History Chapter 30

Hillary Clinton

first lady of bill clinton, senator for new york, closest a woman has come to presidential candidate

European Union (EU); euro

A unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the single currency of the euro in 2002.

Nicaragua; Sandinistas; Iran-contra affair

Large amounts of U.S. military aid went to the "contras," antileftists rebels in Nicaragua who fought the Sandinistas in an attempt to seize power; Reagan send aides for Iran in the Iran/ Iraq war

political action committees (PACs)

Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a PAC and register it with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.

corporate corruption

"Fraud and Dishonesty committed by business leaders also hurt the stock market and consumer confidence in the economy"

al Qaeda; Osama bin Laden

"the Base" of Osama bin Laden and his associates; A man identified as a leader and financial support of jihad terrorism...under US pressure he fled to Afghanistan.

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Barack Obama, Joe Biden

A 47-year-old, charismatic, African-American, junior senator from Illinois captured the Democratic nomination for president; his running mate was a man from Delaware

Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost perestroika

A dynamic reformer who became the new Soviet leader in 1985; "openness" to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens; Restructuring of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices.

George H. Bush, Dan Quayle

A former ambassador to the UN and director of the CIA who became the first president to define the US role in foreign policy in the new era following the end of the Cold War; the other Republican candidate for the presidential race preceding the election in 1988.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.

Soviet Union breakup; end of Cold War

All contributing to the fall of the Soviet Union were the declarations of independence by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and also the improved US-Soviet Relations; it was dissolved in December 1991, leaving Gorbachev with no country. Many treaties and sweeping agreements to dismantle nuclear weapons on both sides led to the end of the Cold War, officially.

Clinton Impeachment and trial

An attempt to remove Clinton from office for myriad of reasons including his affair. None of the impeachment charges stuck. However, Clinton's reputation was forever tarnished.

World Trade organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

Iraq war; Operation Iraqi Freedom

An operation launched with a combination of US and British armed forces to overrun Iraqi defenses, capture the capital city of Baghdad, and end Hussein's dictatorship. Although most of it was successful, the violence did not end with the defeat of the Iraqi army and the capture of Saddam Hussein.

Oklahoma City bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

"axis of evil"

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

September 11, 2001 attack on the U.S.

Islamic suicide atttacks on Both World Trade center buildings in New York and on the Pentagon in Virginia

Middle East; Palestine Liberation Organization

Israel in the Middle East, with the permission of the US, invaded southern Lebanon to stop PLO terrorists from invading Israel; US became involved and many terrorist attacks occurred following; A group that the US worked to move to a safe haven...also had terrorists that tried to invade Israel.

campaign-finance reform

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups

Americans With Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

Troubled Assest Relief Program (TARP)

Plan to restore confidence in the banking industry by buying up distressed assets- those based on mortgages that were going into default. Allowed the treasury department to spend up to $700 billion to stabilize US banks. Instead, the Treasury decided to invest the money in banks expecting them to start lending to consumers.

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

budget and trade deficits

Reached a staggering $150 billion a year due to increase consumption of foreign made luxury items; resulted in the US becoming a debtor nation for the first time since WWI

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

Reagan renewed the arms race with the soviets in an attempte to force them into negotiations to reduce their nuclear capacity by announcing the development of a high-technology missile defense system of satelites that could destroy enemy missiles before they reached the U.S.

"evil empire"

Reagan's nickname for the Soviet Union, illustrated an end to detente

UN inspections

Saddam in Iraq resisted the sanctions and this

terrorism, war on

Terrorism and countries supporting it (supposedly); much of the terrorism on the US was caused by Middle Eastern countries, mainly as results of the Persian Gulf War and the placement of US troops in Palestine following the war.

George W. Bush, Dick Cheney

The Republican nominee for the presidential election in 2000. George W. Bush's selected running mate.

education reform; No Child Left Behind Act

The act aimed to improve student performance and close the gap between well-to-do and poor students in the public schools through nationwide testing of all students, student transfer rights to better public school, improved reading programs, and training of high-quality teachers.

reserve discrimination

The concern of critics of affirmitive action that preference to a minority group leads to discrimination against the majority group

Panama Invasion

The first non-Soviet related invasion of the US due to a drug line in Panama

Sandra Day O'Connor; William Rehnquist

The first woman on the supreme court who was appointed by Reagan; The new chief justice of the supreme court; he helped to place restrictions on the passed Roe v. Wade decision...such as minors requiring parental consent before having an abortion.

supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

The idea that by supplying workers with jobs to make products, you give them pay to buy products which gives more money to more people

globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

abortion rights Roe v. Wade

This court decision legalized the right to abortion and sparked the pro-life movements that united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believe that life begins at the moment of conception.

Homeland Security Department

This department combined over 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees, including Customs, Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, and the Secret Service.

Persian Gulf War

a 1991 war in which the United States and its UN allies drove invading Iraqi forces out of neighboring Kuwait

conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Operation Dessert Storm

code name for the invasion of iraq during the persian gulf war in 1991

Bill Clinton, Al Gore

energetic, enthusiastic, soundly beat Bush but was unable to pass stimulus of health care

Yugoslavia breakup

fell apart into many countries because of communist control

metropolitan areas

large cities and their suburbs

Iraq; "weapons of mass destruction"

one reason why the united statues invaded iraq in 2003

Ronald Reagan

president, 1981-1989, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government; some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies.

religious fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

e-commerce

the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet

preemptive strike

the doctrine of attacking an enemy force before they can attack you.

Madeleine K. Albright

the first woman to serve as secretary of state; proved to be more assertive in the use of american pwer

"regime change"

the replacement of a country's government with another government by facilitating the deposing of its leader or leading political party

Afghanistan

the soviet army entered afghanistan in 1978. they started fighting the soviets. the us provided training and weapons to anti-Soviet forces. they defeated soviets, leading to the rise of the taliban who provided a safe heaven for al queda and attack of 9/11

nuclear proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations

Bush v. Gore

this case ruled in favor of Bush by saying that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; Gore's wish to make the process as simple and painless as possible backfired

Balkan Wars: Bosnia, Kosovo; "ethnic cleansing"

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe