History CH. 17 SG

Two results of the Glorious Revolution

Bill of Rights, which helped create a government based on the rule of law & a freely elected parliament, and the Act of Toleration, which put an end to all religious persecution (in the end, Parliament had destroyed the divine right theory of kingship)

The Greatest Naval Power of the 18th Century

Britain (England)

Tories

British political party that stood for the independence & authority of the crown & favored a ceremonial & traditional Anglicanism

War of the Spanish Succession

Charles II died w/o an heir so wanted Philip, Louis XIV's grandson, to rule but b/c Louis XIV wished to unite the thrones of France & Spain & not let the Spanish Empire be opened to foreign traders, William III & Leopold (aka the Grand Alliance) declare war on France. Louis managed to win the throne for Philip but had to give up uniting France & Spain & end the restrictions on trade

Seven Years War

France vs Britain over colonial empires & Austria vs Prussia over Silesia. France, though a long rival, allied w/ Austria abandoning Prussia. Russia joined the alliance b/c it saw Prussia as a threat. Britain joined w/ Prussia. The superb Prussian army was able to repel the 3 invading forces but was slowly being worn down. Prussia faced disaster until Russia withdrew from the war which led to a stalemate. In the Treaty of Paris, all occupied territories were returned & Austria officially recognized Prussia's permanent control of Silesia

Versailles

Louis XIV established his palace here which served as the king's household, location of the chief offices of the state, & a place where the powerful could find favors & offices for themselves

Junkers

Prussian aristocrats who were the main supporters & beneficiaries of the elector's state building; their estates & tradition of military & bureaucratic service ensured their dominance w/in the state; was also an alliance b/t the nobility & Frederick William that undermined the Diet, the cities, & the representative assemblies; by the end of the century they had devised 2 tax rates: 1 for cities & 1 for countryside, to the advantage of the latter

Act of Toleration

came out of the Glorious revolution; it put an end to all religious persecution though members of the official Church of England were still the only people allowed to vote, sit in Parliament, hold a government office, or attend a university

Louis XIV

came to the throne at age 4; was nicknamed "Sun King"; ruled w/ an absolute authority in foreign policy, the church, & taxes; French power & culture spread throughout Europe through him; he had an anti-Huguenot policy so he destroyed Huguenot churches and closed Huguenot schools;

Walpole

prime minister in "Great Britain" who rose to prominence b/c of his skillful handling of fiscal policy during the panic following the collapse of an overseas trading company in 1720

William III

ruler of the United Provinces who was invited to invade & take over the throne from James II; guided England into an aggressive foreign policy, picked ministers favorable to his aims, & never let Parliament rest while he was out of the country to pursue the war or to oversee Dutch affairs; central government grew considerably b/c of him

Absolutism

the belief that power emanated from the monarch's unlimited authority

Glorious Revolution

the gentry didn't want James II or his son to take the throne in England b/c James II tried to restore Catholicism in England so they invited William of Orange (William III) to take over. William & his wife Mary raised an army & landed in England but James decided to flee to France. They accepted the throne w/ almost no violence along w/ a Bill of Rights which defined Parliament's powers, determined the succession to the throne, & est. basic civil rights

Hohenzollerns

the house that ruled Prussia, they gradually won control over the Brandenburg through mariages, giving them control of German principalities in central and western Germany.

What did Thomas Hobbes Believe (Philosophy)

the only way to save people from destroying each other is to erect/contract among the people an absolute & sovereign power that'll maintain peace

Workhouses

they were designed to be unpleasant, husbands and wives were separated, food was bad, work distasteful to make poverty the most desirable of all social conditions

Second Treatise of Civil Government

written by John Locke; there must be a sovereign power but it has no power over the 3 natural rights (life, liberty, & property) of its subjects w/o their consent; the contract b/t the people & gov't est. mutual obligations- people should be reasonable towards gov't & gov't should protect the people's rights; if the contract is broken then the people have a right to overthrow the gov't

Leviathan

written by Thomas Hobbes; he claimed the "state of nature," which precedes the existence of society, is a state of war in which life is brutal & violent b/c human nature is self-interested; the only way to save people from destroying each other is to erect/contract among the people an absolute & sovereign power that'll maintain peace