “Poland†or “Lithuaniaâ€]

A king of this country was also king of Sweden before being kicked out by Charles IX. In 1697, the Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism to become this country's king. This country elected France's Henry III to be their king. This country was attacked in the Deluge and it was later ruled by Augustus the Strong. This country was united in the Union of (*) Lublin while it was ruled by the Jagiellonians. The 1683 Siege of Vienna was turned back by this country's king John III Sobieski. This country, which was once ruled together with Lithuania, was home to the Winged Hussars. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country that Prussia, Austria, and Russia "partitioned."

Poland-Lithuania [accept either until Lithuania is mentioned; accept Polska; accept Lietuva] <JR>

This country's system of Golden Liberty allowed monarchs to be elected by a parliament where every member had a right to individually veto legislation. This country was pillaged by a northern enemy during the Deluge, and its nobles joined a parliament with a J in its name, the Sejm ("SEY-m"). A post-Jagiellonian king of this nation allied with Leopold I to break the 1683 siege of Vienna. It established a monarchical union at Lublin. This country's three neighbors partitioned it out of existence by the 1790s. For 10 points, name this state ruled by Jan III Sobielski and King Poniatowski from Krakow and Warsaw.

Poland-Lithuania [or Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; or Commonwealth of Poland] <BS/MJ>

This leader reacted to the Ecône consecrations by kicking out Marcel Lefebvre. He took the name of his immediate predecessor, who had held office for only 33 days. This man made a prison visit to forgive Mehmet Ali Agca, a member of the Grey Wolves who tried to kill him. This author of an Instruction against liberation theology and the encyclical Evangelium Vitae issued a "reference text" called the Catechism of the Catholic Church and broadcasted sermons against Communism. For 10 points, name this first Polish-born Pope, who died in April 2005.

Pope John Paul II [or Karol Józef Wojtyla [voy-TEE-wah]] <MPG/MJ>

Tiberius II Constantine was forced to mediate a contentious debate between this man and Eutychius of Constantinople about the palpability of Christ. His Commentary on Job was considered his masterwork. Other than St. Augustine of Hippo and Tertullian, this man is probably the best known of the Latin Fathers. John Calvin called this man the last good (*) pope, and this man dispatched a major namesake missionary expedition that began the Christianization of Britain. He is perhaps best known for attempting to standardize the Mass. For 10 points, name this early Medieval Pope who names the central type of plainchant in the Catholic Church.

Pope Saint Gregory I [accept Pope Saint Gregory the Great or Pope Saint Gregory the Dialogist] <LT>

The first phase of the Bojinka plot consisted of assassinating this figure, and he was also later the target of an assassination attempt by the Turkish Grey Wolves. Two of the most important initiatives during this person's rule were the establishment of (*) World Youth Day and the condemnation of Marxist liberation theology. During this figure's tenure, he garnered international attention when he visited his home country in 1979, leading to the formation of the fiercely anti-Communist Solidarity movement the following year. For 10 points, name this Polish pontiff who preceded Benedict XVI.

Pope Saint John Paul II [accept St. John Paul II; accept Karol Józef Wojtyła] Note: Number is required!

15. Holders of this office were heavily influenced by Theodora and her daughter Marozia during the Pornocracy. The son of one man with this title hosted the lewd Banquet of Chestnuts and was the sister of Lucrezia. Another man who held this position feuded with (*) Philip IV, and his successor moved the seat of this position to Avignon. The Council of Constance resolved the issue of who held this post and thus ended the Western Schism. The infallibility of people in this post when speaking ex cathedra was decreed by Pius IX. For ten points, name this ecclesiastical office whose holder is the head of the Catholic Church.

Pope [accept Papacy; accept Bishop of Rome] <BZ>

An interregnum in this country from 1383 to 1385 was resolved after it successfully preserved its independence at the Battle of Aljubarrota (al-HOO-bah-rote-ah). This country was invaded in the brief War of the Oranges, after which its southernmost portion became directly ruled by Manuel de Godoy. After this country’s king Sebastian I died at the Battle of Alcacer Quibir (al-cah-SEAR kwi-BEER), it was forced into a dynastic union with a neighboring country from 1580 until 1640, when its House of Braganza took power. This country received everything east of the line drawn by the Treaty of Tordesillas, including its colony of Brazil. For 10 points, name this European country which shares the Iberian Peninsula with Spain.

Portugal

One civil strife in this nation ended with the Convention of Évora-Monte, following the decisiveBattle of Asseiceira. The Methuen treaty obstructed industrialization in this nation. One of its leadersclaimed that it was "proudly alone" in resisting decolonization. The Battle of Aljubarrota was adecisive victory by John I of this nation. England and this nation formed the Treaty of Windsor, theoldest European treaty still in effect. This country, which overthrew dictator (*) Marcelo Caetano inthe Carnation Revolution, spent the mid-twentieth century under the dictatorship of the Estado Novo. For10 points, what nation, once ruled by the Houses of Aviz and Braganza, split the New World with Spainthrough the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Portugal

This country operated a prison camp for political opponents at Tarrafal nicknamed "The Camp of the Slow Death." Jawaharlal Nehru launched Operation Vijay to retake a colony of this country, which relinquished another territory with the Alvor Agreement. This country justified the holding of its overseas colonial empire with the ideas that it was a multi-continental state and that it was a benevolent master, known as "pluricontinentalism" and "lusotropicalism," respectively. This non-Brazilian country's authoritarian regime was called the Estado Novo, which was overthrown in the 1974 Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this Iberian country, ruled for many years by Antonio Salazar.

Portugal

One king of this country was killed at the Battle of the Three Kings in a failed attempt to conquer Morocco. The Castilian right to the throne of this country was lost at the Battle of Aljubarrota [ahl-joo-bah-ROE-tah], where English archers backed the forces of John the First of Aviz[ah-VEEZ]. The MFA launched a 1974 coup in this country known as the Carnation Revolution. It continued to support exploreers such as Vasco de Gama [GAH-mah] after the death of Henry the Navigator. Name this country where in 1755 an earthquake struck the capital, Lisbon.

Portugal (accept Portugese Republic or Republica Portuguesa)

This nation's missionary work was praised in Pius XII's encyclical Saeculo exeunte, issued after it had signed the Concordat of 1940 with the Vatican. This European country's prison camp at Tarrafal was run by the PIDE police. This country's 1974 Eurovision entry "And After the Farewell," was used as a signal for a coup by the (*) Armed Forces Movement. In its "Colonial War," this country lost its colonies of Goa and Angola. The Carnation Revolution in this country overthrew Marcelo Caetano, the successor of a man who declared an Estado Novo. For 10 points, name this country formerly ruled by Antonio Salazar, an Iberian nation.

Portugal (or the Portuguese Republic; or the República Portuguesa; prompt on "Estado Novo" before mention)

This country was once ruled by a man who wrote a horseback treatise titled The Art of Riding on Every Saddle. One of its rulers had children known as the "Illustrious Generation," the sons of Philippa of Lancaster. This country decisively defeated a combined Venetian, Ottoman, and Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Diu. It effectively began its empire by conquering Ceuta from the Muslims, and it gave various people the title "Duke of (*) Goa." Another nobleman in this country is said to have formed a school on the Sagres peninsula to teach explorers and map-makers. With its eastern neighbor, it signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, and it employed such explorers as Pedro Cabral and Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this modern day European country, once the home to Prince Henry the Navigator.

Portugal [accept Portuguese Republic]

In this country, the English Factory House's power was opposed by the founding of the Douro Company.The attempted assassination of a king of this country in a shanty town led to the execution of the entireTavora family on the orders of the Marquess of Pombal. This country was taken over by its neighbor aftera king called the "Desired" was killed at the Battle of Alcacer Quivir. This country's navy used ships likethe carrack and the caravel. John I founded this country's Aviz Dynasty, which was succeed by theBraganza Dynasty. For 10 points, name this home of Vasco de Gama and Henry the Navigator, anIberian country where the Lisbon earthquake occurred.

Portugal [or Portuguese Republic]

Near this city, Christian of Anhalt's defeat at the Battle of White Mountain led to the execution of 27 of its citizens on the Day of Blood. One of this city's residents was condemned and executed at the Council of Constance, following which multiple Taborite crusades attempted to capture this city. One major event in this city supposedly caused King Wenceslaus IV to die from shock, while another saw two Catholic Regents survive a fall from a window through either divine intervention or landing on a pile of manure. For 10 points, name this former home of Jan Hus and the site of two namesake defenestrations, the former capital of Bohemia.

Prague

18. The Battle of Vitkov Hill occurred near this city during a war that was partly set in motion due to Utraquist beliefs developed here. In the sixteenth century, a rabbi called the Maharal allegedly used a shem to create a golem in this city. In 1635, Ferdinand II signed a peace settlement with the Holy Roman Empire in this city which partially ended a war that was sparked when four Catholic regents were (*) thrown into manure in the Second Defenestration of this city. In 1968, Alexander Dubcek ["DOOB-check"] attempted to implement "socialism with a human face" in a "spring" name for this city. For ten points, name this largest city and capital of what is now the Czech Republic.

Prague <BZ>

The 20-year anniversary of a coup in this city called “Victorious February†prompted a leader to instigate a slate of political reforms called the Action Programme. A nearly 20-year-long period of “normalization†in this city resulted from a military incursion into it prompted by the adoption of a policy called “socialism with a human face.†After a period in this city in which the manifesto The (*) Two Thousand Words was written, a student at its Charles University named Jan Palach was one of three to set themselves on fire in its Wenceslas Square. This city was stormed by Warsaw Pact troops after Alexander Dubcek’s government initiated liberalizing reforms. For 10 points, what Eastern European city, which experienced an anti-Soviet “Spring†in 1968, was the capital of Czechoslovakia?

Prague [or Praha; accept Prague Spring]

Otto III traveled to Gniezno to retrieve the relics of Adalbert, a bishop from this citywho was martyred in 997. The freedom to confess the Holy Word was one of fourarticles issued from this city by the Ultraquists, who held this city against the moreradical Taborites. Charles IV founded a namesake university in this city in 1348. In thiscity, the brief reign of Frederick V the (*) Winter King was ended by Count Tilly's victory at the Battle of White Mountain. A professor in this city was burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance for his Wycliffite views. In this city home to Jan Hus (yahn HOOS), Jaroslav Bořita of Martinic and Vilem Slavata survived a fall into a moat in this city. For 10 points, name this capital of Bohemia and site of a 1618 defenestration.

Prague [or Praha]

One holder of this office was forced to resign after Daniel Wilson was implicated in selling military orders, and another died while having sex with Marguerite Steinheil. A later holder of this office ordered the bombing of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior and was forced to share power with an opposition leader during a period called "cohabitation." Another holder of this position wrote The Army of the Future and faced a general strike in May 1968. That man dismissed Georges Pompidou in hopes that he would succeed him in this office, which he eventually did. For 10 points, name this office held by men such as Francois Mitterrand and Charles de Gaulle.

President of France [accept President of the French Third Republic before "Greenpeace," anti-prompt on President of the French Fifth Republic afterwards]

In 2003, the holder of this office refused to testify before parliamentary commissions regardingthe privatization of Orlen and the Rywingate scandal. The only person to be re-elected to this officewas once a Communist secret police agent under the code name "Alek." Since 2010, this office hasbeen held, for the first time, by a member of the Civic Platform. That holder of this office came topower after his predecessor from the Law and Justice Party was killed in a (*) plane crash near theRussian city of Smolensk. This office was returned to leftist control in 1995 following the defeat of theSolidarity party. For 10 points, name this position currently held by Bronislaw Komorowski, which wasformerly occupied by Alexander Kwasniewski and Lech Walesa.

President of the Republic of Poland [or Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej]

This official was to be the ruler of a new "Dacia" upon the execution of the so-called "GreekProject" envisioned during his time as a diplomat negotiating with Sir James Harris over hiscountry's policy of "Armed Neutrality." This man oversaw the founding of Kherson and Sevastapoland the redesign of (*) Odessa. As commander-in-chief, he oversaw a peaceful annexation of Crimea aftersupplanting Count Orlov. Later, this victorious commander in the second Russo-Turkish war allegedlyshowed his ruler how happy the Cossacks were by creating fake villages along the Dnieper river. For 10points, name this favorite of Catherine the Great, who lends his name to a Russian battleship on which a1905 mutiny occurred.

Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski [or Grigory Potyomkin]

In his most famous role, this man succeeded Johann Stadion. This man's reputation was harmed by his nation's defeat at the Battle of Wagram. To curry favor with one future enemy, this figure arranged his marriage to Archduchess Marie Louise. This man ordered the Burschenschaften to disband following the murder of (*) August von Kotzebue. Archduke Ludwig ordered this man's resignation during the Revolution of 1848. This man issued the Carlsbad Decrees, and, with Castlereagh and Talleyrand, he helped arrange the Concert of Europe. For 10 points, name this Austrian statesman who advocated for a balance of powers as he led the Congress of Vienna.

Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich

This man sent orders to put troops in southern Italy from a meeting at Laibach, which reaffirmedagreements made at Troppau a year prior. With the pope, the czar, and Guizot (ghee-ZOH), KarlMarx listed this man as part of a "holy alliance" against the specter of Communism. A decade aftersecuring a marriage for princess Maria Louise, he ordered the Burschenschaften student groupsdisbanded in response to the (*) assassination of playwright August von Kotzebue via the Carlsbaddecrees. This man led a festive meeting which established a 38-state German Confederation, whereBritain's Viscount Castlereagh helped form the Quadruple Alliance. For 10 points, name this conservativeminister who stabilized post-Napoleonic Europe by chairing the Congress of Vienna.

Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich

The main proponent of this movement meditated on the words "deliver me in thy justice", leading to his "tower experience". The start of this movement was partly inspired by a Dominican friar named Johann Tetzel in northern Germany, who was selling indulgences, claiming they would lead to heaven. Anabaptism, (*) Zwinglianism, and Calvinism were the results of this movement in Switzerland, and the Diet of Worms said that the leader of this movement, who hammered his 95 Theses to a Wittenberg church door, was an outlaw. For ten points, name this 16th century religious movement in Europe that was led by Martin Luther.

Protestant Reformation [prompt on "Reformation", accept Lutheran Reformation, do NOT accept "English Reformation"] <AG>

This country was obliged to defend its neighbor in the YYA Treaty. Its capital hosted a 1975 meeting that produced a declaration pledging respect for territorial integrity. A term named for this country refers to a nation being unduly influenced by a powerful neighbor. As this country gained independence, the White and the Red Guards fought a civil war. Nazi Germany helped it fight the Continuation War with a rival nation in conjunction with Operation Barbarossa. During one conflict, this country defended itself with the Mannerheim Line, but was still forced to give up the Karelian Isthmus to its eastern neighbor. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation which fought the Winter War with the Soviet Union and was the site of the Helsinki Accords.

Republic of Finland [accept Soviet Union or Russia or U.S.S.R. until "1975 meeting"]

This country established a monarchy with Frederick Charles of Hesse as King-elect, but he resigned after beingappointed to the position. The Emperor of Russia was also known as the Grand Prince of this location following theDiet of Porvoo, which annexed this territory from Sweden. This country replaced the marka with the euro in 2002.The 1975 Accords that established international relations guidelines were signed in this country's capital. The sniperSimo Häyhä, also known as White Death, fought for this country in one war, in which this country pushed back theSoviet Union due to the Mannerheim Line. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Helsinki.

Republic of Finland [or Suomen tasavalta; or Suomi]

Guilds in this city attempted to stay in power by passing the Ordinances of Justice. The Albizzi family rose to prominence in this city shortly after Michele di Lando led the Ciompi ["CHOM-pee"] Revolt here in 1378. A leader of this city was nicknamed "the Gouty," and another leader of this city survived an assassination attempt that killed his brother as part of the Pazzi conspiracy. The Bonfire of the Vanities took place in this city during its period of dominance by the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola. For 10 points, name this Italian city ruled during the Renaissance by Cosimo the Great and Lorenzo the Magnificent, members of the Medici family.

Republic of Florence [or Repubblica Fiorentina; or Firenze; or Fiorenza; or Florentia]

The Grimaldi family, the current ruling house of Monaco, was prominent in the early political history of this city. Hayreddin Barbarossa decisively defeated an admiral from this city at the Battle of Preveza. Soldiers armed with crossbows from this city proved to be popular mercenaries in medieval European wars. This city's colony of Caffa in the Black Sea was the entry point of the Black Death into Europe. After this city won the Battle of Curzola, Marco Polo was kept as a prisoner of this city. This birthplace of Andrea Doria lost the War of Chioggia to its primary rival, which, like this city, was led by a doge. For 10 points, name this home city of Christopher Columbus, a rival city to Venice.

Republic of Genoa [or Reppublica di Genova; or Repúbrica de Zêna]

This country's borders were redrawn in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. This country was led by the Arrow Cross Party at the end of World War Two after Operation Margarethe and Operation Panzerfaust weakened and then removed Miklós Horthy from power. In the year 1000, Stephen the First became this country's first king, establishing the Ãrpád dynasty. János Kádár [YA-nawsh KAH-dar] was the Communist leader of this country after the failed 1956 Revolution led by Imre Nagy [EEM-ray NAJ]. Settled by Magyars, this country spent the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as part of a dual monarchy with Austria. Name this country with capital at Budapest.

Republic of Hungary [accept Magyarorszag or Magyar Koztarsasag before "Magyars"]

While in this country, Willy Brandt spontaneously knelt down and cried in front of a memorial in the Warschauer Kniefall. Marek Edelmann was the only surviving commander of an uprising in this country that was put down by Jurgen Stroop. The thirteenth of Wilson's Fourteen Points called for the (*) creation of this country. The first independent trade union in the Soviet Union began in this country's Gdansk shipyards. This country's second president was an electrician who had led the Solidarity movement. This birth country of John Paul II was led by Lech Walesa [vah-WEN-sah]. For 10 points, name this country in which the Warsaw Ghetto uprising occurred.

Republic of Poland [prompt on "General Government" during the second sentence]

This modern-day country was once ruled by renegade Janissaries known as dahije, who massacred this country’s elite, known as knez, in 1804. A rebel whose name translates to “Black George†is considered the national hero of this country. A leader of a secret society in this country codenamed “Apis†orchestrated the murder of its king Alexander and its queen Draga in 1903. In the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to this country, whose nationalist organizations included the radical Black Hand. A man from this country shot the successor to Franz Joseph, leading to the outbreak of World War I. For 10 points, name this country, the home of Franz Ferdinand’s assassin, Gavrilo Princip.

Republic of Serbia [or Republika Srbija]

John the Deacon was a secretary to one ruler of this polity and wrote the earliest known chronicle of here. This polity gave up Morea in exchange for portions of Dalmatia in the Treaty of Passarowitz. Alexander VI organized the League of Cambrai to combat this polity, and it was dissolved as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio. Enrico Dandolo of this polity successfully diverted the 4th Crusade to sack Constantinople, and ships supplied by this polity won a decisive victory at the Battle of Lepanto. It frequently sparred with the Ottoman Empire for control of the eastern Mediterranean. For 10 points, name this "most serene" republic in northern Italy that like Genoa, was ruled by a doge.

Republic of Venice [or Most Serene Republic of Venice]

A member of this family used his skills of sneaking into women's bedrooms to scale the "impregnable" walls of Fort Saint-Phillip on Minorca and seize it from the British during the Seven Years' War. An earlier member of this family reduced religious freedom in the Edict of Grace and built a palace that was renamed the Palais Royal after his death. A man with this surname succeeded Concino Concini (con-CHEE-noh con-CHEE-nee) . One member of this non-royal family survived the (*) Day of the Dupes and ordered a large sea wall to keep out English relief during a year-long siege of the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle; that same man with this surname was a rival of Marie de Medici and earned the nickname the Red Eminence. For 10 points, identify this surname of a cardinal who served Louis XIII.

Richelieu [or Vignerot du Plessis ]

While responding to the protest of a king of this country, Andrei Vyshinsky allegedly yelled, “Yalta? What is Yalta? I am Yalta!†A woman who served as the foreign minister for this country following World War II led the Muscovite faction and was named Ana Pauker. Some ethnic Hungarians in this country called Szeklers have pushed for autonomy, which existed in the 1950s when this country created the Magyar Autonomous Region. A rigged 1946 election that gave power to the Bloc of Democratic Parties over the National Peasants' Party led to the 1947 abdication of this country's king (*) Michael. The communist government of this country started a secret police force called the Securitate. A leader of this country was captured and executed with his wife Elena after ruling for 24 years following the death of Gheorge Gheorgiu-Dej (GYOR-gay GYOR-gâ€you†dezsh). For 10 points, name this Eastern Bloc country that had its communist government toppled in 1989 in a revolution against the rule of Nicolae Ceausescu (nick-oh-LIE chow-SHESH-koo).

Romania <Gehring>

After World War I, this country occupied most of Hungary, removing Bolsheviks from power. Its oil fields at Ploiesti were often bombed, since they were the Axis's largest. King Michael's coup led this country to switch sides to the Allies in 1944. The anti-Semitic Iron Guard gained power in this country during the 1930s. Many protesters were killed in its city (*) Timisoara by a leader who issued the July Theses. It had a secret police called the Securitate under a leader who was executed on Christmas in 1989, along with his wife Elena. For 10 points, identify this Eastern European nation once led by Nicolae Ceausescu ["chow-SHESH-koo"].

Romania [or Romaniei]

The poet Octavian Goga led the anti-Semitic National Agrarian party in this country, and during the Legionnaires' Rebellion, Horia Sima rebelled against a leader of this country known as the "Red Dog." Several leaders in this country's history took the title Conducător, including one a man who was targeted by Operation Tidal Wave and faced rebellion by former supporters in the Iron Guard. Another leader of this country was opposed by a movement started in Timisoara and put forth the July Theses. That man was executed, along with his wife Elena, on December 25, 1989. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country ruled by Ion Antonescu and Nicolae Ceausescu.

Romania [or Rumania]

One monarch from this family ordered the beheading of the brother of his mistress Anna Mons, after which the head was placed on display at his nation's first museum, the Kunstkamera. This house eventually merged with that of Holstein-Gottorp, and its first monarch was living in a (*) monastery when he was elected by the zemsky sobor. Anna Anderson claimed to be a lost member of this house. The Time of Troubles ended after its first monarch Michael ascended to the throne, and it succeeded the Rurik dynasty. For 10 points, name this dynasty of czars like Peter the Great, which ruled Russia from the 17th to the 20th centuries.

Romanov

Harry Pollitt was a leader of a movement urging non-intervention in this war, known as "Hands Off" the country where it took place. In this war;s aftermath, the "Mad Baron" Roman von Ungern-Sternberg attempted to establish his own independent state to the south. In this war's eastern front, Alexander Kolchak declared himself "Supreme Ruler" shortly before he was imprisoned by the rebellious Czechoslovak Legion. The policy of "War (*) Communism" was implemented during this war. After the Allied intervention in this war petered out, Japanese forces continued to occupy Siberia. At a basement in the Ipatiey House in Yekaterinburg during this war, Nicholas II and his family were executed. For 10 points, name this 1917-22 war between White Army and the Bolshevik Red Army.

Russia Civil War [or Grazhdankaya v Rossiy; prompt on Russian Revolution; prompt on October Revolution]

Since an 1813 treaty, this country has controlled the Islamic city of Derbent. Ismail Gaspiralifounded the religious reform movement of Jadidism in this country, which fought Sufi resistanceleader Imam Shamil during the mid 19th century. This country's police circulated an unknown toxicgas through a (*) movie theater in its capital to end a hostage crisis by Muslim militants from the sameregion as the earlier Hadji Murad. Aslan Maskhadov led resistance to this country from a separatist republicwith capital at Grozny. For 10 points, name this country whose recent actions against militant Islam haveincluded backing Syria's Bashar al-Assad at the UN and crushing an insurgency in Chechnya.

Russia [or Russian Federation; or Russian Empire]

This country was opposed by war loans made by Wall Street banker Jacob Schiff. The commander of its Second Army shot himself in a forest after his forces were wiped out by a numerically inferior opponent. The book Ten Days That Shook the World by John Reed is about this country. Bread riots broke out in this country's then-capital city on International Women's Day. Its military suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of (*) Tannenberg against forces led by Paul von Hindenburg. This country stopped fighting in World War I with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, despite having been a Triple Entente member with France and England. For 10 points, name this country that experienced a 1917 Bolshevik revolution overthrewing the tsar.

Russia [or Russian Republic; or Soviet Russia; or Soviet Union; or U.S.S.R.; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] <Cheyne>

Thousands killed themselves by blowing up gunpowder in one of these places at the end of Sigismund III's Siege of Smolensk. Feodor I earned his nickname by frequently working in these places, whose workers were regulated by the Stoglav, or Book of One Hundred Chapters. One of these places was created to celebrate the conquest of Kazan. False Dmitry I ["the first"] promoted Filaret to work in one of these places in Rostov. An architect of one of them was supposedly (*) blinded after building it so that he could never make anything as great again. The construction of one prompted the commission of the 1812 Overture. The most famous one in Russia was built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible by Postnik Yakovlev and has nine onion-domed towers. For 10 points, name these places like one in Moscow named after St. Basil.

Russian Orthodox churches [or cathedrals or belltowers specifically; accept any specific Russian church or cathedral]

Prior to this event, one man gave a speech asking if the government's failures were the result of "stupidity or treason." After one phase, the Women's Battalion of Death was formed. Journalist John Reed wrote the book Ten Days That Shook the World about this event, which culminated in the cruiser Aurora beginning an assault on a former palace. The eventual government that was created signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end war with Germany. In this event's "February" phase, a provisional government was formed, but in October, Alexander Kerensky's government was toppled and the new government executed the Romanov family. For 10 points, name this 1917 event in which Nicholas II abdicated, eventually leading to a Bolshevik government under Lenin.

Russian Revolution of 1917 [accept February Revolution or October Revolution until mentioned, accept Revolution of 1917 until mentioned, accept overthrow of Nicholas II until mentioned, accept logical synonyms for "revolution"]

This non-royal person tried to escape the Castle of Beaurevoir by leaping from the 60-foot tall tower. Forces commanded by this person captured John Talbot in the Battle of Patay. This leader was wounded while storming a fortress called "les Tourelles." This advisor to John of Alençon [ah-luhn-soh] was captured in Compiegne by the forces of Philip the Good. Twenty years after dying, this victor in the Loire campaign was vindicated in an investigation by (*) Calixtus III. This leader convinced Robert de Baudricourt to allow this person to go to Chinon. This person arranged the crowning of Charles VII in Reims. Pierre Cauchon tried and burnt this person at the stake for crossdressing and alleging to receive visions from Saint Michael. For 10 points, name this warrior maid who lifted the English siege of Orleans.

Saint Joan of Arc [or Jeanne d'Arc; prompt on the Maid of Orleans until "maid"]

A visiting monarch once chastised the mayor of this city, Fehim Curcic, for its laxsecurity. Martin Bell was one of many reporters holed up at the Holiday Inn in this cityduring a conflict in which its Oriental Institute and National Library were firebombed.An open-air market in this city was shelled in what may have been a false flagoperation. Many people were killed by sharpshooters in this city when they braved the(*) "sniper alleys." A plot in this city was carried out at the Latin Bridge and claimed the life of Duchess Sophie. Starting in 1992, this city was the target of the longest siege in modern warfare. In this city, a prince was killed by Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip. For 10 points, name this city where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.

Sarajevo

Riots in this city led to the destruction of its largest hotel, Evropa, after people were whipped into a frenzy by Archbishop Josip Stadler’s assistant. In the wake of those riots in this city, Schutzkorps were established on orders of Oskar Potiorek. A man’s cyanide pill failed in a botched suicide attempt in which he jumped into this city’s very shallow Miljacka River. That man in this city unsuccessfully threw a bomb at a passing (*) car, which later took an incorrect route, ending up near a confederate of the first man. Danilo Ilic orchestrated an event here that would kick off the July Crisis. In this city, Gavrilo Princip, on behest of the Black Hand, killed Duchess Sophie and her husband as a blow against Austria-Hungary. For 10 points, name this Bosnian city where Archduke Ferdinand was killed in 1914.

Sarajevo

One man whose highest position was this one may have received a King Zvonimir medal for his role in the Kozara Offensive and was investigated by Robert Herzstein. Khrushchev called for this position to be replaced by a troika formula of three positions appointed by each faction. The son of a holder of it was accused of profiting improperly from the Oil-for-Food program. A holder of this position was posthumously awarded the Nobel Prize in 1961 for opposing Moise Tshombe. Kurt (*) Waldheim held this position, as did a man killed in a plane crash during the Katangan secession. This position was held by Dag Hammarskjold and Kofi Annan. Ban Ki-Moon holds Ââ€" for 10 points Ââ€" what position, which leads a supranational organization with a Security Council based in New York City?

Secretary General of the United Nations [or UN Secretary General; prompt on partial answers]

One theatre of this war was a miserably failed invasion of Portugal known as the Fantastic War. The land phase of this war began at the Battle of Lobositz, and another theatre of this conflict was the Pomeranian War. This war was preceded by a shift in alliances termed the Diplomatic Revolution. The British were led in this war by (*) William Pitt the Elder and the Prussians by Frederick the Great. After this war, France surrendered vast amounts of her colonial territory in the Treaty of Paris, and its North American theatre was known as the French and Indian War. For 10 points, give this worldwide 18th-century conflict named for its duration.

Seven Years' War (anti-prompt [ask for less specific] on "French and Indian War")

In one theater of this war, forces under Robert Clive ousted Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah from power after the Battle of Plassey. Prussia and Austria negotiated a separate peace deal in this conflict, the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Edward Hawke's victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in one theater of this war prevented an invasion of the British Isles. One painting of this conflict depicts (*) General Wolfe bleeding to death during the Battle of Quebec, the North American theater of this war. For 10 points, name this conflict whose namesake comes from its duration and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1763.

Seven Years' War [prompt on "French and Indian War", "Third Carnatic War", "Pomeranian War", and "Third Silesian War"]

During this war's Annus mirabilis, the Duke of Brunswick won at Minden. After Czarina Elizabeth died during this war, a nation avoided surrender by the "miracle of the House of Brandenburg." Britain was allied with Prussia during this war as a result of the recent Diplomatic Revolution. In this war's Carnatic theater, the British took a fort at Pondicherry in (*) India. In this conflict, the Marquis de Montcalm and James Wolfe died near Quebec City, on the Plains of Abraham. The treaty of Paris ending this war gave Britain all territory east of the Mississippi. For 10 points, name this 1756 to 1763 war, called the French and Indian War in America.

Seven Years' War [prompt on French and Indian War until it is read]

One member of this family ordered that bronze intended for a huge a sculpture of him be madeinstead into weapons which won the battle of Fornovo. That member of this family was driven fromhis city for a year by Louis XII of France. After the demise of the Golden Ambrosian Republic, thishouse established rule over one city-state in 1450. Its Pesaro line was begun by (*) Alessandro, whofeuded with his ducal brother Francesco. Another duke from this family commissioned Leonardo da Vinci'sThe Last Supper and had a dark complexion leading to his nickname of "Ludovico il Moro." For 10 points,name this Italian noble family that supplanted the Visconti family and ruled at the turn of the 16th centuryas dukes of Milan.

Sforza family

A rebellion against Michael II led to this place's conquest by the Aghlabids. This island, once inhabited by the Elymians and the Sicani, was invaded by the Norman Robert Guiscard. An earlier invasionary force on this island was lead by Nicias. With Naples, this island formed a country called the "Kingdom of the Two" of this island, and it saw a rebellion on Vespers. It was conquered in the Expedition of the Thousand by Giuseppe Garibaldi, and this island was the target of Operation Husky, which began the Allied liberation of Italy. For 10 points, name this island home to the Mafia.

Sicily [accept Sicilia]

In the build-up to this action, Thomas de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, captured a key fort on the Loire River before being killed by a cannonball. The Battle of the Herrings was the result of an offensive launched to end this attack. At the outset, the victorious side was led by John, Comte de Dunois, as the Duke was imprisoned at Agincourt[a-jin-kor]. This came to an end after the last of the invading troops were penned at the Tourelles bridge. Name this siege broken in 1429 by an army led by Joan of Arc, the turning point of the Hundred Years' War.

Siege of Orleans

One result of these events was the creation of the "Linienwall" as an outer defensive perimeter. The mercenary Nicholas, Count of Salm built fortifications around St. Stephen's Cathedral in the first of these events, at which heavy snows lead the aggressors to withdraw. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine led the imperial army at the second of these events, at which the Winged Hussars led by John III Sobieski proved decisive in driving off the armies led by Kara Mustafa. FTP, name these assaults that occurred by Ottoman forces in 1529 and 1683 on the capital of Austria.

Sieges of Vienna [or Battles of Vienna]

This president was accused of bombing Jewish cemeteries in Operation Opera Orientalis. His propaganda machine spread stories about "monster doctors" and baby massacres to justify actions such as the Ovcara massacre. This man was responsible for the murder of his mentor, Ivan Stambolic. His country was bombed in Operation Noble Anvil. In 1991, this man's military conducted the failed siege of Dubrovnik during one country's war of independence. He was overthrown in the 2000 Bulldozer Revolution. This leader's military fought the KLA in a conflict that brought a 1999 NATO air campaign against his country. He died in 2006 at The Hague in the midst of his trial for war crimes in such places as Croatia. For 10 points, name this Serbian president of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.

Slobodan Milosevic

This leader exhumed Prince Lazar's coffin and had it repeatedly reburied in variousvillages after giving the Gazimestan speech. This person initiated the "anti-bureaucraticrevolution" in order to overthrow his mentor as leader of the LCS. This leader's capitalwas targeted by Operation Allied Force, during which a Chinese embassy wasmistakenly destroyed. This leader backed forces which committed the (*) Srebrenica(sreh-bren-IT-sah) massacre during a conflict which ended when he signed the Dayton Accords on that group's behalf. NATO bombed his country during his war with the KLA, and crimes during that war prompted his extradition to The Hague, where he died of heart failure in 2006. For 10 points, name this president of Serbia who led Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.

Slobodan Milosevic [prompt on Sloba]

This country's western border was set at the Morgan Line after its attempt to take over the Julian March. The man who founded this country ordered the execution of Draža Mihajlović and refused to abide by Stalin's central authority, as a result of which this country was expelled from the Cominform in 1948. Another leader of this country toppled Ivan Stambolić as leader of a local Communist Party and asserted control over Vojvodina and Kosovo to realize his vision of "Greater Serbia." That leader was Slobodan Milošević. For 10 points, name this former Balkan nation that was led by Josip Broz Tito and broke up into six nations in the early 1990s.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [or SFRY]

A former prime minister from this party was found dead in 1993 near a canal in what was apparently a suicide, despite two bullets being found in his head. It’s not English, but this party had a leader who discussed the “Southern Wind†in Africa in his 1990 La Baule speech. Its first president formed a coalition government with the Rally for the Republic faction in what was called “cohabitation.†That leader of this party was the president who authorized the bombing of the (*) Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior. Its current leader previously was in a relationship with another member, Segolene Royal. This party’s first president was Francois Mitterrand. For 10 points, name this left-wing French political party, whose current leader is President Francois Hollande.

Socialist Party of France [or Parti socialiste; or PS]

A group of protesters within this movement, infamous for covering paint spots on walls with graffiti of dwarves, is known as the Orange Alternative. This movement distributed the banned text Theses on Hope and Hopelessness, and grew out of a precursor called the KOR. This movement was reluctantly granted legal status by First Secretary of the PUWP, Edward Gierek. By engaging in the (*) Round Table Talks, this movement secured free elections in 1989 after the resignation of Wojciech Jaruzelski (VOI-check YA-ru-zelski). This movement was impelled by the first papal trip taken by John Paul II to his home country, and it was led by a former electrician at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. For 10 points, name this anti-Communist trade union led by Lech Walesa in Poland.

Solidarity [or Solidarnosc; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity"; or Niezalezny Samorzadny Zwiazek Zawodowy "Solidarnosc"]

This effort created a location dubbed "the polygon," which was campaigned against by nationalistpoet Olzhas Suleimenov. In later years, this effort resulted in Chagan, a response to OperationPlowshare. This effort worked largely from translated copies of the Smyth report, since many of itsparticipants were afraid to request data provided by Klaus Fuchs. This effort created sites likeMayak and (*) Semipalatinsk, where it culminated in First Lightning, nicknamed "Joe-1" by foreignintelligence. Its architects included Igor Kurchatov and future Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov. For 10points, name this project aided by the espionage of the Rosenberg couple, which, following a 1949 test inKazakhstan, created the second nuclear power in history.

Soviet nuclear weapons program [accept any reasonable equivalents, including Russian for "Soviet"]

The Tur Halakhic law code developed in this present-day country outlined divisions of law thatcorrespond to each of the four rows of jewels on the priestly breastplate. A rabbi born in this countrydeclared giving money out of pity to be the lowest form of charity, and articulated thirteen principles offaith. The Xueta community of crypto-Jews arose in this country, the birthplace of the author who traveledthroughout the Middle East before writing his namesake (*) Mishnah Torah. Jews living in this countrydeveloped the language Ladino, and were called "marranos" after converting to Christianity. Most Sephardiccommunities developed in this country. For 10 points, name this country, from where Jews were expelled in 1492via the Alhambra Decree issued by Ferdinand and Isabella.

Spain [or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana]

This present-day country was the place where a highly-regarded wine called cerentum was produced.Because it was manufactured by skilled swordsmiths from this present-day country, the gladius wasnicknamed the sword of this place. In this present-day country, Metellus Pius was deadlocked against therogue general Quintus Sertorius for three years until Pompey's arrival. The province corresponding to thiscountry was divided into regions marked (*) "Citerior" and "Ulterior." The emperors Hadrian and Trajan wereborn in what is now this country, where the siege of Saguntum triggered the start of the Second Punic War. TheVisigoths settled in this country and its smaller western neighbor. For 10 points, name this present-day countrycorresponding to the Roman province of Hispania.

Spain [or Espana; or Kingdom of Spain; or Reino de Espana]

Garrett Mattingly's book about this effort links its outcome with Anne de Joyeuse's loss atCoutras the previous year. In a botched response to this effort, John Norreys failed to installAntonio, Prior of Crato. Men in this effort feared Giambelli's "hellburners," which had terrorizedforces during the Siege of Antwerp. This effort, preceded by the death of the Marquis de Santa Cruz,was orchestrated by Bernardino de Mendoza and inspired a speech at (*) Tilbury. Provoked by theTreaty of Nonsuch, and led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, this force was rebuffed at the Battle ofGravelines by Lord Howard and Francis Drake, and by a storm labeled the "Protestant wind." For 10points, name this force commissioned by Philip II in 1588 to invade England by sea.

Spanish Armada [or "Invincible Armada"; accept reasonable equivalents such as Philip II's failed invasion of England]

Historical records of this entity heavily rely on Augustine Ryther's translation of an account byPetruccio Ubaldini. This entity targeted a country that had just agreed, in the Treaty of Nonsuch, tosupport Dutch rebels. It was financially supported by Sixtus V. In response to this entity, one rulerproclaimed "I have the heart and stomach of a king" in a speech given at Tilbury. Cannon firecoming from the Ark Royal captained by Charles Howard eventually led to this entity's failure. It wascommanded by (*) Alonso Perez de Guzman, duke of Medina-Sidonia. The reassembly of this entityfailed as a result of the Protestant Wind. For 10 points, name this naval fleet sent by Philip II of Spain forthe invasion of England.

Spanish Armada [or Invincible Armada; or Armada Invencible]

During this war, the Lord of Plymouth oversaw an ineffectual arms embargo as headof the Non-Intervention Committee. During this war, the police takeover of a telephoneexchange held by the anarchist CNT began street fighting against the POUM in the MayEvents. A leader of one side of this war was killed in a plane crash caused by his heavyluggage, and a later plane crash during it killed another general who had coined theterm "fifth column." Volunteers known as the (*) International Brigades fought during thiswar. This war began after Manual Azana's Popular Front won an election. During this war, the German Condor Legion carried out the bombing of Guernica. For 10 points, name this war which the Republicans lost to the Falange under Francisco Franco.

Spanish Civil War

During this war, the socialist POUM came into conflict with the communist PCE. Veterans of this war largely comprised the Blue Division that fought at Krasny Bor, while Irish Conolloy Column fought alongside the International Brigades. One leader in this conflict coined the term "fifth column" and died in a plane crash. Both Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera resigned prior to this conflict, which saw a coup oust Juan Negrin. During this war, a German unit called the Condor Legion conducted a bombing raid on Guernica. For 10 points, name this conflict fought in an Iberian country, which was won by the Falange under Francisco Franco in 1939.

