history multiple choice

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France?

A centralized, efficient administration

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence?

A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people?

Africans

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade?

Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa?

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions?

Both introduced republican forms of government.

Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common?

Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic?

Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.

What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals?

Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture.

Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires?

China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires.

Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade?

Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art.

In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products?

Coffee, tea, and sugar

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?

Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)?

Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country.

How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives?

Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas?

Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states?

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750?

European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings.

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors?

Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle?

Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper.

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony?

France

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean?

He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia?

He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas?

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

in what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document?

It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights.

How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society?

It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821?

Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted?

Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

Mercantilism

How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800?

Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.

Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? Correct Answer

Nationalism and democracy

What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture?

Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture.

Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century?

People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.

Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa?

People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories?

Physical appearance and form of governance

How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain?

Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs.

In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change?

Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers.

What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa?

Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin?

Sophisticated bronzes

Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China?

Study guides for civil service examinations

Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe?

The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci?

The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands?

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development?

The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids?

The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture.

Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions?

The Taj Mahal

How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century?

The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups?

The bourgeoisie

What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment?

The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions?

The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves.

In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system?

The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.

What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making?

The steam engine

Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika?

The ulama

In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly?

There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science?

They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade?

They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.

Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie?

They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form.

What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes schools?

They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean?

Three years

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems?

To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

To enrich the states that had founded them

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788?

To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?

Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.

Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas?

both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it:

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? Correct Answer

Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire?

Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy?

He feared an uprising among the local elites.

Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia?

Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution?

Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence?

King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?

Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas?

Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue?

President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept?

Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform.

Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence?

Propertied white men

Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy?

The Constitution

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution?

The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors.

Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence?

They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians.

What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies?

if the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

it became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.