History Chapter 27

Bolsheviks

(Think Animal Farm!) Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea

Kulaks

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria defending religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by conservative monarchies of Europe

Matthew Perry

American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854

Describe Japanese reform and industrialization from 1853 to 1900.

At first, production was slow, but then Japan opened its ports and began to participate in trade again

Terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males

Russian Revolution of 1905

Consisted of strikes by urban workers and widespread insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in some temporary reforms such as the creation of the duma

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role

What were the forces leading to revolution in Russia by 1905?

Famines, industrialization, taxes, and peasant uprisings

Crimean War (1854-1856)

Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II

Dutch Studies

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan

Zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

How did reforms in Japan and Russia accommodate appeals to tradition?

Industrialization went away from tradition, but it also developed a sense of nationalism

Compare and contrast Japan and Russia during the process of industrialization.

Japan and Russia both adapted to Western influence, but Russia also had Central Asian influences

What social and economic changes took place in Japan as a result of industrialization?

Japan had a centralized government, the army was improved, and there was population growth

Diet

Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it

Zemstvoes

Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy

Meiji Restoration

Overthrow of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule (through the Meiji emperor) in 1868

Anarchists

Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Decembrist Rising

Political revolt (Russia 1825); led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I

Stolypin Reforms

Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

Lenin (Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov)

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Count Witte

Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia

Intelligentsia

Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Describe Russian reform and industrialization from 1861 to 1900.

Serfs were freed, railroads and factories were built, and a lot of Russia was foreign operated and/or owned

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like

Emancipation of the Serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaotung peninsula

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region