Spanish Civil War

Minnesota Congressman John T. Bernard cast the only dissenting vote against a law banning US intervention in this conflict. Torkild Rieber of Texaco supplied massive quantities of oil to the winning side in this war. The Berkeley-educated commander of one force in this conflict was killed in "The Retreats" and was named Robert Merriman. The Battle of Jarama (hah-RAH-mah) took place during this war, which is the origin of the term (*) "fifth column." In the first airlift in history, forces from the winning side in this conflict were brought in from Morocco. The Abraham Lincoln brigade fought in this conflict, in which the Condor Legion killed hundreds of Basque civilians in an air raid. For 10 points, name this 1930s conflict between the Republicans and Nationalists, the latter of which was led by Francisco Franco.

Spanish Civil War

One catalyst for this conflict occurred when the Assault Guard murdered politician José Sotelo. The Santoña Agreement ended the involvement of the Euzko Gudarostea during this conflict. NKVD officer Aleksandr Orlov was responsible for moving all of one nation's gold reserves to Russia during this conflict. The volunteer International Brigades fought for one side in this war while the volunteer German Condor Legion fought for the other side and bombed the city of Guernica. For 10 points, name this war in which the Second Republic of a nation was overthrown by the Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco.

Spanish Civil War

14. One side's forces in this conflict were impeded by heavy fog in the Battle of Corunna Road, which resulted in the defeat of the Fourteenth International Brigade. Despite winning the Battle of Teruel, the losing side in this war surrendered soon after the flight of Juan Negrin and their massive defeat at the Battle of the (*) Ebro. The German Condor Legion carried out this war's bombing of Guernica, and this war ultimately ended in a victory for the Falange and the rest of the Nationalists. For ten points, name this Iberian civil war won by Francisco Franco shortly after the capture of Madrid.

Spanish Civil War (accept just Spanish after "civil war" is mentioned) <KT>

The so-called “butcher†of this war was Andre Marty, who reportedly ordered the execution of about 500 of his own men. Two leaders of its winning side died in plane crashes, one because his luggage load was too heavy. During this war, a photograph was taken of a firing squad symbolically executing a statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The photograph The Falling (*) Soldier was taken during this conflict. U.S. citizens who fought for the losing side in this war formed groups like the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. The term “fifth column†was coined during it. During this war, the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany brutally bombed the town of Guernica. For 10 points, name this conflict between the Republicans and the Nationalists that ended with the establishment of Francisco Franco's regime.

Spanish Civil War [or Guerra Civil Espanola] <Cheyne>

Two years before the start of this conflict, the formation of a CEDA-led government triggered a miner's revolt. To finance this conflict, Juan Negrín was authorized to deliver 510 tons of gold to Moscow. Foreign volunteers fought for one side of this conflict in the International Brigades, which included the American (*) Abraham Lincoln Battalion. German intervention during this conflict led to the Condor Legion's bombing of the Basque town of Guernica. The Carlists and the fascist Falange were right-wing factions in this civil war. For 10 points, name this civil war fought between the Republicans and the Nationalists, a victory for Francisco Franco.

Spanish Civil War [or Guerra Civil Española] <WC History>

The victor of this war had prisoners build an underground basilica and a memorial to it in the Valley of the Fallen. An image by Robert Capa of a falling soldier in this war was recently proven to be a staged photograph. Emilio Mola died in a plane crash during this war after his statements about civilian support coined the phrase "fifth column." Outside aid in this war included the Condor Legion and leftist Americans in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. At its end, the Second Republic fell to the Luftwaffe-aided Falange ("fah-LAHN-hey") and other Nationalists. For 10 points, name this pre-World War II conflict which ended when Francisco Franco took power in Madrid.

Spanish Civil War [or guerra civil española] <MJ>

This polity's young men were involved in a secret police force, the Crypteia. It was ruled by the Agiads and the Eurypontids in a dual monarchy. Forces from this place were largely responsible for the victory at Plataea, led by the general Pausanias. This polity lost prominence after its defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra. Freemen of this polity went through the grueling agoge (*) educational system, which was created by Lycurgus. Most of the menial labor in this polity was done by helots. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state known for its serious militarism, demonstrated by a Leonidas-led force of three hundred men at the Battle of Thermopylae.

Sparta

During a battle for this city, LI Corps commander General Seydlitz-Kurzbach was relieved of command after telling his subordinates that they could surrender, then personally surrendered himself. Operation Koltso was the final phase of a battle in this city. Two weeks after a surrender in this city, the Sportpalast speech declared that the country must accept total war. In a battle for this city, Operation (*) Uranus resulted in the encirclement of the German Sixth Army under field marshal Friedrich Paulus, which Adolf Hitler then ordered to be supplied from the air. From August 1942 to February 1943, this city was the site of a battle often credited as the bloodiest in the history of warfare. For 10 points, name this site of a decisive Soviet victory during World War II, a city now known as Volgograd.

Stalingrad [accept Volgograd before “Volgogradâ€]

This kingdom acceded to Dutch demands by signing the Treaty of Elbing after its 1650s siege ofDanzig forced Dutch intervention. This kingdom reached its largest territorial extent during itsstormaktstiden, or "great power" era. This kingdom occupied Poland during a period called theDeluge. One non-native warrior who defected to this kingdom's side, and then fled to Bendery castlein Moldavia, was Cossack hetman (*) Ivan Mazepa. This kingdom, which secured peace with Denmarkin the 1700 Peace of Travendal, had a Napoleonic general installed on its throne to begin the House ofBernadotte. It lost the Battle of Poltava under king Charles XII. For 10 points, name this northern Europeankingdom which lost the Great Northern War to Russia.

Sweden [or Konungariket Sverige or Svenska stormaktstiden]

This country gained the provinces of Kexholm and Ingria by the terms of the Treaty of Stolbovo. This country was exempted from a neighboring country’s Sound Dues after it won a war named for general Hannibal Sehestes. Rene Descartes died in this country while giving private lessons to its queen, who eventually converted to Catholicism and abdicated the throne. A king of this country won the Battle of Breitenfeld before perishing a year later at the Battle of Lutzen during his invasion of northern Germany during the Thirty Years’ War. For 10 points, name this country once ruled by the Vasa Dynasty, which included rulers such as Christina and Gustavus Adolphus.

Sweden [or Sverige]

Disagreements over the administration of Thurgau contributed to the Kappel Wars in this country. This country was briefly united under French control as the Helvetic Republic. One famous religious leader helped to found a universal education system for a city in this country in 1535, and a Confederation named after this country was formed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. A series of 19th and 20th century treaties signed in this country established the standards of war under international law. For ten points, name this country in which The Institutes of the Christian Religion were written by John Calvin.

Switzerland

A historic industry in this nation was damaged in the 1970s by the "quartz crisis". Legends inthis country's history include the Oath of the Rutli. A public display of meat-eating during Lent inthis country sparked the Affair of the Sausages. A victory of this nation over Leopold I's Austriancavalry at Morgarten united three (*) "forest" regions in its center. Warriors from here lost the 1515battle of Marignano, when their heavy use of the pike failed them. A reformer who argued for a purelysymbolic Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy was from here, as is a group of mercenaries who dress in blueand yellow stripes to protect the Pope. For 10 points, name this home of Reformation leader HuldrychZwingli, a landlocked, long-neutral European nation.

Switzerland [or Old Swiss Confederation; or Helvetic Republic]

A legend about this group states that its standard was taken up by a shoemaker, Hans von Sagan, during the Battle of Rudau. The Lizard League was formed to combat this organization. This organization was officially dissolved in the 1525 Treaty of Krakow. This organization lost much of its power following its defeat at the (*) 1410 Battle of Grunwald, at which a combined Polish-Lithuanian force overwhelmed its Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen ("yoon-GHIN-ghen"). Men from this organization were defeated by Alexander Nevsky in 1242. For 10 points, name this knightly order that shares its name with a common term for the German people.

Teutonic Knights [or Teutonic Order; accept The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem] <LT>

This group was technically supposed to cease the "reisen," their annual raids into Lithuania, afterthe marriage of Jagiello and Jadwiga. They absorbed a similar group, the Brothers of the Sword, inLivonia. Responding to a call for help from Conrad of Moravia, this group crusaded against thepagans of (*) Prussia and eventually turned it into a separate state. Their Livonian branch's expansion eastwas stopped by Alexander Nevsky at the Battle on the Ice. Prussia became the seat of this group's powershortly after the fall of Acre, where this group had originally been founded to aid Christian pilgrims andcrusaders. For 10 points, name this military order whose members were mostly German.

Teutonic Knights [or Teutonic Order; prompt on "Livonian Brothers of the Sword" or "Livonian Brothers" before it is read]

This conflict's commander Bertrand of Guesclin supported one side in the concurrent War of the Two Peters. Early on in this conflict, one side linked together all its ships so they could only sit there as converted merchant ships destroyed them at the Battle of Sluys. A nine-year reprieve from this conflict was secured with the Treaty of Bretigny, and the failure of Genoese crossbows allowed one commander to "earn his spurs" in its battle of Crécy. Later in this war, an invasion featuring Henry V's longbowmen won at Agincourt. For 10 points, name this series of wars fought between English and French nobles from 1337 to 1453.

The Hundred Years' War <MHH>

The "Beggars of the Sea" was a group of privateers from this country which harassed English and Spanish shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. Elizabeth I signed the Treaty of Nonsuch with this country, and in 1795, French revolutionary forces helped create the Batavian Republic here. French-speaking Walloons in this country broke away in the 1830s, leading to the establishment of Belgium. FTP the House of Orange has played a critical role in the history of what modern nation nominally ruled by Queen Beatrix from The Hague?

The Netherlands or Holland (accept "United Provinces" until "Batavian Republic," I s'pose)

This book notes that "men forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their inheritance." This book encourages risk-taking by saying that "fortune is a woman; and it is necessary, if one wants to hold her down, to beat her." The first half of this book is an analysis of new, hereditary, and ecclesiastical (*) states. It claims that the title figure must be both cunning like a fox and powerful like a lion, as evidenced by the success of Cesare Borgia. Written for Lorenzo de'Medici, this work famously states that if a ruler must choose one, it is better to be feared than to be loved. For 10 points, name this political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli.

The Prince [or Il Principe]

Prior to this war, Archbishop Jocius cruised around in a black-sailed ship and Henry of Marcy declared aGod's Day in Mainz. This war was partly caused by an incident in which Raynald of Chatillon was servedsherbet and then decapitated. After leaving this conflict via the Treaty of Ramla, a king blew his disguiseas a beggar and was captured by Leopold V of Austria. Gregory VII declared this war after the defeat ofGuy of Lusignan at the Horns of Hattin. While leading troops to this war, an emperor went swimming infull armor and drowned. For 10 points, name this crusade in which Philip II, Frederick Barbarossa, andRichard the Lionheart led forces against Saladin.

Third Crusade [accept Kings Crusade]

During this conflict, an invading force imprisoned the deposed Isaac Dukas Comnenus in chains of silver. A participant brutally executed women and children in the Massacre at Ayyadieh. Before he could be crowned king during this conflict, Conrad of Monferrat was assassinated. After it, a ruler was captured by Leopold V while returning home. During it, the elderly Holy Roman Emperor (*) drowned wearing armor in the Saleph River, and another ruler’s brother, John, would scheme in his absence. This conflict ended when an English ruler signed the Treaty of Jaffa with Saladin, guaranteeing Christians entrance into Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this 1189 to 1192 crusade originally led by Philip II of France, Frederick Barbarossa, and Richard I of England.

Third Crusade [prompt on Kings’ Crusade, don’t need “crusade†after it’s read]

Precursors to this war included the Uskok War, and during this war the Peace of Polyanov put a member of the House of Vasa, Wladyslaw, on the throne of Russia. During this conflict, Christian IV of Denmark lost an eye at the Battle of Kohlberger Heide. The victor at that battle secured an alliance with John George of Saxony. The Battle of Lutter saw the Danes routed and the Count von Campo led troops to victory at Nordlingen. Frederick V was earlier chased out after a defeat at White Mountain, and after the Truce of Altmark, a prominent military commander led his forces to victories at Breitenfeld and Lutzen. With prominent commanders including Tilly, Wallenstein, and Gustavus Adolphus, FTP, name this war concluded with the Peace of Westphalia.

Thirty Years' War

Twenty-seven men were executed in Old Town Square following a battle during this war. Conquering armies in this war pillaged lands according to the most famous use of bellum se ipsum alet. A commander in this conflict used shallower, linear formations to defeat the tercio. Seeking refuge in the Twelve Years' Truce, an Elector Palatinate fled to the Netherlands during this war, which began with a struggle between Ferdinand II and Frederick V. This war began after two messengers were thrown out of a castle into horse manure in Prague. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Peace of Westphalia, fought between European Catholics and Protestants from 1618 to 1648.

Thirty Years' War

14. One part of this war was called the "Low Saxon War" after Christian IV decided to participate, though he later decided to pull out in the Treaty of Lübeck. During this conflict, Frederick "the Winter King" was deposed after the Battle of White Mountain, which, unlike the Battle of (*) Breitenfeld, was a victory for the Count of Tilly during the "Bohemian" stage of this conflict. This conflict's Battle of Lützen resulted in the death of the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, and it began after some Catholic officials were thrown out of a window. For ten points, name this war that began with the Second Defenestration of Prague and was ended by the Peace of Westphalia.

Thirty Years' War <KT>

The lead-up to this war saw the signing of the Oñate Treaty between Spain and Austria as well as the Uskok War, fought against Croatian pirates. The initial issue of this war was resolved in the Peace of Prague, prompting French intervention. Early in this conflict, Christian of Anhalt was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, ending the short reign of Frederick the Winter King. The victor in that battle, the Count of Tilly, was later crushed by the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus at Breitenfeld and Lützen. For 10 points, name this long conflict ended by the Peace of Westphalia and begun over conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire.

Thirty Years' War [Accept Bohemian Revolt until "French" is read.]

During the negotiations for this treaty, a Foreign Minister from one side said that only choice available to the other part was of “what sauce they would be eaten with.†A party in this treaty attacked the other in Operation Fist Punch after the initial talks around Christmas and New Years had failed. That signatory to this treaty appeared to agree to a six-point plan proposed by Joffe, but later stated that they wished to settle the question of Kurland and (*) Lithuania independently. This treaty, which was only in effect for a few months, was nullified by the Treaty of Rapallo. It was signed by newly formed government represented by Leon Trotsky, which made a lot of territorial concessions. For 10 points, identify this treaty which was negotiated in a namesake Belarusian town, which ended Russian participation in World War I.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

One treaty by this name included an alleged Secret clause to this agreement involved the transfered the provinces of Cholm and Podalia to the side that withdrew from the conflict. The more famous treaty by this name defined the boundary of Livonia to cross lakes Peipus, Pskow, and Luben, and also required withdrawal of all Russian troops from that region. This treaty was followed by a Treaty between the Central Powers and Romania negotiated at Bucharest, and the provisions of this agreement were reverted by the treaty of Rapallo. For 10 points, identify this treaty not attended by the remainder of the allied powers, which signaled the end of Russian involvement in the first World War.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

It altered passage requirements to just a double majority rather than unanimity in the Council of Ministers, and it also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding. It changed the length to two and a half years for the term of a rotating President. Ratified last by the Czech Republic after an initial rejection by Ireland, this treaty was named for a city in which a 1755 earthquake flattened several churches. For 10 points, name this European Union-strengthening treaty devised in a city from which Antonio Salazar and João I once ruled, the capital of Portugal.

Treaty of Lisbon [prompt "Reform Treaty" until "Named for a city" is read]

The Cantino Planisphere depicts the results of this treaty, which was sanctioned by Pope Julius II twelve years after its signing. This treaty was spurred by one side's dissatisfaction with the Inter Caetera Papal Bull issued one year earlier by Pope Alexander VI. This treaty established a line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, which was later extended through both poles by the Treaty of Zaragoza. Signed on June 7, 1494, it allowed one side to claim the coast of Brazil in 1500. For 10 points, name this treaty that divided up the New World between Portugal and Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Some opponents of this agreement denounced the "November Criminals" and propagated the "Stab-in-the-back legend." Some of this treaty's terms were set by Lords Sumner and Cunliffe, nicknamed the "Heavenly Twins." An ally of one party involved in this treaty was subject to the Treaty of Trianon, which was signed in a nearby palace. It transferred control of the Saarland and created a "corridor" centered on the Free City of Danzig. One delegate here joked that he was "seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon" at its negotiation, and that British Prime Minister was David Lloyd George. For 10 points, name this treaty that punished Germany after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

This document called for the regions of Warmia, Masuria, and Powiśle to hold a plebiscite. Part of this document was called for by the "Heavenly Twins." This document leased out the coal-rich Saarland for fifteen years. During the drafting of this document, (*) Ho Chi Minh called for Vietnamese independence. An effect of this document was renegotiated by the Young and Dawes Plans. The "Big Four" negotiators of this treaty included Vittorio Orlando and Georges Clemenceau ["kluh-mawn-SOH"], who argued for a "war guilt clause" and supposedly overwhelming reparations. For 10 points, name this 1919 treaty that ended World War I for Germany.

Treaty of Versailles <LL>

This man wrote to his friend, Wilhelm the Landgrave of Hesse, that he would send him a moose or elk, but the creature drank beer and died from falling down some stairs. A German associate of this man published this man’s observations in a work named for Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II known as the Rudolphine Tables. This man, who constructed research facilities known as Stjerneborg and (*) Uraniborg, refuted Aristotelian beliefs in his work De nova stella, which analyzed a supernova of 1572. Because of an injury sustained while dueling, this man wore a prosthetic nose, and he likely died from a burst bladder after refusing to leave a dinner party to urinate. For 10 points, name this Danish astronomer.

Tycho Brahe [accept either; or Tyge Ottesen Brahe]

In an act of senseless violence, this man ordered the ship Miri to be set ablaze, burning three hundred Muslim pilgrims to death. The famed cartographer ibn Majid supposedly created a map for this explorer helping him navigate through monsoon winds. This explorer made contact with a ruler with the title of Zamorin, who later massacred men led by Pedro Cabral. The Lusiads are based on this explorer’s journeys, which took him to Calicut in 1497. This man’s route took him around the Cape of Good Hope, which was first done by Bartholomew Diaz ten years ago. For 10 points, name this Portuguese explorer who first reached India by sea.

Vasco da Gama

During this period, the policy of "The Changing" allowed one prisoner to be released for every threepeople who participated in the STO worker exchange program. The government of this periodconducted the Vel d'Hiv roundup, which sent thousands to a camp at Drancy. Otto Abetz served as anambassador during this period, which began after the failure of the Weygand line. The Appeal of June18th was issued in this period, during which the Carlingue police force hunted groups like the maquis.During this period, the motto "Work, Family, Fatherland" was adopted by Pierre Laval. For 10 points,name this period in which Henri Philippe Petain ruled a puppet state in France.

Vichy France [or German occupation/invasion of France; or Nazi occupation/invasion of France; prompt on more general answers like World War II]

After the loss of this city, the A.E.I.O.U. device was first displayed by Frederick III, who lost this city after it was surrounded when the Battle of Leitzersdorf was won by Matthias Corvinus. Another attempt to capture this city failed due to heavy rains and its defenders use of arquebuses. Kara Mustafa was executed following his failure to capture this city in a later siege, which was broken when Jan III Sobieski's cavalry pushed back Mehmet II's Ottomans. For 10 points, name this Austrian city, the site of several confrontations between Hapsburgs and Ottomans.

Vienna

Following one battle at this city, the victorious commander paraphrased Caesar with the line, "I came, I saw, God conquered." This city was the site of the largest cavalry charge in history, led by Polish king John Sobieski. Following one battle, cannons captured from the defeated Ottomans were melted down into a bell for this city's St. Stephen's Cathedral. After his victory at the Battle of Mohacs [MOH-hahch], Suleiman the Magnificent unsuccessfully laid siege to this city. For 10 pointsÂâ€"name this city, the capital of Austria.

Vienna

This city’s walls were paid for with a ransom acquired by Leopold the Virtuous, and the constellation Scutum honors events at this city. It’s not in France, but bakers in this city apocryphally invented the croissant during a battle. It was the site of a battle where the winning side utilized Polish “Winged Hussars†in one of the largest cavalry charges in history. Jan (*) III Sobieski led the Holy League in a battle near this city, after which Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed. That battle occurred over a hundred years after Suleiman the Magnificent’s drive was stopped here. In 1529 and 1683, this city was twice the subject of failed conquest by the Ottoman Empire, stopping their expansion into Europe. For 10 points, name this city that became the capital of the Austrian Empire.

Vienna [or Wien]

dron of planes which dropped thousands of pro-Italian propaganda leaflets on this city. The extremely anti-Semitic Karl Lueger modernized this city as its mayor for 13 years. Students in this city formed the Academic Legion, which forced a Foreign Minister to flee this city on March 13, 1848. Cisleithania was directly ruled from this city after the Ausgleich, and was where Franz Joseph and his court resided. A meeting in this city in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars attempted to maintain a balance of power in the "Concert of Europe" and was organized by Klemens von Metternich. For 10 points, name this capital of the Austrian Empire.

Vienna [or Wien]

During this city's plague, a bagpiper named Augustin supposedly survived being thrown into a mass grave. An attack on this city was halted during the Siege of Guns (GOONS). A campaign that culminated in attacking this city was a response to Ferdinand I's attack on John Zapolya. Legendarily, the bagel was fashioned in the form of a stirrup to honor fighting here, while the (*) croissant was also supposedly invented in this city to resemble the crescent flag of an enemy. During a battle around this city, one of the largest cavalry charges in history featured Winged Hussars under the command of the Polish king John III Sobieski. This city was unsuccessfully besieged in 1529 by Suleiman the Magnificent and again by the Turks in 1683. For 10 points, the Ottomans were twice stopped outside what Austrian city?

Vienna [or Wien] <Cheyne>

The Social Democrat Jakob Reumann was mayor of this city during its "Red" phase between theWorld Wars. Along with Helsinki, US and Soviet leaders used this city to discuss arms reduction inthe SALT talks. For the last five years of his life, Matthias Corvinus occupied and ruled from thisnon-Magyar city. The failed July Putsch ended the far-right government of Engelbert Dollfuss here;other right-wing politicians buried here include former UN Secretary-General Kurt (*) Waldheimand Jorg Haider. The Schönbrunn palace is in this city, where a charge of twenty thousand cavalry led byJan III Sobieski of Poland beat back an army led by janissaries in 1683. For 10 points, name this Europeancapital where the Ottomans twice failed to topple the Habsburgs.

Vienna, Austria [or Wien]

11. A chief of these people named Rollo was the first ruler of Normandy, and their leader Rurik founded the state of Kievan Rus and gave his name to a Russian dynasty. The Varangian Guard was named after and primarily composed of a group of these people, who established the Danelaw and attacked the monastery at Lindisfarne in 793 AD. (*) Canute the Great led an empire of these people that fell apart after the death of Harold Godwinson. Vinland was discovered by a group of these people led by Leif Erikson, while his father Erik the Red colonized Greenland. For ten points, identify these Scandinavian raiders of the early Middle Ages.

Vikings (prompt on "Norsemen"; prompt on "Danes"; prompt on "Scandinavians") <JD>

One of these people accidentally sacked Luna thinking that it was Rome and was nicknamed "Ironside." A group of these people were able to settle when Charles the Fat granted their leader Rollo the Duchy of Normandy. An elite unit of the Byzantine Army made up of these people served as the Emperor's bodyguards and were known as the Varangian Guard. They were responsible for the sacking of Irish monasteries at Lindisfarne and Iona, while they made long voyages that resulted in colonies in Greenland and Vinland, founded by Erik the Red and Leif Eriksson. For 10 points, name these fierce Scandinavian seafarers who most likely did not wear horned helmets.

Vikings [Prompt on "Norsemen" or "Scandinavians."]

In the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Charles the Simple conceded Normandy to a group of these people under Rollo in exchange for an oath of fealty. One group of these people under Rurik ruled the Kievan Rus after capturing Novgorod. The poem The Battle of Maldon relates an attempt to fight off a group of these people, whose first major incursion on the British Isles occurred in Lindisfarne in 793. These people included Ivar the Boneless and a group of them under Harald Hardrada were defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. For 10 points, name these Norse seafarers who traveled on longships and went through Europe raiding and pillaging.

Vikings [or Varangians; prompt on ethnic terms like "Danes" or "Scandinavians"]

These people pioneered a construction technique called "clinker building." They formed bases known as longphorts in a country where they lost at Clontarf. The larger of the Jelling stones was created by one of these people with notably bad teeth. In the East, these people were known as Varangians. These people include Oleg of Novgorod, who founded Kievan Rus, and Rollo, who founded the Duchy of Normandy. These people fought Skraelings at their colony of Vinland, in what's now Newfoundland. For 10 points, name these Germanic peoples who used longships to raid northern European villages, exemplified by Leif Erikson.

Vikings [or VÃkingr; or Norsemen; accept Danes until "Varangians" is read]

After one event, these people were blasted by Alcuin in a letter addressed to Bishop Hygbald. These people hid Edmund the Martyr's head in a hedge under the command of Ivar the Boneless. They comprised the personal bodyguard of Basil II as the Varangian Guard, and regularly collected preventative tributes called the Danegeld. These people formed the Great Heathen Army after razing Lindisfarne. They explored Newfoundland under Leif Ericson using their characteristic longships. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian people who carried out devastating namesake "raids" and are erroneously depicted wearing horned helmets.

Vikings [prompt on "Norse" or "Norsemen" or "Scandinavians" before mention]

This people's expansion into France was checked by Clovis at the Battle of Vouille. One leader of this group frequently clashed with Stilicho, a general under Emperor Honorius. After suffering persecution from dishonest governors, this group defeated and killed the emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople. This group controlled Spain until the Muslim conquest in the eighth century. Under their leader Alaric I, this group sacked Rome in 410 CE. For 10 points, name this Germanic tribe distinct from the Ostrogoths.

Visigoths [prompt on Goths before "Ostrogoths" is read]

In October 2011, England's Prince Charles claimed to be related to this ruler as part of a national tourism campaign. This man's first wife reportedly threw herself into the Arges River during the siege of Poenari Castle. This man carried out the 1462 "Night Attack" at Targoviste in a conflict sparked after he refused to pay a tax on non-Muslims. This ruler married the cousin of his one-time ally, Matthias Corvinus. He was opposed by his own younger brother, (*) Radu the Handsome, who led a Janissary force, and his father had been killed by boyars loyal to Hungarian regent Janos Hunyadi. This man outraged Mehmed II by nailing Ottoman envoys' turbans to their heads. For 10 points, name this Transylvanian prince noted for skewering his enemies, one of the inspirations for Count Dracula.

Vlad the Impaler [accept Vlad III, Vlad Tepes, or Vlad Dracula; DO NOT accept "Vlad Dracul", which is this guy's father]

In this conflict's initial battles Catinat and Villeroi were defeated at Carpi and Chiari in northern Italy, while the attempt to seize a treasure ship resulted in a victory for George Rooke at Vigo Bay. This war began when the Second Partition treaty was broken when the United Provinces were attacked. Other battles in this conflict include one in which Marshall Villars clashed with Eugene of Savoy at Malplaquet, and Marlborough aided Prince Leopold's armies against Louis XIV at Blenheim. Its American phase is known as Queen Anne's War. For 10 points, identify this war which resulted from a Bourbon king taking power in a certain European nation, ended by the 1713 treaty of Utrecht.

War of Spanish Succession

This war's causes included objections to the Second Partition Treaty, and its loose ends were resolved at Rastatt. At its end, control of Nice [NEES] and Sicily passed to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. As it withdrew from this war, Britain gained a monopoly on slave trading called the asiento, and gained control of Newfoundland and Gibraltar. The Treaty of Utrecht helped end this war; it recognized Philip of Anjou, a relative of the French Bourbon dynasty, as King Felipe Quinto [KEEN-toh]. For 10 points, name this war, which began in 1702 after the insane Charles II died with no Habsburg heirs to his European throne.

War of [the] Spanish Succession [accept Queen Anne's War] <MJ>

In one battle from this war, the Duc de Noailles attempted to block a British retreat to Hanau by stationing the Duc de Gramont in a namesake village along the Main River. That battle in this war was the last time a British sovereign led troops into battle. This war saw the Battle of Dettingen as well as the Battle of Mollwitz, in which Prussia gained control of Silesia. This conflict began when Frederick the Great challenged the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction and concluded with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. For 10 points, name this conflict ostensibly fought over Maria Theresa's right to ascend to the throne of a certain empire.

War of the Austrian Succesion [or King George's War]

One battle that occurred during this conflict saw the failure of a French cavalry charge ordered by the Duc de Gramont, while a regiment of Scotsmen was ordered to hold fire until they saw the whites of their enemies' eyes. That battle, the Battle of Dettingen, saw George II become the last British monarch to personally lead troops into battle. The colonial theater of this war saw American militia seize the fortress of Louisbourg, and this conflict began with Frederick the Great's invasion of Silesia in defiance of the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this conflict that was sparked by the accession of Maria Theresa to the throne of the Habsburg lands.

War of the Austrian Succession

10. The First Carnatic War was the Indian theater of this conflict, and one leader in it claimed his army "always attacks" after winning the Battle of Mollwitz. George II led British troops at the Battle of Dettingen in this war, the last time a British monarch would ever do so. The 1745 capture of Louisbourg occurred in the North American theatre of this war, which was called (*) King George's War. It began after the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was violated by Frederick II's invasion of Silesia. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended, for ten points, what war fought after Maria Theresa's ascension to the Habsburg throne?

War of the Austrian Succession <KT> HALFTIME

During this war, William Augustus lost to Maurice de Saxe at Fontenoy. The treaty that ended this war renewed Great Britain's rights to the asiento. This war began shortly before Frederick the Great's victory at Mollwitz as part of his invasion of Silesia. Known as King George's War in America, this war was precipitated by a decree that violated Salic law. That Pragmatic Sanction came into effect after the death of Charles VI. This war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. For 10 points, name this war that ended with the retention of a certain throne by Maria Theresa.

War of the Austrian Succession [prompt on "First" or "Second Silesian" War]

During an early battle in this conflict, the winning side's king abandoned his troops on the advice of his field marshal Count Schwerin when he thought the battle was lost. This was the last major European conflict fought before the "reversal of alliances" in the Diplomatic Revolution. Much of the British army was overseas fighting this war when the Second Jacobite Rising broke out. This war opened with Frederick the Great's invasion of the province of Silesia, and was sparked by claims that Charles VI's successor was illegitimate due to her being a woman. For 10 points, name this conflict nominally fought over whether Maria Theresa could succeed to the throne of a Central European country.

War of the Austrian Succession [prompt on any of the Silesian Wars; do not accept King George's War, Carnatic Wars, or any non-European theaters of the War of the Austrian Succession since none of the clues apply to any of them]

One side in this conflict was forced to abandon the Siege of Turin after their defeat by Victor II Amadeus and hiscousin at the Battle of the Stura. During this conflict, the Duke of Vendôme defeated Imperial troops underArchduke Charles and Guido Starhemberg at the Battle of Villaviciosa. Marshal Claude de Villars was defeated byLord Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Malplaquet; the victors of that battle would also win theBattle of Blenheim in this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht and the accession of the grandson of LouisXIV. For 10 points, name this war, after which Philip V took the throne of the namesake country, with capital atMadrid.

War of the Spanish Succession [prompt on "Queen Anne's War"]

In this conflict, George Rooke fought a French fleet to a standstill off the coast of Malaga after capturing Gibraltar. Following this conflict, one nation was given the right to supply slaves to certain colonies through the asiento. At the Battle of Malplaquet, Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough won a narrow Pyrrhic victory, falling short of their decisive victory at the Battle of Blenheim five years prior. Known as Queen Anne's War in the Americas, For 10 points, name this conflict that was precipitated by the death of the Hapsburg monarch Charles II and was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.

War of the Spanish Succession [prompt on Queen Anne's War before mention]

This country experienced a string of murders and hijackings by the Red Army Faction in fall 1977, and the failure of the European Defense Community allowed this country to rearm under Defense Minister Francis Joseph Strauss, who led his party in this country's 1980 elections against the Social Democratic Party. This country's first chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, whose party was unseated by the SPD in the 1969 elections, which led to Willy Brandt instituting Ostpolitik. For 10 points, name this country, formed from the French, American, and British occupation zones, often contrasted with East Germany.

West Germany [accept Federal Republic of Germany; accept Bundesrepublik Deutschland; prompt on Germany]

Benno Ohnesorg was killed by a policeman while protesting a visit by the Shah of Iran to this nation. The Guillaume Affair unseated one Chancellor of this nation, after a highly-placed aide was revealed to be a spy. That chancellor was the head of the Social Democratic Party and promoted "ostpolitik." Operation Vittles kept supplied residents of one city in this nation using a fifteen-month airlift after the Soviet Union began that city's namesake blockade. For 10 points, name this Cold War-era nation that was formed from the merger of French, British, and American occupation zones and reunited with its Eastern counterpart in 1990.

West Germany [accept Westdeutschland; prompt on Federal Republic of Germany or Bundesrepublik Deutschland]

This man charted the "New Course" by following Weltpolitik, and the Agadir crisis followed from his deployment of the SMS Panther. This man suffered a major diplomatic embarrassment after sending a congratulatory letter to Paul Kruger and accusing Russia and France of attempting to draw his nation into the Boer War. In addition to the Daily Telegraph Affair, this man was also featured "dropping the pilot," in a Punch cartoon, referring to his dismissal of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. For 10 points, name this last German Kaiser who abdicated following Germany's defeat in World War I.

Wilhelm II [or William II]

One ruler with this name worked as an arbitrator for the U.S. and Great Britain to resolve the Pig War. Another ruler with this name had his military win the Battle of Waterberg and then perpetuate the Herero genocide. That ruler with this name visited Tangier to give a speech about Moroccan independence, kicking off a crisis stopped by the 1906 Algeciras Conference. One ruler with this name had his navy devise the Tirpitz Plan, sent a telegram after the Jameson Raid congratulating President Paul Kruger, and had his army devise the Schlieffen Plan to avoid a two-front war. That ruler with this name controversially dismissed Otto von Bismarck and abdicated the throne in November 1918. For 10 points, give this name of the German Kaiser during World War I.

Wilhelm [number does not matter]

One ruler of this name joined his future foe Cardinal Granvelle as part of the mission to negotiatethe Peace of Cateau-Cambresis. Louise de Coligny and Charlotte of Bourbon were among the fourwives of that ruler, who galvanized his countrymen after the execution of the Count of Egmond. Thethird ruler of this name flooded the Water Line built by Maurice of (*) Nassau, thwarting the 1672"Rampjaar" invasion by Louis XIV. The first ruler of this name backed the Sea Beggars, while the thirdwon the Battle of the Boyne after taking another office. First held by a man called "the Silent," for 10points, give this name of Dutch stadtholders from the House of Orange, the third of whom gained theEnglish throne with his wife Mary in the Glorious Revolution.

William of Orange [or Wilhelm]

A naval blockade during this war caused a starving nation to experience the "Turnip Winter" and eat synthetic "war bread." This war included the Battle of Coronel and a naval engagement in the Falkland Islands, where Maximilian von Spee died. One side's naval strategy was masterminded by Reinhard Scheer. William Thomas Turner may have provoked a naval incident in this war by not following a zig-zag pattern. John Jellicoe commanded British dreadnoughts in a battle during this war fought off the coast of Denmark. The Battle of Jutland occurred during, for 10 points, what war that the United States entered after the sinking of the Lusitania.

World War I [or WWI; or the First World War; the Great War]

The year this war ended, a group of sailors took hostages inside the Marstall over Christmas. Near the end of this war, a navy mutinied rather than launch an unauthorized all-out suicide attack. At its end, Philipp Scheidemann gave a balcony speech overruling Prince Max's October reforms. Rosa Luxembourg founded the Spartacus League during this conflict. France (*) re-acquired the territories of Alsace and Lorraine in this war's aftermath. Germany went into hyperinflation after this war, at its government in Weimar, and also signed its "war guilt" clause. For 10 points, name this war which forced Germany to demilitarize after the Treaty of Versailles.

World War I [or WWI; or the Great War]

At the end of this war, thousands of prisoners were killed by being thrown into sinkholes known as foibe. During this war, a guerrilla force was targeted by the unsuccessful Operation Knight's Move, which paradropped thousands of troops in the Raid on Drvar. At the end of this war, Draza Mihailovic was executed for leading a group of royalist guerrilla fighters known as the Chetniks. During this war, the kidnapping of Miklos Horthy's son and the (*) Gran Sasso Raid were both carried out by the German commando Otto Skorzeny. Operation Husky was the code-name for the invasion of Sicily during this war, whose Battle of Monte Cassino occurred after the Allies invaded Italy. For 10 points, name this war during which Josip Broz Tito's Partisans resisted the Axis powers.

World War II [or Second World War]

4. One battle in this war began with Operation Ironclad, which seized the port of Diego-Suarez and paved the way for the conquest of Madagascar. One side in this war made use of the Madsen anti-tank gun, but capitulated after the capture of Amalienborg caused Christian X to surrender Copenhagen. The planned Operation (*) Sea Lion was never carried out due to the RAF's defeat of the Luftwaffe ["LOOFT-vah-fuh"] in the Battle of Britain. One leader in this war committed suicide as Soviet forces conquered Berlin and another leader delayed D-Day by a month due to poor weather. For ten points, identify this war which ended soon after the surrender of Japan in 1945.

World War II or Second World War <MS>

A remembrance "league" named for this city was patronized by Princess Beatrice, whose son,Prince Maurice of Battenberg, was killed in a battle for it. Fighting at St. Julien and Kitcheners'Wood occurred around this city in the first battles in which a Canadian force defeated a Europeanpower. The goal of the Lys offensive was the capture of this city, which was the location of the finalbattle of the Race to the (*) Sea as trenches were dug in 1914. The third battle named for this city is alsonamed for a town five miles to its east called Passchendaele. The second battle for this city marked the firstwidespread use of poison gas during World War I. For 10 points, name this Belgian city that the Britishnicknamed "Wipers."

Ypres [(EEpr); or Ieper; accept Wipers before "Wipers"]

George Tenet testified that the bombing of the Chinese embassy in this country was accidental and intended for an arms depot. Children's Day was once a major holiday in this country. The Dayton Accords established the constitution of a constituent of this country, where Muslims were massacred at Srebrenica. The ICTY was set up to adjudicate war crime prosecutions here, and the last leader of this country died in the Hague after being charged with genocide. For 10 points, name this former balkan nation led by Slobodan Milosevic that divided into six republics in the 1990s.

Yugoslavia

In this city, the nuns of the Fraumünster Abbey were taught Latin by Oswald Myconius, who received permission from Katharina von Zimmern. A Bible printed in this city was the result of a theological meeting called the Prophezey that met at an institute also called the Carolinum. The printer of that Bible in this city, Christoph Froschauer, hosted a party in this city where (*) sausages were eaten during Lent, prompting the pastor of the Grossmünster Church to split with the Catholic Church. That religious leader from this city, who met with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy, was succeeded by Heinrich Bullinger after dying in the Second War of Kappel. For 10 points, name this Swiss city whose major Protestant reformer was Huldrych Zwingli.

Zürich, Switzerland

An explorer from this country succeeded after making several attempts to sail around Cape Bojador. One explorer from this country became the first to round the Cape of Storms, which was later renamed the Cape of Good Hope by the king of this country. Another explorer from this country became the first to sail directly from Europe to India. The explorer Gil Eanes was funded by Prince Henry the Navigator of this country. For 10 points, name this country, which financed the explorers Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama.

