history of psychology

The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as...

psychophysics

phi phenomenon

the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

Ethnocentrism

the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging foreign ways

Sociocultural

the way people interact with others and the culture they live in shape their mental abilities---Vygotsky

Dorothea Dix

-created the first mental hospitals across the US and Europe -documented poor conditions of mental asylums leading to their reform

Gestalt

-"means whole", the sum is greater than it's parts -involved in the study of perception

Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology

-The branch of psychology concerned with the application of psychological principles to the workplace. -train people and improve productivity and job satisfaction

Functionalism

-William James---Darwin -A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.s

Watson and Behaviorism

-behaviorism insists that scientific psychology only study observable behavior -consciousness can't be studied using the scientific method since nothing could be verified -behaviorists studied stimulus-response relationships; generalized from animal studies to human behavior -verifiability of observations

Cognitive psychology

-cognition: the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge; how people store information -research in the 50s and 60s have shown the mind and body reciprocally influence each other -study problem solving

positive psychology

-comes out of the humanist perspective and is "the scientific study of what makes like most worth living" (Seligman) -

Applied Psychology

-concerned w everyday, practical problems -includes school psychology, counseling psychology and industrial/organizational psychology

clinical psychology

-concerned w the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Critiques of Evolutionary Psychology

-critics say evolutionary theories are not testable and post hoc (created after the event) -current thinking is that is is a thought-provoking and innovative perspective that is gaining influence

Mary Whiton Calkins

-earned a phD from Harvard under James but was refused the degree because Harvard didn't allow women -became the first woman president of the APA

Structuralism and Titchener

-focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience

Wilhelm Wundt

-founder of psychology -wanted to make psychology an independent discipline -established first formal lab in Germany -studies consciousness through "psychophysics" -focused on people's awareness of their immediate experience -should focus on conscious awareness

Cultural Bias

-middle and upper class white males are most likely to have been used as psychological subjects in the past

evolutionary psychology

-natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in passing genes to the next generation -males perform better on most visual-spatial tasks except memory for locations---males were the hunters and females were the gatherers

humanism

-reaction to both psychoanalytical theory and behaviorism -emphasized the unique qualities of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth; if you became the best you could be you would be self-actualized -believed that animal studies can't be generalized to humans (unlike behaviorists) -the most optimistic of the schools of thought

Margaret Floy Washburn

-second woman to be APA president -first woman to be awarded doctorate in psychology

Skinner and Behaviorism

-there was backlash to Freud because of his emphasis on unconscious behavior -skinner said that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes -studied animals -felt that behavior was determined by the environment and that FREE WILL WAS AN ILLUSION

Stanley Hall

-took psychology to America -established America's first research lab and psychology journal -established the American Psychological Association (APA), the largest organization for the advancement of psychology

Freud

-unconscious: thoughts, memories or feelings below conscious awareness that effect behavior -psychoanalytic theory: attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior -people resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its focus on unconscious motivation

psychiatry

A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on UNCONSCIOUS determinants of behavior

unconscious

According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.

Behavior

Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.

Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?

Behaviorist

functionalism was influenced by...

Darwin's theory of natural selection

Psychodynamic therapy has its roots in the theories of

Freud

The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?

Gestalt psychology

physiological psychology

Investigate the extent to which behavior is caused by physical and chemical processes

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Psychoanalytic

Which of the following perspectives suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood?

Psychoanalytic

developmental psychology

Study how behavior changes as a function of age

social psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.

psychology

The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it.

critical thinking

The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.

culture

The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.

Structionalism

a school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related

theory

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

psychoanalysis

an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of UNCONSCIOUS conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference

biological psychology

an organism's functioning can be fully explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

behaviorism

natural selection

characteristics that give a species a survival advantage will be "selected" over time

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from INTERNAL PROCESSES such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

cognitive

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

conscious experience

Education and School Psychology

develop curriculum

psychometrics

develop psychological tests

Dorothea Dix was known for

documenting the poor conditions of mental asylums, which eventually led to their reform

In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?

introspection

clinical and counseling psychology

investigate in the diagnosis, causes, and treatment of disorders

Experiemental Psychology

investigates basic psychological processes such as learning, perception, sensation, conditioning, and motivation

Empiricism

knowledge should be acquired through direct observation

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?

perception

psychiatrist

requires M.D., is a medical doctor, can prescribe drugs

James developed the idea of...

stream of consciousness

at the time the two schools of thought were...

structuralism and functionalism

Personality Psychology

study the differences among people in such traits as self esteem

Biopsychosocial

systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

Introspection

the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience

functionalism was opposed to structuralism because...

they didn't think consciousness could be broken into components

According to psychoanalytic theory, the bases for the development of mental disorders are

unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety