History Chapter 27
Bolsheviks
(Think Animal Farm!) Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution
Russo-Japanese War
A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea
Kulaks
Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land
Holy Alliance
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria defending religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by conservative monarchies of Europe
Matthew Perry
American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854
Describe Japanese reform and industrialization from 1853 to 1900.
At first, production was slow, but then Japan opened its ports and began to participate in trade again
Terakoya
Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males
Russian Revolution of 1905
Consisted of strikes by urban workers and widespread insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in some temporary reforms such as the creation of the duma
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role
What were the forces leading to revolution in Russia by 1905?
Famines, industrialization, taxes, and peasant uprisings
Crimean War (1854-1856)
Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II
Dutch Studies
Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan
Zaibatsu
Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization
How did reforms in Japan and Russia accommodate appeals to tradition?
Industrialization went away from tradition, but it also developed a sense of nationalism
Compare and contrast Japan and Russia during the process of industrialization.
Japan and Russia both adapted to Western influence, but Russia also had Central Asian influences
What social and economic changes took place in Japan as a result of industrialization?
Japan had a centralized government, the army was improved, and there was population growth
Diet
Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it
Zemstvoes
Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy
Meiji Restoration
Overthrow of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule (through the Meiji emperor) in 1868
Anarchists
Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Decembrist Rising
Political revolt (Russia 1825); led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I
Stolypin Reforms
Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry
Lenin (Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov)
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)
Count Witte
Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia
Intelligentsia
Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West
Describe Russian reform and industrialization from 1861 to 1900.
Serfs were freed, railroads and factories were built, and a lot of Russia was foreign operated and/or owned
Duma
The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like
Emancipation of the Serfs
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaotung peninsula
Yellow Peril
Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region