[Kingdom of] Portugal

Coke of Holkham promoted his own supposed innovations in this field of endeavor.During a period of innovation in this activity, new areas for use in it were created by theprojects of Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden (fer-MAO-dun). After withdrawing tohis estate at Raynham, Charles Townshend earned his alliterative nickname forinnovations in this activity, such as developing the Norfolk system. The belief that all (*)wealth originated from this activity was held by the Physiocrat school. A drill for use in this activity was developed by Jethro Tull. Prior to this activity's namesake 18th-century revolution in Britain, it often involved three-year rotations followed by a fallow year. For 10 points, name this human activity which uses techniques like plowing and crop rotation.

agriculture [or farming; prompt on answers such as land development or land reclamation]

This policy gained favor after the Stresa Front failed to use force, and the pseudonymous author "Cato" condemned proponents of it in the book Guilty Men. One leader who changed his mind in favor of this policy was Edouard Daladier, and it allowed a reduction of Emil Hacha's country in size. This policy led to the Munich Agreement resolving claims over the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, which Neville Chamberlain claimed would secure "peace for our time." For 10 points, name this diplomatic policy of the late 1930s, in which Britain and France tried to avoid war by respecting Nazi territorial expansion.

appeasement of Nazi Germany [accept syntactically-valid variants, i.e. appeasing Nazi Germany; prompt "respecting Nazi territorial claims" or such answers] <SJW>

The victim of this action was supposed to be driven down Appel Quay, an order that Oskar Potiorek failed to give to Leopold Loyka. The leader of the organization that committed this act was codenamed "Apis" for his bull-like stature. After this action, one country issued the July Ultimatum, which was designed to be impossible to fulfill. This action was carried out by a member of the Black Hand named Gavrilo Princip and led to the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war against Serbia. For 10 points, what 1914 murder is commonly viewed as the immediate cause of World War I?

assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie [accept equivalents such as murder or death for "assassination"]

After making a fortune in this industry, the Welser family was briefly granted colonial rights to Venezuela by Charles V. During the 15th century, several colonies in the Black Sea were governed by a Genoan firm in this industry named after Saint George. An early variation of this industry emerged when the Knights Templar began issuing special letters to pilgrims. In the 16th century, Europe's copper trade was monopolized by a member of this industry named Jakob (YAH-kop) the (*) Rich, who led the Fugger (FOOG-gur) family. Its "fractional-reserve" variety was pioneered in Amsterdam during the 17th century. Under Philip II, Spain declared bankruptcy five times to avoid paying its debts to this industry, in which the Medicis earned their first fortune. For 10 points, name this industry of the Rothschild family.

bank ing [or money- lending or finance or equivalents]

Watchtowers in Corsica were built by a Genoese one of these institutions named forSaint George. A group best known for operating these institutions also created theworld's first civil housing project in Augsburg, where the Hochstetters and the Welsersalso ran places of this type. The "Lombard" variety of these institutions, like theFranciscan Mounts of Piety, were based around (*) pawnbroking. The election of Charles V was supported by one of these institutions owned by the Fugger family. The double-entry bookkeeping system may have been introduced at one of these institutions that provided the wealth of the Medicis, who operated it despite the Church's ban on usury. For 10 points, name this sort of institution that accepts deposits and provides loans to its clients.

banks [or bankhouses; or bancos; prompt on moneylenders; prompt on pawnshops or pawnbrokers]

An event named for these objects was instigated by the secret Council of Sixteen and resulted in the issuance of the Edict of Union. Jaroslaw Dabrowski (YA-row-slav da-BROV-ski) died on one of these objects during the "Bloody Week." Many of them were built following the end of the "banquets campaign." The Mobile Guard destroyed many of these structures erected after the closing of the National Workshops. Henry, Duke of Guise, seized power on the so-called (*) "Day" of these structures. Victor Hugo's experience traversing these structures inspired the battle scenes in Les Miserables. These structures were used to block troops during events like the June Days and the February Revolution. For 10 points, name these makeshift fortifications that were often built during Parisian revolutions.

barricades [or barrier; or blockade; or roadblock

A noble associated with this color led the Siege of Limoges, and Matthias Corvinus led a Hungarian military force named for this color. A group named for this color was led by a man named "Apis" and performed its most famous feat after a driver took a (*) wrong turn on the way to a hospital. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a group named for a "hand" of this color, and an overpacked dungeon in Calcutta was known by this color. An event named for this color was spread by merchant ships carrying infected rats. For 10 points, name this color that names an epidemic of bubonic plague in 14th-century Europe.

black (accept Edward the Black Prince, the Black Army, the Black Hand, the Black Hole of Calcutta or the Black Death)

. The battle of Breadfield was won by an army given this descriptor, which was led by Matthias Corvinus. Another force with this name engaged at Quatre Bras under Duke Frederick Wilhelm, and that force was able to temporarily hold Brunswick against Napoleonic forces. Abram Gannibal gained a nickname with this descriptor in the service of Peter I. The use of this color by the Arditi inspired the uniforms of a paramilitary group deployed to Ethiopia. A military leader with this nickname was the first knight of the Garter, and led the English forces at Poitiers. For 10 points, name this color worn on the March on Rome by Mussolini's supporters.

black Bonuses

During one of these events in Derby, villagers placed coins in the Vinegar Stone. Nathaniel Hodgesdescribed one of these events in the treatise Loimologia. After one of these events, demographer JohnGraunt published an analysis of the Bills of Mortality. In response to one of these events, the unpopularStatute of Laborers was issued. One of these events was said to make people "cruel as dogs to oneanother" by a man who also chronicled the Great Fire, Samuel Pepys. Another of these events inspiredprocessions of Flagellants across Europe. For 10 points, name these outbreaks of a certain disease, themost famous of which was called the Black Death.

bubonic plagues [or Black Death before mentioned; or Great Plague of London]

Perotine Massey gave birth to a live child as one of these events affected her and two otherwomen in Guernsey in 1556. A book was chained to Michael Servetus's leg prior to another, and athird provoked the exhortation "Play the man, Master Ridley" from Hugh Latimer. This fate befell aNeapolitan friar who wrote that an infinite God must have created a cosmos with (*) infinite worlds.This was the most common conclusion of a Spanish auto-da-fe. Giordano Bruno suffered this ultimate fate,as did a person who testified about her vision-inspired relief of Orléans in men's armor. For 10 points, namethis fate suffered at age nineteen by Joan of Arc, an execution method in which heretics usually fellunconscious from carbon monoxide fumes.

burning at the stake [or public burning; or being burnt alive; prompt on "execution"; prompt on "execution for heresy;" prompt on "martyrdom"; prompt on "carbon monoxide poisoning"]

Nanni Balestrini's We Want Everything is based on an account of workers producing these products during Hot Autumn. The Lotta Continua movement was founded by students in Turin and workers who made these products. A pillar of the "Strength Through Joy" movement was a project to create a "people's" variety of these products promoted by Adolf Hitler. The state-owned company VEB, located in Zwickau, produced a notoriously (*) shoddy example of these products in East Germany. Since the 1930s, Shell Oil has partnered to promote sports with a company that produces these products. The company Sachsenring [SOCK-sen-ring] produced one known as the Trabant. For 10 points, Karl Benz invented what kind of product, which is made by a company named for him and Mercedes?

cars [or automobiles; accept car industry or automobile industry]

Wilhelm Tranow performed this task for B-Dienst. A group of female performers of this task were nicknamed "Dilly's girls," after the classics scholar and papyrologist Alfred Dillwyn Knox. Performers of this task bestowed the nickname "Tunny" upon the Lorenz SZ40. Marian Rejewski (mah-REE-ahn RAY- yev-ski), a Polish performer of this task, invented a device called the bomba. Several people were trained to perform this task on the (*) "Ultra" designation at Bletchley Park. The codename Magic was given to this task in the Pacific Theater, whereas in the European theater, performing this task often involved reverse-engineering Enigma machines. For 10 points, name this military intelligence task in which one accesses protected enemy communications.

codebreaking [or cryptanalysis; or cryptography; accept answers that convey deciphering a code; prompt on military intelligence; prompt on espionage; prompt on spying]

One of these polities saw the Battle of Waterberg, which led to the forced death by thirst of thousands of Nama and Herero people, considered the first 20th century genocide. Ones in the Pacific included the Caroline Islands and much of New Guinea. Their creation was opposed by Leo von Caprivi, who nonetheless gained a namesake "strip" from Britain in exchange for Zanzibar. The Berlin Conference was held in spite of Bismarck's opposition to these polities, which later included regions like Cameroon and Tanzania. For 10 points, name these polities that were ended by the Treaty of Versailles, overseas territories once ruled by the Kaiser.

colonies of Imperial Germany [accept similar answers like Imperial German colonies or Second Reich colonies]

These people, who titled a book that was translated into English by Thomas Hoby in 1562, were expected to have a warrior spirit to attain grazia. In a series of conversations, Count Ludovico advises these people to "practice in everything a certain nonchalance that shall conceal design and show that what is done and said is done without effort and almost without thought," a concept known as sprezzatura. For 10 points, name this class of Renaissance Italians who were advised on behavior and etiquette in a book by Baldesar Castiglione.

courtiers [accept The Book of the Courtier; or Il Cortegiano]

. This device was the subject of a comic song after its namesake made a joking remark about working it in a “twinkling of an eye.†Its inventor was influenced by the similar Scottish Maiden and Halifax Gibbet. One of the oldest of these devices was sold by its primary user, Charles Henri Sanson, in order to make a profit. Sanson supported the usage of this device as it was less physically exerting. It was invented by Antoine Louis, although its namesake was a doctor who was a proponent of (*) reforming criminals. This device remained the standard means of execution in its country until Francois Mitterrand’s initiative to abolish capital punishment. For 10 points, name this device which beheads people that was frequently used during the French Revolution.

guillotine Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament 2014: We're Not Happy 'til You're Not Happy Questions by Billy Busse, Rob Carson, Mike Cheyne, Andrew Hart, and Bernadette Spencer Round 9: Bonuses

This practice was condemned in the Libri Carolini, in what is often taken as a forewarning of the Great Schism. It was ended at the Second Council of Nicaea by Irene of Athens. This practice was started as a power grab by Leo the Isaurian. An outbreak of this practice in Netherlands was christened Beeldenstorm. This practice was carried out by mobs during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and again by the Puritans. After 1453, the Ottomans carried out this practice using (*) plaster in the Hagia Sophia. This practice follows from the Second Commandment's injunction against "graven images." For 10 points, name this practice of destroying religious images.

iconoclasm [accept word forms like iconoclasts] <JR>

During the War of the Spanish Succession, James Francis Stuart attempted this action but was thwarted by Admiral Sir George Byng. After one of these events, Edward II was forced to abdicate and Isabella installed her lover Roger Mortimer as regent. After the initiation of this action at Torbay, James II abdicated in favour of William of Orange. Julius Caesar successfully accomplished this at Kent though land was not gained until its second instance in 43 CE. The most recent attempt at this failed after the RAF maintained air superiority and Hitler cancelled Operation Sea Lion in World War II. For 10 points, name this military action that involves forcibly crossing a certain Channel.

invasions of England [or invasions of Great Britain; accept failed or attempted invasions of England before "Edward"; prompt on conflict with England; prompt on war with England]

The goldsmith Spearhafoc was put in charge of one of these places and given jewels to make acrown for Edward the Confessor, but after being dismissed, he kept the jewels and fled the country.The Court of Augmentations administered resources that were at one time attached to these places.Holyrood Palace started out as one of these locations, while another one on Lindisfarne was raidedby (*) Vikings. In a followup to the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII had institutions of this type in Englanddissolved. English Coronations since William the Conqueror have taken place in a location that used to beone of these institutions. Residents of these institutions were regulated by codes like the Benedictine Rule.For 10 points, name these complexes where monks live.

monastery [or abbey; or priory; or friary; prompt on "church"; prompt on "cathedral"]

One of these events came as a surprise to noblemen who fought against supporters of the Constitution of May 3rd. During the rebellion that resulted in the final of these events, the inhabitants of Praga district were massacred, and a Revolutionary War veteran issued a manifesto abolishing serfdom. The Bar Confederation was unable to prevent the first of these events, while the later (*) Targowica (tar-go-VEET-sah) Confederation inadvertently precipitated one of these events. These events were allowed by the bribing of representatives to exercise the liberum veto at meetings of the Sejm (same) , and the last of them in 1795 resulted in the target country no longer existing. For 10 points, name these events in which Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided up a country whose capital is Warsaw.

partition s of Poland [or partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; or annexations of Poland ]

The Kalmar Union drove a group of people with this profession, the Victual Brothers, out of Gotland, and the ŌeiInvasion was a failed attack on a group of people of this profession on Tsushima Island. The death of BartholomewRoberts marked the end of the "Golden Age" of this profession. The United States Marines invaded Barbary inresponse to the actions of people of this profession. Another person of this type sailed the Queen Anne's Revenge,and in the modern era, these people are particularly active off the coast of Somalia. For 10 points, give this term forextralegal sea raiders, examples of whom include William Kidd and Blackbeard.

pirates [accept sea raiders before mention; accept mercenaries until "Ōei Invasion"; accept privateers until "Ōei Invasion," prompt afterwards; accept other obvious equivalents]

One holder of this office likened his power to two swords, with one sword subordinate to another. According to legend, another was dug up after death and tried posthumously at the "cadaver synod." The Ultramontanists were a faction in support of this ruler, whose land holdings were expanded by the Donation of Pepin. This office's power was flaunted in a document called Unam sanctam. For three-fourths of a century, holders of this elected office lived in Avignon. Its medieval holders included Boniface VIII, and it had two competing claimants during the Great Schism. For 10 points, name this spiritual leader headquartered in Rome.

popes [or supreme pontiffs of the Roman Catholic Church; or the papacy; or pontifex maximus; or papae; or papi]

A politician who held this office was scandalously connected to the death of an actor's bodyguard in the Markovic Affair. If the holder of this office comes from a different party as the majority in the legislature, a cohabitation results. A person with this title who had the initials VGE developed the TGV during the 1973 oil crisis. The man who held this power for most of the 80s until 1995, a (*) Socialist, concealed he had terminal prostate cancer. The first person to hold this position ended the civil war in Algeria and founded the Fifth Republic. For 10 points, name this executive position once held by Francois Mitterand, Jacques Chirac, and Charles de Gaulle.

president of France [or Président de la République française; or president of French Fifth Republic; do not accept "prime minister of France"]

These events were often overseen by members of the Sanson family, and used a device invented by Antoine Louis. These events were enthusiastically observed by groups of knitting women called the tricoteuse. Many of these events took place in the modern-day Place de la Concorde, which was once called the Place de la Revolution. A wave of these events occurred at the end of the Thermidorian Reaction. A device nicknamed the "National Razor" was used to conduct these events after the trials of Georges Danton and Marie Antoinette. For 10 points, name these public events performed during the French Revolution with a guillotine.

public executions during the French Revolution [or executions by guillotine until mentioned; accept other descriptive answers that imply being killed by the government; prompt on vaguer answers like "killings" or "deaths"]

The Stalin Notes proposed this action but were rejected because of disagreement over whether this action shouldbegin with free elections or with peace treaty negotiations. The Two Plus Four Agreement was signed in Moscow amonth before this event. During this event, Lothar de Maizière signed a treaty with Helmut Kohl that included theabolition of his position as Prime Minister. This event is celebrated on October 3, the anniversary of the date a black,red and gold flag was hoisted over the Brandenburg Gate. For 10 points, name this 1990 event a year after the fall ofthe Berlin Wall, in which a communist country was absorbed into a capitalist country now led by Angela Merkel.

