HISTORY: Nationalism in India - UT 1

What happened on April 10

the police in Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession provoking widespread attacks on banks offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command

What did Gandhi and Shaukat Ali do in the summer of 1920

they toured extensively to mobilize popular support for the movement

Why did Gandhi travel to Champaran

to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system

what is martial law

type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

Mahatma Gandhi believed the dharma of non-violence could do what?

unite all Indians

Along with people being flogged (beat), what villages were bombed?

villages around Gujranwala in Punjab (now in Pakistan)

What did Dyer do at Jallianwala Bagh?

He entered the area and blocked all exit point and open fired on the crowd, killing hundreds to 'produce moral effect' and create terror and aw in the minds of satyagrahis

In what famous book did Gandhi declare British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and survived only because of this cooperation?

Hind Swaraj (1919)

What are custom duties?

Indirect tax levied on all imported goods and some exports

What does Satyagraha mean?

Satya means truth, Agraha means insistence

Where were Indians marching in South Africa.

The picture: Volksrust in November 1913 Gandhi was leading workers from Newcastle to Transvaal

What is a boycott?

The refusal to buy, participate or associate with people as a form of protest.

What was the response of Indians to the Jallianwala Bagh incident?

There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

How did the British respond to rallies and strikes as they feared they would disrupt lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph?

They decided to clamp down on nationalists such as picking leaders up from Amritsar and barring Gandhi from entering Delhi

Why were many within Congress concerned?

They ere reluctant to boycott council election scheduled for November 1920 and feared the movement would lead to popular violence

What brutal repression did the government respond with?

They sought to humiliate and terrorize the people; satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs

What happened when the march was stopped and Gandhi was arrested in South Africa?

Thousands of more workers joined the satyagraha against Apartheid

Foreign cloth was seen as a symbol of what in India

Western economic and cultural domination

In case of government repression, what would be launched?

a full civil disobedience campaign

What started off Gandhi's non-violent civil disobedience against unjust laws?

a hartal on April 6

the novel method of mass agitation

satyagraha

People perished according to the census of 1921

12-13 million

War years where prices doubled

1913-1918

Years crops failed

1918-19, 1920-21

Forced recruitment

A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army

What did the peasant of Kheda demand and why?

Affected by crop failure and plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that the revenue collection be relaxed.

When was a compromise worked out within Congress?

After a while where there seemed to be no meeting point, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation program was adopted at the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920.

Where did gandhi go in 1918 and why

Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement against cotton mill workers.

Where were crawling orders adminstered?

Amritsar, Punjab; 1919

When did the Jallianwala Bagh incident take place

April 13, 1919

When was there an intense tussle within Congress?

Between September and December of 1920

When and where was the Khilafat Committee formed

Bombay March 1919.

Launching more broad-based satyagraha movements would not be possible without doing what?

Bringing Hindus and Muslims closer together

How did Gandhi plan to unite Hindus and Muslims

By taking up the Khilafat issue

Where did Gandhi travel to in 1917

Champaran in Bihar and Kheda district of Gujurat

What taxes were introduced and raised?

Custom duties were raised and income taxes were introduced

Against what did Gandhi launch the a nationwide satyagraha

Emboldened with his success, Gandhi launched a nationwide satyagraha in 1919 agains the Rowlatt Act (1919)

Why did people die

Famine and influenza epidemic

What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha was an active resistance?

It is a power which can only be used by the strong and calls for intense activity. This is because it requires consistency and determination and requires great sacrifices to be mean. It is a pure soul force and driven by truth "Truth is the very substance of the soul...The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love... Nonviolence is the supreme dharma.

When did Gandhi return to India after South Africa?

January 1915.

When was the boycott of foreign cloth

July 1922

name two places where gandhi organized a satyagraha movement

Kheda and Ahmedabad

What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha was active resistance?

Mahatma Gandhi believed satyagraha can only followed by those with strong willpower. This is because it requires great strength and many sacrifices to make a difference without inflicting pain on an adversary and not seeking destruction. He believed satyagraha is a pure soul force and is a force of truth and believed non-violence to be the supreme dharma. What Gandhiji meant about Satyagraha being active resistance was that it requires a lot of soul-force activity. It involves very great sacrifices to be made, which can be done only by strong-willed persons. It requires resistance to oppression without using any force. It emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for it. If the cause is true, physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. The Satyagrahi could win the battle against the oppressor by appealing to his conscience, by persuading him to see the truth.

Why were many unaware of the marital law?

Many villagers were from outside the city

Who did Gandhi discuss possibilities of mass united action with

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

When was the Calcutta session of Congress

September 1920

Why did Mahatma Gandhi call off the movement>

Since he saw violence spread

Why had a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh?

Some had come to protest against the government's new repressive measures, while others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair

Name the stages Gandhi said non-cooperation should unfold.

Surrendering of government awarded titles, boycott of civli services, army, police, courts, and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods

Explain the Khilafat issue

The First World War ended in the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the Khalifa, who is the spiritual leader of the Islamic world. To defend the Khalifa's temporal (spiritual) powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay March 1919.

How could a satyagrahi win a battle with non0violence

by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

What is hartal

closure of shops and offices as a protest

the war led to the increase of what?

defense expenditure, which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes

What did Gandhi do in the Calcutta session?

he convinced other leader of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj

What was the Rowlatt Act?

hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislature Council despite Indian opposition, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years