reunification of Germany [accept word forms and obvious equivalents that mention "unifying East Germany and West Germany"; or deutsche einheit; or deutsche Wiedervereinigung; or herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands; accept the dissolution of East Germany or word forms or obvious equivalents; prompt on anything mentioning "fall of the Berlin Wall" or the "opening of the Brandenburg Gate" before mentioned; prompt on anything mentioning "fall of the Iron Curtain" or "Soviet withdrawal from East Germany"; prompt on "die Wende"; accept "German Democratic Republic" or "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" or "DDR" for "East Germany" anywhere; accept "Federal Republic of Germany" or "Bundesrepublik Deutschland" or "BRD" for "West Germany" anywhere]

This practice was often conducted illegally using images of the Mass of St. Gregory. This practice was attacked in a document that repeats the phrase "Christians are to be taught...." This practice was partially justified by the inexhaustible "Treasury of Merit." A couplet about this practice rhymes the words "rings" and "springs." This practice was one of the main ways of (*) financing the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica. Johann Tetzel's abuse of this practice was attacked in the Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this practice of trading money for reduced time in purgatory.

selling indulgences [be lenient and accept any answer involving giving out indulgences] <JR>

Trading in this raw material led to the rise of the Spring family of merchants, the foremost of the families that got wealthy off of this material in the town of Lavenham. William, the scion of the de la Pole family, also established his wealth by trading in this raw material. By order of Edward III, who wanted to emphasize the importance of this material to the English economy, the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords sits atop a seat named for this material. A man who worked in an industry processing this material, Michele di (*) Lando, was appointed Gonfaloniere of Justice in a 1378 revolt in Florence named for the Ciompi [CHOMP-ee], or “carders,†of this material. The backbone of the Medieval English economy was exporting this raw material to Ypres, Ghent, and Bruges, where Europe’s foremost clothmakers worked. For 10 points, name this fibrous material that comes from sheep.

sheep’s wool [do not accept or prompt on other answers]

11. During this event, one group was aided by the mysterious man Orban. Vlad the Impaler's brother Radu the Handsome was at this event, as was Giovanni Giustianini. Prior to this event a massive chain was strung across the Golden Horn.The "Marble Emperor" was legendarily rescued from this event, though more likely (*)Constantine Palaiologos died during it. Giant cannons were built for this event, and it was followed by three days of looting. After this event, Mehmet II ordered the Hagia Sophia converted into a mosque. For 10 points, name this event in which the Ottoman Empire seized the Byzantine capital.

siegeof Constantinople(accept synonyms for siegelike battle;also accept fall,sack,and other synonyms; do not accept "Byzantium" or "Istanbul" for Constantinople)

One of these addresses quoted from a letter written to Lev Kamenev and triggered the 9 MarchRiots in Tbilisi. An impromptu one of these orations noted that the speaker's country was behind,but promised to wave "in passing you by" and was given at a visiting country's National Exhibition.One of these works declared, "it is impermissible Â… to transform [one person] into a supermanpossessing supernatural characteristics" and was given to the (*) 20th Congress in 1956. One of theseorations was addressed to Richard Nixon in a model kitchen, and another at the United Nations wasnotoriously accompanied by a shoe banging. For 10 points, name these orations delivered by the successorto Josef Stalin as head of the USSR.

speeches of Nikita Khrushchev [accept synonyms for speeches like addresses of Khruschev or orations of Khruschev; or just anything establishing "stuff that Khrushchev said"]

Earlier in the day before this event, a mob led by Amaria Cahila acquired around 30,000 muskets in preparation for it. Shortly after this event, houses of the aristocracy were attacked by panicked peasants in the Great Fear. An immediate cause of this event was the dismissal of finance minister Jacques Necker three days earlier. The Marquis de Launay was beheaded and his head impaled on a pike during this event, which only freed seven prisoners. After hearing of this event, Louis XVI asked "Is it a revolt?" to which he received the famous reply "No, sire, it is a revolution." For 10 points, name this July 14, 1789 seizure of a prison-fortress in Paris, which sparked the French Revolution.

storming of the Bastille

The carpenter Joseph Arne was awarded a triumph for his role in this event. Mayor Flesselles wasexecuted for refusing to aid this event's participants, some of whom were crushed to death trying to obtainarms from Les Invalides. Stanislas Maillard received a set of never accepted surrender terms during thisevent, for which artillery was wheeled in by Pierre-Augustin Hulin from the Hotel de Ville. Three daysbefore this event, Jacques (*) Necker was dismissed as finance minister. The Marquis de Sade was transferred toan insane asylum from its location just days before this event, which liberated only seven prisoners. For 10 points,name this event. commemorated on a July 14th holiday, traditionally held to have kicked off the French Revolution.

storming of the Bastille [accept equivalents that involve taking the Bastille; prompt on French Revolution]

Some British examples of these objects were designated "K-class," and had a tendency to fail orotherwise get destroyed. One of these objects, which was supervised by Hyman Rickover, was used tocarry out Operation Sunshine. During World War II, some of these vehicles traveled together in "wolfpacks" and were part of the Kriegsmarine. Early American examples of them included the Turtle and theHunley, and the Nautilus was the first nuclear-powered one. The United States entered World War I afterthe RMS Lusitania was attacked by several of these vehicles during a time when their use during warfarewas "unrestricted." For 10 points, name these underwater vehicles exemplified by the German U-boat.

submarine [or submersible; or U-boat or Unterseeboot before they are read; prompt on "sub"]

In this region, the liberation movement IMRO assassinated King Alexander I. A twentieth-century war named after this region saw victories for the side of Ferdinand I and Peter I, leading to the Treaty of London. The Free State of Fiume was established in it. Another war in this region was ended by the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest. This region was reorganized in the (*) Congress of Berlin. The July Crisis occurred in this region, which was dominated by the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in this region. For 10 points, name this peninsula home to the former country Yugoslavia and modern states like Serbia and Kosovo.

the Balkan peninsula [accept Macedonia before "Ferdinand I," accept Yugoslavia before "Congress of Berlin"; prompt on "Bosnia," "Greece," and "Serbia" and the previously mentioned states anytime]

The gate-house of the Porte Sainte-Antoine at this location was replaced by a triumphal arch in honor of Henry III's reign in Poland. Due to lack of funding, plaster was used instead of bronze to create a commemorative elephant commissioned by Napoleon for this location, where the July Column now stands. Bernard-Rene de Launay was in command when this place was besieged by a group of vainqueurs led by Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton, and that attack resulted in de Launay's head being placed on a pike and carried through the streets of Paris. For 10 points, name this French prison whose "storming" in 1789 is celebrated every year on July 14.

the Bastille [Accept Bastille Saint-Antoine.]

Thomas Clarkson inspired a future leader of this political faction to found the Society of theFriends of Blacks. The provincial "federalist revolts" supported this group after its failed attempt toshut down the newspaper Le Pere Duchesne. Madame Roland's salon hosted meetings for thisfaction, which included abolitionist Jacques-Pierre Brissot and assassin Charlotte (*) Corday. As partof this group, which supported war with Austria, Olympe de Gouges wrote a "Declaration of the Rights ofWoman" before its 1793 ouster from the National Convention by the "Mountain" faction. For 10 points,name this political faction of revolutionary France which lost out to the Jacobins.

the Girondins [or the Girondists; or le Gironde; accept the Brissotins before "Brissot" is read]

. It is not Bactria, but this region was the site of the Heliodorus column erected by Antialcidas. Antialcidasruled a kingdom in this region that was founded by Menander I. The diplomat Megasthenes wrote abook describing this region, where a request to be treated "like a king" was made by King Porus. Taxilawas a major city in this region, and lied along a river which gives this region its name. The city ofBucephala was founded in this region to commemorate a horse who died at the Battle of HydaspesRiver. Greek excursions into this region were contemporaneous with the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.For 10 points, name this Asian subcontinent that was invaded by Alexander the Great.

the Indian subcontinent [or Indika; anti-prompt on more specific answers like "the Punjab" or "Pakistan"; prompt on "Asia"]

One response to this event led to an incident in which a Moroccan waiter was killed walking back from the cinema with his pregnant wife in Lillehammer, Norway. The perpetrators of this event called it "Ikrit and Biram," and attempted to negotiate for the release of the leaders of the Red Army Faction. In reaction to this event, one nation carried out Operation Spring of Youth and Operation Wrath of God to assassinate Ali Hassan Salameh, the chief of operations of this event. Perpetrated by the Palestinian group Black September, FTP, name this event during which 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed.

the Munich Massacre (accept "killings at Munich Olympics" or other clear knowledge equivalents ; prompt on "1972 Summer Olympics")

In a failed attempt at a coup, Claude de Malet claimed that one side's general had died on this campaign. In one of its last events, one force was decimated by cannonfire while struggling to cross two flimsy bridges over the Berezina River. One side during this campaign implemented a "scorched earth" policy to the point of burning down their own capital. During this event, Mikhail Kutusov could not stop the invading army at the Battle of Borodino, but that army suffered greatly attempting to retreat in the winter. For 10 points, name this 1812 campaign, in which Napoleon failed to conquer the nation of Tsar Alexander I.

the Napoleonic invasion of Russia [or the French Invasion of Russia; accept equivalents]

An ambitious expansion of this navy was ordered in the abortive Plan Z. This navy cleared the way for an amphibious landing at Kerch in its Black Sea operations, and attacked the PQ-17 convoy in the Knights' Move campaign. This navy achieved great success during the First and Second Happy Time. One of this navy's pocket battleships was scuttled after the Battle of the (*) River Plate. One of its largest ships sunk the Hood three days before itself being sunk by John Tovey's fleet. After Erich Raeder was replaced as head of this navy, its new commander, Karl Donitz, was named head of the Flensburg Government. For 10 points, name this navy which attacked the Allies using U-Boats on behalf of the Fuhrer's regime.

the Nazi German Navy [or the Kriegsmarine; or the Nazi Navy]

This country's church condemned the Remonstrant followers of Jacobus Arminius's teachings at the Synod of Dort. It established the Beurs, the world's oldest stock exchange, in 1602. An Ottoman import briefly triggered insanely high prices for tulips in this nation, where power rested with the stadtholder. It set up a largely Calvinist republic decades after seven provinces established an independent government under William of Orange. For 10 points, name this European country protected from the sea by dikes, whose Golden Age included booming sea trade at its ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

the Netherlands [or Holland; or Nederland; or United Provinces; or Dutch Republic] <MJ>

. This conflict began with the Battle of Covadonga, a victory for the Visigothic Pelagius, who then became the first ruler of the kingdom of Asturias. This process was majorly set back at the Disaster of Alarcos. A major breakthrough in this conflict came at the Battle of Ourique, a defeat for Ali ibn Yusuf, a commander of the Almoravid Empire. A nobleman usually called El Cid is venerated as a great warrior by both sides in this conflict. This conflict ended when Boabdil, ruler of the kingdom of Granada, surrendered to Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. For 10 points, name this centuries-long effort to “reclaim†the Iberian peninsula from Muslim kingdoms.

the Reconquista Bonuses

This event was the final reaction to the concentration of power during the "Normalization Period." One participant's declaration announced that this event was the end of a "thousand years struggle." It was advocated for by the leader of Public Against Violence, Vladimir Meciar. This event resulted in the formation of an ad-hoc World Cup team called the "Representation" and in two separate versions of the (*) koruna being maintained until the adoption of the Euro. One participant in this event saw its president, who was opposed to it, resign rather than endorse it. For 10 points, identify this early 1990s process, opposed by Vaclav Havel, in which the multi-ethnic country that underwent the Velvet Revolution split into two nationalist states.

the Velvet Divorce [do not accept "Velvet Revolution"; prompt on partial answer; accept the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, or the creation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia as independent states, or other descriptive equivalents]

A tobacco boycott in favor of this cause led to a period of street fighting called the "Five Days." Forces opposing this cause withdrew to a fortified area known as the Quadrilateral after a battle where Henry Dunant ran makeshift hospitals. A leader abandoned this cause via the Treaty of Villafranca after supporting it by the Pact of Plombieres. Patrice de MacMahon's dukedom was named after a battle fought over this cause at (*) Magenta. This was the goal espoused by the "charcoal burner" secret societies. Napoleon III backed this goal thanks to Count Cavour, who supported a campaign in favor of this goal that the Red Shirts undertook against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For 10 points, name this cause of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, who became king in Rome after its success.

unification of Italy [or Risorgimento ; or equivalents of independence of Italy ]

A series of these events targeting the Benandanti of Friuli is the subject of CarloGinzburg's microhistory The Night Battles. A storm that nearly wrecked a Danish fleetcarrying Princess Anne inspired a series of these events in North Berwick, which partlyinfluenced a 1597 book endorsing them by James I. These events killed hundreds inWurzburg during the 1620s, one of the last decades of a (*) "craze" of these events thatbegan in the 1480s. A treatise on conducting these events written by Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer is titled Malleus Maleficarum. The subjects of these events were often thrown into water during them and were believed to meet in nocturnal sabbaths. For 10 points, name this type of proceeding conducted against suspected sorcerers, usually women.

witch trials [or witch hunts; prompt on Inquisitions]

La Voisin was thought to be one of these people during the Affair of the Poisons. Johann Weyer arguedthat these people were insane and harmless. One of these people is depicted with "Vinegar Tom" onthe cover of a book by self-proclaimed "general" Matthew Hopkins. These people are the subject ofJohann Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer's treatise Malleus Maleficarum. The ducking stool was sometimesused on these people because they were believed to not sink in water. These people were thought tokiss the behinds of goats during their Sabbaths. For 10 points, identify these alleged practitioners ofblack magic who were targeted in trials like the ones in Salem, Massachusetts.

witches [or magicians; or sorceresses; or sorcerers; accept anything else suggesting devotees of the devil]